Name: nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine
Uploaded: 2015-12-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 59 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine at JoVE.com

This work has been funded in part with federal funds from the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. HHSN272201400006C.

다음 데이터의 수집에 사용 된 모든 돼지는 오하이오 주립 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 보호 된 (동물 사용 프로토콜 번호 2009A0134-R1). 1. 바이러스 성 전송 매체의 준비 및 시료 채취 튜브 <ol><li> 정제수 900 ml의 뇌 심장 주입 37 g을 넣고 가열 70 ° C가 완전히 분말을 용해하는 동안 교반 막대와 자석 교반기로 충분히 혼합한다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 121 ℃에서 오토 클레이브 국물. 국물까지 벤치 위에 차가운 실내 온도에 도달한다. 4 ° C에서 냉장 하룻밤 필요한 경우. </li><li> 자기 교반 막대, 페니실린 G 나트륨 염 6.02 g의 실온에서 순수한 물 50 ㎖에 황산 스트렙토 마이신 10 g과 혼합하여 용해. 100 ㎖에 총 볼륨을 가지고 추가 정제수를 추가합니다. 멸균 병에 0.22 μm의 폴리 에테르 설폰 멤브레인을 통해 솔루션을 필터. </li><li> 무균는 냉각 뇌 심장 주입 국물로 필터링 된 페니실린과 스트렙토 마이신 솔루션을 추가하고 바이러스 수송 배지를 만들기 위해 철저하게 (교반 막대 또는 손으로 소용돌이 플라스크)를 섞는다. </li><li> 바이러스는 무균 전송 매질의 pH를 테스트; 필요한 경우, 염산 또는 수산화 나트륨을 사용하여 7.4 ± 0.2로 pH를 조정합니다. </li><li> 장과 하몬 기재된 바와 같이, RRT-PCR에 의해 인플루엔자 바이러스의 매트릭스 단백질을 시험함으로써 바이러스 전송 매체의 품질 보증 테스트를 수행한다. (22) </li><li> 8 ml의 용량 멸균 고밀도 폴리에틸렌 병에 바이러스 수송 배지 5 ㎖를 분배. 현장에서 사용하기위한 튜브에 라벨. </li><li> 샘플 수집 할 때까지 -20 ℃에서 표준 냉동 박스에서 바로 사용할 수있는 튜브를 저장합니다. </li></ol> 돼지의 코 닦음 2. 컬렉션 <ol><li> 컬렉션 샘플 직전에 튜브의 해당 번호를 해동; 한 바이알 샘플링 돼지 당 필요합니다. 룸에서 해동온도는 약 30 ~ 45 분 소요됩니다. 해동 유리 병 사용까지 얼음 팩에 냉정을 유지. </li><li> 돈 적절한 개인 보호 장비를 상황에 의해 결정 (등 예 : 작업복, 부트 커버, 마스크, 귀마개,)로. </li><li> 동물의 영역을 입력합니다. 필요한 경우, 작은 영역으로 돼지를 한정하지 않지만 억제 더 않습니다. 동물을 쉬고 환기하지 마십시오. </li><li> 일회용 시험 장갑 한 켤레를 착용 할 것. 터치 돼지, 사람, 또는 무생물에 의해 장갑이 오염되지 않도록주의 할 것. </li><li> (2를.에서 × 2.) 5.08 cm × 멸균 5.08 CM을 제거하기 위해 장갑을 낀 손을 사용하여면 거즈 패드의 래퍼에서. 멸균 거즈 패드는 가능하면 사용되어야한다. 개별 포장 거즈 패드는 패키지 당 두 거즈 패드로 감싸 그보다 사용하기 더 편리합니다. </li><li> 한 손의 손가락이 샘플링 가능한 패드의 많은 노출과면 거즈 패드를 잡으십시오. </li><li> 복용, 돼지의 주둥이에 걸쳐 거즈 패드를 닦아가능하면 별도의 관리는 외부 콧 구멍을 입력합니다. 같은 거즈 패드로 볼 수 비강 분비물 (약 1 ml)에 수집합니다. </li><li> 같은 손을 사용하여, 바이러스 전송 매체를 포함하는 바이알에 배치를 용이하게하도록 자체적으로 거즈 패드를 접어. </li><li> 다른 손을 사용하여 바이알로부터 캡을 제거하고, 바이알 내로 접혀 거즈 패드를 배치했다. 바이알을 다시 정리해 보면하고 거즈 패드와 바이러스 수송 배지의 혼합을 보장하기 위해 유리 병을 흔들어. </li><li> 해당 콘센트에 장갑과​​ 장소를 제거합니다. 각 돼지 사이에 장갑을 변경합니다. </li><li> 유리 병 식별자를 확인합니다. 기록 돼지 식별 번호, 나이, 성별, 임상 증상 및 연구자 필요하다고 인정하는 다른 음. </li><li> 즉시 수집 후 샘플을 진정. 여러 동결 - 해동 사이클을 방지하기 위해 동결 전에 샘플의 분취 량을 고려한다. 즉시 수집 후 가능한 한 실험실 교통을위한 드라이 아이스에 샘플을 배치합니다. 유리 병에 보관 -80테스트가 시작 될 때까지 C를 °. </li></ol> 3. 탐지 인플루엔자의 바이러스 핵산 <ol><li> 5 분 동안 37 ° C 건조 비드 용기에 샘플을 해동 한 후 20 ~ 30 분 동안 실온에서 벤치 위에 샘플을 해동 완료. 구슬에 여러 병의 동시 첨가는 목욕 가열하게됩니다; 주의 튜브를 과열하지으로 행사되어야한다. </li><li> RNA 추출을위한 바이러스 수송 배지 100 μl를 제거합니다. <ol><li> 많은 수의 샘플로부터 RNA를 추출하기 위해 높은 처리량 (96 웰 플레이트 포맷) 자성 비드 플랫폼을 사용한다. (31) </li></ol></li><li> 빠른 검색 인플루엔자 바이러스 실시간 역전사의 PCR 분석을 사용합니다. (31) </li></ol> 인플루엔자 4. 분리 코 닦음에서 바이러스 <ol><li> 섹션 3.1에서 상술 한 바와 같이 샘플을 해동 </li><li> (1,000 겐타 마이신 황산염과 해동 샘플을 치료μg의 / ㎖), 암포 테리 신 B (22.5 μg의 / ㎖), 카나마이신 설페이트 (325 μg의 / ㎖). </li><li> Madin-다비 개 신장에 접종 (MDCK) 전술 한 바와 같이 상피 세포. (32) </li></ol>

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M., Spackman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+23,+RNA+extraction+from+swine+samples+and+detection+of+influenza+A+virus+in+swine+by+real-time+RT-PCR.">Ch. 23, RNA extraction from swine samples and detection of influenza A virus in swine by real-time RT-PCR.</a> Animal Influenza Virus. , 277-293 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, J., Gauger, P. C., Spackman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+22,+Isolation+of+swine+influenza+virus+in+cell+cultures+and+embryonated+chicken+eggs.">Ch. 22, Isolation of swine influenza virus in cell cultures and embryonated chicken eggs.</a> Animal Influenza Virus. , 265-276 (2014).</li><li>Bowman, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Inability+to+Screen+Exhibition+Swine+for+Influenza+A+Virus+Using+Body+Temperature.">The Inability to Screen Exhibition Swine for Influenza A Virus Using Body Temperature.</a> Zoonoses Public Health. , (2015).</li><li>Prickett, J. R., Kim, W., Simer, R., Yoon, K. J., Zimmerman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral-fluid+samples+for+surveillance+of+commercial+growing+pigs+for+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+and+porcine+circovirus+type+2+infections.">Oral-fluid samples for surveillance of commercial growing pigs for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 infections.</a> J. Swine Health Prod. 16 (2), 86-91 (2008).</li><li>Prickett, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+infection+in+porcine+oral+fluid+samples:+a+longitudinal+study+under+experimental+conditions.">Detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in porcine oral fluid samples: a longitudinal study under experimental conditions.</a> J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 20 (2), 156-163 (2008).</li><li>Pepin, B., Liu, F. F., Main, R., Ramirez, A., Zimmerman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collection+of+oral+fluid+from+individually+housed+sows.">Collection of oral fluid from individually housed sows.</a> J. Swine Health Prod. 23 (1), 35-37 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

폴리 에스테르로 만들어진 코 면봉을 사용하여 돼지에서 시료를 수집하는 것은 IAV 감시를 수행에 도움이 입증되었습니다; 그러나, 비강 면봉 절차의 사용은 억제 용 스네어의 사용으로 인해 필요한 감시 활동을 방해한다. 비강 와이프는 시료 채취시에 사람과 돼지의 스트레스를 최소화하기 위해 현재 돼지 샘플링 기법의 정제를 나타낸다. 이 방법은 개발 및 전시 돼지 설정에서 확인되었지만 돼?...

<html> 인플루엔자 A 바이러스 (IAV)는 국내 조류, 돼지, 인간을 포함하여 많은 종의 호흡기 질환을 유발한다. 인해 발생할 수있는 분할 IAV 게놈 빠른 바이러스 진화의 reassortment에 새로운 IAV 균주에 자주 등장. 돼지는 일반적으로 북미 신종 (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2) 사이에서 순환 IAV의 세 가지 주요 서브 타입은있다. (1) 여러 호스트 종 IAVs의 유전자 재 배열을위한 혼합 용기 역할을 할 수 종 있지만, 인간의 여러 IAV 소개는이 그 하위 유형 내에서 광범위한 IAV 다양성되었다. 돼지를 감염 IAVs의 2 급속한 진화는 인간, 조류 및 돼지 바이러스로부터 유전자 세그먼트를 포함하는 트리플 된 재조합 IAV 3는 미국에서 돼지들 사이에서 확산 된 1998 년부터 분명했다. 4 내부 유전자 그 트리플 재조합 체의 IAV에서 세그먼트는 현재 돼지를 감염 IAVs 가운데 매우 널리 남아있다. (5) &quot;&gt; 전세계, IAV는 전형적인 임상 증상은 발열, 식욕 부진, 무기력, 기침을 포함하는 돼지의 호흡기 질환의 중요한 원인은, 콧물과 가난한 체중 증가 재채기, 호흡 고심한 흔적. IAV 어디 생식 농장을 뿌리는 것이 특히 비용이 많이 드는 될 수 있습니다 때문에 IAV 유도 발열과 약한 태어난 새끼 돼지에 오류가 기록되어있다. 6, 7을 미국 내에서 IAV는 일반적으로 상업 돼지 떼와 IAV 감염 돼지들 사이의 광범위한 항원 및 유전자 다양성과 계속 진화 검출이의 제어를 방해하고있다 바이러스. 8-11 트리플 된 재조합 북미 돼지의 혈통과 유라시아 조류 같은 돼지 혈통에서 유전자 세그먼트를 포함하는 돼지 혈통 IAV는 전 세계적으로 대유행 발생 때 2009 년에 실현 된 돼지의 유전자 재 배열로 인한 전염병 IAV 균주의 출현에 대한 공공 건강 문제 인간. 12 유행성 바이러스 (A (H1N1) pdm09)는 이후이발병 돼지와 재조합 된 IAV는 13, 14 균주 및이 새롭게 재조합 된 균주 중 일부는 인간에게 다시 전송하고있다. (15) 유전자 재 배열 이벤트 및 대유행 가능성이있는 새로운 IAV 균주의 출현 돼지 필수적으로 IAV 바이러스 순환의 적극적인 감시를 만드는의 주파수를, 특히 돼지 - 인간 인터페이스에서. 돼지 - 인간 인터페이스 IAV 양방향 종간 송신을 위해 중요하다. 인간 간 돼지 상업용 돼지의 생산에서 발생하는 송신 돼지 인구에 현재 존재 IAV 다이버 다량 담당한다. 농업 박람회는 미국에있는 사람과 돼지의 comingling 가장 큰 설정하고 변종 H3N2 IAV의 발발시, IAV의 인수 공통 전송을위한 사이트. 2012 년 15-21 알려진, 경우의 93 %는 참석을보고 일 농업 박람회 질환 발병하기 전에. 15 게놈 분석인수 공통 전송을 확인 인간 균주에 비해 전시 돼지에서 바이러스 균주의. IAV 감염 (21) 전시 돼지 종종 직접 진단 테스트의 필요성을 나타내는 질병, 21-23의 임상 증상을 표시하지 않습니다. 눈에 띄게 아픈 돼지의 샘플링은 혼자 성공적으로 돼지에 IAV의 유병률을 파악하지 않으며 돼지들 사이에서 신흥 IAV의 새로운 변종을 식별하는 데에 의존 할 수 없습니다. 활동 감시 IAV의 새로운 변종 돼지 및 돼지 및 공중 보건 모두 그들의 위협을 평가하기의 검출을위한 절대적으로 필요하다. 대부분의 IAV 감시 활동은 자발적 때문에 최소한의 파괴적인 방법이 필요하다. IAV가 돼지를 감염에 대한 세 가지 주요 도축 샘플 수집 절차는 다음과 같습니다 비강 면봉, 구강 유체 및 코 와이프. IAV 목록을 합성 섬유의 삽입을 감지하는 개별 돼지를 샘플링 현재 권장되는 방법으로 콧 구멍에 면봉을 밀고비강 분비물과 상피 세포를 수집 할 수 있습니다. (24, 25)를 돼지가 수동으로 또는 올무는 동물의 크기에 따라와 돼지를 억제해야이 절차, 훈련받은 사람의 팀을 피하려고 할 수 있기 때문에. (26)를 구속 과정에 대한 힘드는입니다 직원 및 돼지에 대한 스트레스. 경쟁 동물에 추가 스트레스의 인식이 감시 활동에 소유자가 저항 할 수 있도록 또한, 전시 돼지는 종종 박람회에서 여러 대회에 참여하고 있습니다. 80-100% IAV에 감염된 가축에 이르기까지 IAV 검출의 확률로, 구강 유체는 돼지의 인구 IAV의 분자 검출을위한 면봉을 비강에 인기있는 대안이되고있다. 27, 28는 또한, 경구 용 유체의 넓은 창을 제공 할 수있다 초기 감염 다음과 같은 비강 면봉보다 IAV 감지. 그러나, IAV 경구 유체로부터 분리 바이러스 분리 시도의 50 % IA 결과로 문제가 있었다V 복구. (29) 돼지에 IAV 감시 동안 비강 면봉 대신에 코 와이프를 사용하면 상기의 한계를 극복한다. 비강 와이프는 구속 스네어의 사용을 필요로하지 않고, 과정의 동물 또는 증인을 강조하지 않고 수행 될 수있다. 최소한의 기술 교육은 감시 샘플을 수집, 돼지 소유자를 포함한 비 수의학 전문가, 수 비강 잎사귀를 수집하기 위해 필요합니다. 코 와이프는 이전에 바이러스 (30)와 샘플링이 비 침습적 방법에 대한 자세한 프로토콜은 아래에 설명되어 검출 및 인플루엔자의 분리를위한 비강 면봉에 비교 하였다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>BBL Brain Heart Infusion</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>211059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin G Sodium Salt</td><td>MP Biomedicals, LLC</td><td>021194537</td><td>1500 u/mg</td></tr><tr><td>Streptomycin Sulfate</td><td>AMRESCO LLC</td><td>0382</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin Solution</td><td>Mediatech, Inc.</td><td>30-005-CR</td><td>50 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B Solution</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S 24 25</td><td>250 ug/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin Sulfate</td><td>Teknova</td><td>K2105</td><td>5000 ug/ml</td></tr><tr><td>TPP Rapid Filtermax System</td><td>TPP Techno Plastic Products AG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>99150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nalgen Diagnostic Bottles</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>342002-9025</td><td>HDPE with white PP closure</td></tr><tr><td>Dermacea Gauze Sponge, 8 ply</td><td>Covidien</td><td>441211</td><td>5.08 cm &amp;times; 5.08 cm (2 in. &amp;times; 2 in)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile Exam Gloves</td><td>Saftey Choice</td><td>19-170-010 (A-D)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine

인플루엔자 바이러스가 빠르게 돼지 인구의 진화와 새로운 변종이 지속적으로 등장하고 있기 때문에 돼지에서 인플루엔자 A 바이러스에 대한 감시는 인간과 동물의 건강에 중요하다. 돼지는 그들에게 출현과 새로운 인플루엔자의 유지 보수 바이러스 균주에 대한 중요한 호스트를 만드는 인플루엔자 A 바이러스의 다양한 계통에 감염 될 수 있습니다. 상업 돼지 농장, 농업 박람회, 라이브 동물 시장 등 다양한 설정에서 돼지를 샘플링 현재 IAV 균주 순환의 포괄적 인 뷰를 제공하는 것이 중요하다. 이 돼지의 물리적 구속을 필요로하기 때문에 현재의 금 표준 도축 샘플링 기술 (비강 면봉 즉 컬렉션) 노동 집약적이다. 코 와이프 ​​동물없이 구속을 최소한으로 돼지의 주둥이에 걸쳐 직물의 조각을 문질러 포함한다. 코는 절차를 수행 할 간단하고 전문 수의사 또는 동물 취급 교육 인력을 필요로하지 않습니다 닦습니다. W비강 면봉보다 약간 덜 민감 hile은 바이러스 탐지 및 차단 속도는 코가 낮은 스트레스 샘플링 방법이 필요한 경우 개별 돼지를 샘플링하기위한 실행 가능한 대안을 쳐하게하기에 충분하다. 진행 프로토콜 가능한 코를 수집하기 위해 필요한 단계가 개인 돼지 닦아 윤곽선.

이 방법의 성공적인 사용은 RRT-PCR은 어떤 환경 파편 샘플링 중에 픽업에서 RNA 추출 및 RRT-PCR 동안 내부 통제의 사용과 함께, 쇼 샘플은 PCR 억제제를 포함하지 않은 것으로 결과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 샘플 접종 후 바이러스 분리 우물은 샘플에서 볼 환경 찌꺼기가 없도록해야한다. PCR은 바이러스 핵산, 반드시 가능한 바이러스를 감지하기 때문에 PCR은 종종 바이러스 분리보다 높은 IAV 긍정적 인 비?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine at JoVE.com

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses.

돼지에서 인플루엔자 바이러스 탐지 및 격리를위한 코 닦음

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and ...

nasal-wipes-for-influenza-a-virus-detection-and-isolation-from-swine

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.3K 조회수.  The Ohio State University. The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses. 

비디오: Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

인플루엔자 바이러스에 대한 높은 처리량 검출 방법

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.

Bioaerosols 음이온 교환 수 지를 사용 하 여 바이러스의 검출

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid ...

환경과학

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality every year. The Influenza A and B assay was the first CLIA-waived molecular rapid flu test available. The Influenza A and B test works by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. Here, the performance of the Influenza A and B assay on frozen, archived nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens stored in viral transport medium (VTM) were compared to a respiratory panel assay.
The performance of the Influenza A and B assay was evaluated by comparing the results to the respiratory panel reference method. The sensitivity for total influenza virus A was 67.5% (95% CI (CI), 56.6-78.5) and the specificity was 86.9% (CI, 71.0-100). For influenza virus B testing, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% (CI, 68.5-100) and 98.8% (CI, 68.5-100), respectively.
This system has the advantage of a significantly shorter test time than any other currently available molecular assay and the simple, pipette-free procedure runs on a fully integrated, closed, small-footprint system. Overall, the Influenza A and B assay evaluated in this study has the potential to serve as a point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic test.

We describe a rapid, molecular-based Influenza A and B assay. The Influenza assay detects each target within 15 min by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. The Influenza A and B assay is user-friendly and required minimal hands-on time to perform.

빠른 분자 탐지 및 인플루엔자 바이러스 A와 B의 차별화

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality ...

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. We designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. This manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic PCR workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focusing on procedures that are different from microliter scale reactions. In the respiratory panel presented, 18 assays were each set up in triplicate, accommodating up to 48 samples per plate. A universal extraction and pre-amplification workflow was optimized for high-throughput sample preparation to accommodate multiple matrices and DNA and RNA based pathogens. Representative data are presented for one RNA target (influenza A matrix) and one DNA target (equine herpesvirus 1). The ability to quickly and accurately test for a comprehensive, syndrome-based group of pathogens is a valuable tool for improving efficiency and ergonomics of diagnostic testing and for acute respiratory disease diagnosis and management.

High-throughput testing of DNA and RNA based pathogens by nanoscale PCR is described using a syndromic canine and equine respiratory PCR panel.

나노 PCR에 의한 동물 표본의 호흡기 병원체의 높은 처리량 검출

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of ...

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against currently circulating strains. In addition to their use in treating seasonal influenza, the NA inhibitors have been stockpiled by a number of countries for use in the event of a pandemic. It is therefore important to monitor the susceptibility of circulating influenza viruses to this class of antivirals. There are different types of assays that can be used to assess the susceptibility of influenza viruses to the NA inhibitors, but the enzyme inhibition assays using either a fluorescent substrate or a chemiluminescent substrate are the most widely used and recommended. This protocol describes the use of a fluorescence-based assay to assess influenza virus susceptibility to NA inhibitors. The assay is based on the NA enzyme cleaving the 2&#8242;-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-&#945;-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) substrate to release the fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). Therefore, the inhibitory effect of an NA inhibitor on the influenza virus NA is determined based on the concentration of the NA inhibitor that is required to reduce 50% of the NA activity, given as an IC50 value.

We describe the use of a phenotypic fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay to assess the susceptibility of influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antivirals.

형광 기반의 뉴 라미니다 아제 억제 분석은 항 바이러스제의 뉴 라미니다 아제 억제제 클래스에 인플루엔자 바이러스의 감수성을 평가하기 위해

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

감염 마우스 모델에서 인플루엔자 A 바이러스 연구

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

인플루엔자 바이러스 단일 클론 항 체를 중화의 탈출 변종의 생성

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal.
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.

In this study, we present a protocol to perform two-photon intravital imaging and cell interaction analysis in the murine tracheal mucosa after infection with influenza virus. This protocol will be relevant for researchers studying immune cell dynamics during respiratory infections.

영상 셀 상호 작용 Tracheal 점 막에서 2 광자 Intravital 현미경 검사 법을 사용 하 여 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염 중

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. ...

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy &ndash; Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed due to challenges with different diagnostic modalities. Ciliary videomicroscopy, using Digital High-Speed Videomicroscopy (DHSV), one of the diagnostic tools for PCD, is considered the optimal method to perform ciliary functional analysis (CFA), comprising of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and beat pattern (CBP) analysis. However, DHSV lacks standardized, published operating procedure for processing and analyzing samples. It also uses living respiratory epithelium, a significant infection control issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. To continue providing a diagnostic service during this health crisis, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been adapted to include adequate infection control measures.
Here, we describe a revised protocol for sampling and laboratory processing of ciliated respiratory samples, highlighting adaptations made to comply with COVID-19 infection control measures. Representative results of CFA from nasal brushing samples obtained from 16 healthy subjects, processed and analyzed according to this protocol, are described. We also illustrate the importance of obtaining and processing optimal quality epithelial ciliated strips, as samples not meeting quality selection criteria do now allow for CFA, potentially decreasing the diagnostic reliability and the efficiency of this technique.

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy &#8211; Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

To guarantee a successful and high-quality ciliary functional analysis for PCD diagnosis, a precise and careful method for respiratory epithelium sampling and processing is essential. To continue providing PCD diagnostic service during the COVID-19 pandemic, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been updated to include appropriate infection control measures.

디지털 고속 섬모 비디오 현미경을 사용한 비강 칫솔질 샘플링 및 처리 – COVID-19 전염병에 대한 적응

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed ...

COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Performing a Nasal Swab Test on Patients inside a Rapidly Deployable Facility Optimized for Epidemics

While different types of diagnostic tests may be used to detect coronavirus disease, a nasopharyngeal swab test is the most common. The test must be performed by a trained healthcare provider. If cell culture is collected in a wrong manner, the diagnosis obtained may be incorrect.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that providers use a sterile dacron or rayon swab with a flexible, plastic shaft for deep nasal sampling. Cotton, calcium alginate swabs, or swabs with wooden sticks may contain such compounds that can inactivate some viruses and inhibit the diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The following protocol describes the proper procedure for collecting a nasopharyngeal swab sample.

COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Performing a Nasal Swab Test on Patients Inside a Rapidly Deployable Facility Optimized for Epidemics

COVID-19 / 코로나바이러스 발병: 전염병에 최적화된 빠르게 배포 가능한 시설 내부의 환자에 대한 비강 면봉 검사 수행

While different types of diagnostic tests may be used to detect coronavirus disease, a nasopharyngeal swab test is the most common. The test must be ...