This work was supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function (ARC Centre Grant CE140100007), an NHMRC project grant (#1086643). Prof. George Paxinos is supported by a Senior Principal Research Fellow NHMRC grant (#1043626).

Ethikerklärung: Alle Verfahren unter Verwendung tierischer Probanden folgen den Richtlinien der Animal Care and Ethics Committee (ACEC) an der University of New South Wales (die zugelassene ACEC Nummer 14 / 94A). 1. Herstellung des Transparent-Maus Spinal Cord <ol><li> Herstellung von Ice Cold Hydrogellösung <ol><li> Herstellung von 16% Paraformaldehyd-Lösung (PFA) <ol><li> In 16 g Paraformaldehydpulver in 70 ml vorgewärmten destilliertem Wasser (50-55 ° C) und unter Rühren auf einem beheizten Magnetrührer bis Paraformaldehyd gelöst ist. Hinweis: Nicht in die Lösung über 55 ° C zu erwärmen und sich bewusst sein, dass Paraformaldehyd toxisch ist. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Paraformaldehydlösung zu einem Zylinder und mit destilliertem Wasser auf 100 ml. Kühlen Sie die Paraformaldehydlösung eine 4 ° C Kühlschrank mit. </li></ol></li><li> Man löst 125 mg VA-044-Initiator in 26,25 ml destilliertem Wasser und kühlt die Lösung in einem 4° C Kühlschrank. </li><li> Cool 5 ml Acrylamidlösung (40%), 1,25 ml Bis-Lösung (2%) (ACHTUNG: Bis und Acrylamid-Lösungen sind giftig, können genetische Defekte oder Krebs verursachen), 5 ml 10x PBS, 12,5 ml 16% PFA-Lösung und die VA-044 Initiatorlösung auf Eis. </li><li> Mischen Sie die oben genannten Lösungen auf Eis. Bemerkung: das Gesamtvolumen 50 ml beträgt. </li></ol></li><li> Perfusions und Sammlung der Maus Spinal Cord <ol><li> Anästhesieren eine Maus mit einer intraperitonealen Injektion von Ketamin (80 mg / kg) und xyzaline (5 mg / kg) in 0,9% physiologischer Kochsalzlösung verdünnt. Die Dosierung für die Maus kann für Ratten als niedriger sein. </li><li> Auf einem geeigneten Kunststoffoberfläche in einer Abzugshaube, befestigen Sie die Schenkel der Maus vom Körper weg (Klebeband ist wirksam), sobald die Maus auf eine Prise seiner Haut des Fußes reagiert nicht. </li><li> Schneiden Sie die Maus Haut über der Brust und dann die Knochen Brust das Herz mit einer Schere zu belichten. </li><li> Mit Hilfe einer Schlauchpumpe mit einer 25 G Nadel befestigt Atee Ende des Schlauchs, legen Sie die Nadel in den linken Ventrikel des Herzens, schnippeln in den rechten Vorhof ein Ausgangspunkt für das Blut zu schaffen und dann mit 40 ml 0,9% physiologischer Kochsalzlösung mit einer Rate von etwa 10 ml / min beginnen Waschen. </li><li> Wenn Sie fertig sind, perfuse die Maus mit 35 ml eiskaltem Hydrogel-Lösung. Anmerkung: mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 10 ml perfundieren / min Quellung des Nervengewebes zu vermeiden. </li><li> Inzision in die Haut über den Rücken mit einem Messer und dann die Muskeln entfernen neben dem wirbel. der Wirbelbögen, auf der einen Seite nach dem Schneiden und sie auf die andere Seite, nehmen Sie das Rückenmark aus der Wirbelsäule mit einer feinen Schere Spiegeln. </li></ol></li><li> Löschen der Maus Spinal Cord <ol><li> Legen Sie das Rückenmark in 15 ml Hydrogel-Lösung über Nacht bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Entfernen Sie 10 ml des Hydrogels Lösung und gießen Sie den Rest der Lösung mit den Rückenmarksegmente zu einem 5-ml-Tube. Füllen Sie das 5-ml-Röhrchen mit dem Hydrogel-Lösung, bis er vollständig gefüllt ist. </li><li> Strecken Sie ein kleines Stück Parafilm über den oberen Teil der 5-ml-Tube und dann wickeln Parafilm um den Hals des Rohres. Hinweis: Achten Sie darauf, die Kontakte Parafilm das Hydrogel-Lösung und es gibt keine Blasen zwischen dem Hydrogel-Lösung und der Parafilm. </li><li> Setzen Sie die 5-ml-Röhrchen in einem 37 &#160; Ofen über Nacht ° C. Beachten Sie die Hydrogel-Lösung, bis es ein Gel wird. </li><li> Nehmen Sie die 5-ml-Röhrchen aus dem Ofen heraus und entfernen Sie das Gel aus der Tube mit einem Schraubenschlüssel (wie ein geschaufelt 1 ml Pipettenspitze). Entfernen Sie das Gel aus dem Rückenmarksgewebe durch das grobe Gewebe auf das Gel kleben und dann die groben Gewebe entfernt (das Gel mit dem Gewebe haften und wird daher von dem Gewebe entfernt werden). </li><li> das Gel aus dem Rückenmarksgewebe, waschen das Rückenmark 4-mal mit 1x PBS (pH 7,4) für 24 Stunden auf einem Schüttler Nach dem Entfernen. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die CUBIC Clearing-Lösung durch Auflösen von 3,85 g Harnstoff und 3,85 g N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;-Tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine in 5,38 ml destilliertem Wasser. Hinweis: Ein heißer Rührer verwendet wird. Hinzufügen, 2,31 g Polyethylenglykol-mono-p-isooctylphenylether / Triton X-100 zu der Lösung, wenn es klar ist, und kühlt auf Raumtemperatur. Hinweis: 10 g dieser drei Chemikalien sind für eine Maus. </li><li> Schneiden Sie das Rückenmark der Maus koronalen in 2-3 mm lange Segmente mit einer Rasierklinge und steckte sie in 5 ml der obigen CUBIC Clearing-Lösung. Platzieren auf einem Schüttler in dem Ofen bei 37 &#160; ° C für 3 Tage. </li><li> Drei Tage später, ändern Sie die Clearing-Lösung auf ein frisches. Anmerkung: Die obige Lösung wird vor der Verwendung hergestellt. </li><li> Zwei bis drei Tage später nach der CUBIC Clearing-Lösung erfrischend, überprüfen Sie die Transparenz des Gewebes gegen ein Papier mit Schrift 8 Buchstaben. Wenn es transparent ist, können die Buchstaben durch die gelöscht Gewebe zu sehen. Entfernen Sie die Clearing-Lösung und 4 ml PBST (0,1% Triton-X100) das Gewebe 4-mal pro Tag (alle 6 Stunden) zu waschen. </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li> Inkubieren der Rückenmarksegmente in der primären Antikörperlösung (anti-Serotonin, in rabbit angehoben, verdünnt 1: 100 in PBST) für 3 Tage auf einem Schüttler in einem Ofen 37 ° C. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Antikörperlösung und 4 ml PBST (0,1% Triton-X100), um die Rückenmarksegmente 4 mal pro Tag (alle 6 Stunden) in einem 37 ° C warmen Ofen zu waschen. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die PBST-Lösung und fügen Sie den sekundären Antikörper-Lösung (594 konjugierten Ziege-Anti-Kaninchen-IgG, 1: 100 verdünnt in PBST), um das Gewebe für 3 Tage auf einem Schüttler in einem 37 ° C Ofen inkubiert. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die sekundäre Antikörperlösung und 4 ml PBST Rückenmark Segmente 4-mal täglich zu waschen (alle 6 Stunden) auf einem Schüttler in einem Ofen 37 ° C. Am nächsten Tag ist das Gewebe für die Bildgebung bereit. </li></ol> 3. Imaging <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die PBST-Lösung und 4 ml 85% Glycerin auch den Brechungsindex des Gewebes zu machen. </li><li&gt; Überprüfen Sie die Klarheit des Gewebes. Sobald klar in etwa 1 Stunde, legte das Gewebe, auf einem großen, dünnen Glasträger, die den Halterahmen des Multi Foto Fluoreszenzmikroskop passt. </li><li> Ein paar Tropfen von 85% Glycerin neben dem Rückenmarksgewebe und das Deckglas mit einem 22 x 50 mm 2 Deckglas. Hinweis: Die Ausrichtung des Rückenmarks entscheidet, wie das Bild aussieht. </li><li> Setzen Sie den Glasobjektträger auf den Halterahmen des Multiphotonen-Fluoreszenzmikroskop und das Gewebe in den Lichtweg zu bewegen. </li><li> Wählen Sie den Helium-Neon-Laser-Linie 594 nm und stellen Sie die Intensität des Lasers auf das optimale Niveau, indem die Helligkeit des positiven Signals im Livebild zu überprüfen. </li><li> Wählen Sie den Scanbereich des Rückenmarksgewebe das 20x-Objektiv mit (in Wasser, NA 0,7) und bereiten Sie einen Z-Stapel zu schaffen, und die Tiefe jeder Schritt auf 3 &amp; mgr; m. </li><li> Scannen Sie das Gewebe von oben nach unten in der z-Stapel unter dem 20X objective und 63X Ziel dann (in Öl, NA 1,4) (Schrittweite betrug 1 &amp; mgr; m) sind. Rekonstruieren von 3D - Videos mit einer 3D - Software - 28. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Das Protokoll beschrieben zeigt, wie auf Bild serotonergen Fasern im Rückenmark der Maus mit dem kombinierten CLARITY und CUBIC Techniken. Es wird ein schneller Clearing - Prozess im Vergleich zum passiven Clearing - Protokoll von Cheung et al. Entwickelte 14 und Tomer et al. 15 und ermöglicht es dem Rückenmarksgewebe gut durch das Hydrogel während Clearing unterstützt werden. Ein wichtiger Schritt bei der Fixierung der Rückenmark der Maus, wie v...

Supraspinal projections are responsible for the modulation of diverse behaviors such as pain perception. One of the projections carrying nociceptive information contains serotoninergic fibers, which originate from the hindbrain raphe and adjacent reticular nuclei1,2. Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated an increased release of serotonin in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord after electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei in the hindbrain3-5. In the rat and opossum, serotonergic raphespinal fibers have dense terminals, not only in the dorsal horn6-8, but also in the intermediate zone7,9,10, the ventral horn7,11, and even lamina 1012,13. There are no similar studies in the mouse. The present study aimed to map the termination pattern of serotonergic fibers arising from the hindbrain raphe nuclei and their adjacent reticular nuclei in the mouse spinal cord using the recently published CLARITY14 method and its modification - CUBIC15. 
Conventional fluorescence or peroxidase immunohistochemistry of the spinal cord clearly shows the distribution of serotonergic fibers in the gray matter of the spinal cord in 30-40 &#181;m thick cross-sections. However, this approach does not show the continuity of the serotonergic fiber tracts in the white matter and their collaterals in the gray matter. Although the 3D reconstruction of histological sections has advanced our knowledge of fiber tracts, it remains a challenge for histologists and anatomists to follow a single tract due to small distortions in the tissue caused by cutting. To circumvent this obstacle a number of researchers have developed various protocols for making the whole tissue structure transparent, and collecting an image of unaltered tissue in a single video file17-21. So far, the clear, lipid-exchanged, acrylamide-hybridized rigid, imaging/ immunostaining compatible, tissue hydrogel (CLARITY) technique, developed by Deisseroth's group14,15, as well as CUBIC, developed by Susaki et al16 are the most successful. Since the publication of the protocols, many researchers have started using these techniques to investigate various aspects of biological tissues, including, not only the brain22-25, but also the heart, kidneys, intestine, and the lungs26,27. 
By fixing the mouse spinal cord with the hydrogel solution (CLARITY) and clearing with the CUBIC reagents (which is a much faster method than that described by the original CLARITY protocol14,15), a spinal cord tissue block of 2-3 mm long was cleared within two weeks and immunofluorescence staining for serotonin completed in eight days. With just a combination of chemical agents, conventional immunohistochemistry can be used to create an image of individual fiber tracts in a 3D video file in approximately one month.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="2081">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:495px;">Photoinitiator VA044</td>
			<td style="width:495px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">va-044/225-02111</td>
			<td style="width:807px;">http://www.wako-chem.co.jp/specialty/waterazo/VA-044.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">40% acrylamide solution</td>
			<td>Bio Rad</td>
			<td>161-0140</td>
			<td>http://www.bio-rad.com/en-au/sku/161-0140-40-acrylamide-solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2% Bis Solution</td>
			<td>Bio Rad</td>
			<td>161-0142</td>
			<td>http://www.bio-rad.com/en-au/sku/161-0142-2-bis-solution?parentCategoryGUID=5e7a4f31-879c-4d63-ba0b-82556a0ccf1d</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td align="right">158127</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/158127?lang=en&#38;region=AU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">urea</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td align="right">66612</td>
			<td>http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/Urea---CAS-57-13-6---Calbiochem,EMD_BIO-66612</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N,N&#8217;,N&#8217;-tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td align="right">821940</td>
			<td>http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/Ethylenediamine-N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetra-2-propanol,MDA_CHEM-821940</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td align="right">648462</td>
			<td>http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/TRITON&#174;-X-100-Detergent---CAS-9002-93-1---Calbiochem,EMD_BIO-648462</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/s0389?lang=en&#38;region=AU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,2&#8217;,2&#8217;&#8217;- nitrilotriethanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td align="right">137002</td>
			<td>http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/Triethanolamine-(Trolamine),MDA_CHEM-137022</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">serotonin antibody</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>AB938</td>
			<td>http://www.merckmillipore.com/AU/en/product/Anti-Serotonin-Antibody,MM_NF-AB938</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor&#174; 594 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;A-11012</td>
			<td>https://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/genome-database/antibody/Rabbit-IgG-H-L-Secondary-Antibody-Polyclonal/A-11012</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">multi-photon microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica TCS SP5 MP STED</td>
			<td>http://www.leica-microsystems.com/products/confocal-microscopes/details/product/leica-tcs-sp5-mp/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the clarity/cubic technique

Langabsteigenden Fasern auf das Rückenmark sind für die Fortbewegung, die Schmerzwahrnehmung und andere Verhaltensweisen. Die Faserabschlußmuster im Rückenmark der Mehrheit dieser Fasersysteme wurden nicht gründlich in einer beliebigen Spezies untersucht. Serotonergen Fasern, die an das Rückenmark projizieren, wurden in Ratten und opossums auf histologischen Schnitten und ihre funktionelle Bedeutung abgeleitet wurde im Rückenmark auf ihre Faserabschlußmuster untersucht basiert. Mit der Entwicklung der Klarheit und kubischem Techniken ist es möglich, dieses Fasersystem und seiner Verteilung in das Rückenmark zu untersuchen, die bisher unbekannte Eigenschaften von serotonergen supraspinal Wege aufzuzeigen wahrscheinlich ist. Hier stellen wir ein detailliertes Protokoll zur Abbildung der serotonergen Fasern im Rückenmark der Maus die kombinierte CLARITY und CUBIC Techniken. Das Verfahren beinhaltet die Perfusion einer Maus mit einem Hydrogel-Lösung und Klärung des Gewebes mit einer combination Reagenzien zu löschen. Rückenmarksgewebe wurde in knapp zwei Wochen und die anschließende Immunfluoreszenzanfärbung gegen Serotonin gelöscht wurde in weniger als zehn Tagen abgeschlossen. Mit einem Multi-Photonen-Fluoreszenzmikroskop wurde das Gewebe abgetastet und ein 3D-Bild rekonstruiert wurde Osirix Software.

Dieser Abschnitt zeigt die Ergebnisse von Serotonin-Antikörper-Färbung in der transparenten Rückenmark der Maus eine Kombination aus der CLARITY und CUBIC-Protokolle. Wir zeigen , dass serotonerge Fasern in allen Schichten des Rückenmarks vorhanden sind , mit einer Vorherrschaft im ventralen Teil des ventralen Horn (Abbildung 1, siehe auch Video 1). Das Kontrollgewebe hatte keine positive Fasern (Ergebnis nicht gezeigt). Im ventralen Horn, dicht gepa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique at JoVE.com

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

Imaging Serotonerge Fasern im Rückenmark der Maus Mit der CLARITY / CUBIC Technik

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

imaging-serotonergic-fibers-mouse-spinal-cord-using-claritycubic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.4K Aufrufe.  Neuroscience Research Australia. Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

Serie: Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

Spinal Cord Elektrophysiologie II: Extrazelluläre Saugelektrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has significantly broadened our knowledge of physiological and pathological processes in numerous tissues in vivo 4-7. In studies of the central nervous system (CNS), there has been a broad application of in vivo imaging in the brain, which has produced a plethora of novel and often unexpected findings about the behavior of cells such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, under physiological or pathological conditions 8-17. However, mostly technical complications have limited the implementation of in vivo imaging in studies of the living mouse spinal cord. In particular, the anatomical proximity of the spinal cord to the lungs and heart generates significant movement artifact that makes imaging the living spinal cord a challenging task.
We developed a novel method that overcomes the inherent limitations of spinal cord imaging by stabilizing the spinal column, reducing respiratory-induced movements and thereby facilitating the use of two-photon microscopy to image the mouse spinal cord in vivo. This is achieved by combining a customized spinal stabilization device with a method of deep anesthesia, resulting in a significant reduction of respiratory-induced movements. This video protocol shows how to expose a small area of the living spinal cord that can be maintained under stable physiological conditions over extended periods of time by keeping tissue injury and bleeding to a minimum. Representative raw images acquired in vivo detail in high resolution the close relationship between microglia and the vasculature. A timelapse sequence shows the dynamic behavior of microglial processes in the living mouse spinal cord. Moreover, a continuous scan of the same z-frame demonstrates the outstanding stability that this method can achieve to generate stacks of images and/or timelapse movies that do not require image alignment post-acquisition. Finally, we show how this method can be used to revisit and reimage the same area of the spinal cord at later timepoints, allowing for longitudinal studies of ongoing physiological or pathological processes in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

In-vivo-Imaging von der Maus Spinal Cord mit Zwei-Photonen-Mikroskopie

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

Rückenmarksdurchtrennung in der Zebrafisch-Larven

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

Ein Verfahren für die Implantation eines Spinal Kammer für Längs<em&gt; In-vivo-</em&gt; Imaging der Maus Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

Diffusionsbildgebung in der Ratte Halsmark

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

A new ex vivo preparation for imaging the mouse spinal cord. This protocol allows for two-photon imaging of live cellular interactions throughout the spinal cord.

Zwei-Photonen-Imaging von Zelluläre Dynamik in der Maus Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Neuronalen Aktivität im primären somatosensorischen Cortex mit Thy1Imaging-GCaMP6s transgene Mäuse

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated digital vaporizer is utilized to achieve a stable plane of anesthesia at a low-flow rate of isoflurane. A single vertebral spine is removed, and a commercially available cover-glass is overlaid on a thin agarose bed. A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement. A stabilization platform is used to reduce motion artifact from respiration and heartbeat. This rapid and clamp-free method is well-suited for acute multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. Representative data are included for an application of this technique to two-photon microscopy of the spinal cord vasculature in transgenic mice expressing eGFP:Claudin-5 &#8212; a tight junction protein.

This protocol describes implantation of a glass window onto the spinal cord of a mouse to facilitate visualization by intravital microscopy.

Laminektomie und Rückenmarksfenster-Implantation in der Maus

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in both confirming the diagnosis and evaluating the degree of compression. However, the anatomical detail provided by conventional MRI is not sufficient to accurately estimate neuronal damage and/or assess the possibility of neuronal recovery in chronic spinal cord compression patients. In contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide quantitative results according to the detection of water molecule diffusion in tissues. In the present study, we develop a methodological framework to illustrate the application of DTI in chronic spinal cord compression disease. DTI fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs), and eigenvector values are useful for visualizing microstructural pathological changes in the spinal cord. Decreased FA and increases in ADCs and eigenvector values were observed in chronic spinal cord compression patients compared to healthy controls. DTI could help surgeons understand spinal cord injury severity and provide important information regarding prognosis and neural functional recovery. In conclusion, this protocol provides a sensitive, detailed, and noninvasive tool to evaluate spinal cord compression.

Here, we present a protocol for the application of diffusion tensor imaging parameters to evaluate spinal cord compression.

Diffusion Tensor Magnetresonanztomographie bei chronischer WirbelsäulenkorrekUnterdrückung

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Intra-arterielle Lieferung von neuronalen Stammzellen an das Ratten- und Maushirn: Anwendung auf zerebrale Ischämie

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...