Se requiere una suscripción a JoVE para ver este contenido. Inicie sesión o comience su prueba gratuita.
Method Article
* Estos autores han contribuido por igual
High throughput assays are presented that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NET release from human neutrophils.
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils developed several antimicrobial mechanisms including phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of a DNA scaffold decorated with histones and several granule markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE). NET release is an active process involving characteristic morphological changes of neutrophils leading to expulsion of their DNA into the extracellular space. NETs are essential to fight microbes, but uncontrolled release of NETs has been associated with several disorders. To learn more about the clinical relevance and the mechanism of NET formation, there is a need to have reliable tools capable of NET quantitation.
Here three methods are presented that can assess NET release from human neutrophils in vitro. The first one is a high throughput assay to measure extracellular DNA release from human neutrophils using a membrane impermeable DNA-binding dye. In addition, two other methods are described capable of quantitating NET formation by measuring levels of NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes. These microplate-based methods in combination provide great tools to efficiently study the mechanism and regulation of NET formation of human neutrophils.
NET formation is a novel mechanism by which neutrophils fight pathogens.1 The core of NETs is nuclear DNA.1 This DNA network is associated with neutrophil granule proteins and histones.1 The main form of NET formation requires the death of neutrophils characterized by chromatin decondensation, disappearance of granular and nuclear membranes, translocation of neutrophils elastase to the nucleus, citrullination of histones and finally the spill of DNA-based NETs.2 NETs entrap and kill a wide variety of microbes and are an essential part of the innate immune weapon repertoire. Uncontrolled NET formation has, however, been linked to numerous autoinflammatory diseases.3,4 Despite their increasingly established relevance, little is known about the mechanism and regulation of NET release.
Neutrophils dying by releasing NETs are different from apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.3,5 NET-releasing neutrophils show several features that are characteristic for NET formation. Granule components are associated with DNA in NETs.1 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are both found in primary granules in resting cells but are translocated to the nucleus to bind to DNA in NETs.1 MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes are specific for NETs, do not occur in apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.1,3,5 Chromatin decondensation is another feature typical for NETosis.2 NET release also requires citrullination of histones by peptidyl aminidase 4 (PAD4).6 Citrullinated histones are hallmarks of neutrophils that underwent NET release.6
Here three methods are introduced that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NETs on a high-throughput scale. The first assay has been used on the field with different changes and quantitates extracellular DNA release in a microplate format. The second and third assays provide confirmation of NETs by measuring NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes.
La Junta Institucional de la Universidad de Georgia Revisión aprobó el estudio de sujetos humanos para recoger la sangre periférica de voluntarios sanos (UGA # 2012-10769-06). 5,7,8 voluntarios firmaron el consentimiento informado necesario antes de la extracción de sangre. La investigación realizada en este artículo está en conformidad con las directrices éticas para la investigación médica en seres humanos de la Declaración de Helsinki.
1. Aislamiento de los neutrófilos de sangre periférica humana (Figura 1)
Nota: Hay varias maneras de aislar los neutrófilos de sangre periférica. El siguiente protocolo proporciona una posibilidad. Este protocolo produce un gran número de neutrófilos no activadas humanos capaces de liberar TNE a la estimulación externa. Utilice 40 ml de sangre entera obtenida de voluntarios sanos por punción venosa. 7,9
2. Medición de la Cinética de ADN extracelular de liberación utilizando una microplaca Fluorimétrico
Nota: Este método permite la medición de cambios en la fluorescencia de una membrana impermeable al colorante indicativo de la liberación de ADN en un formato de microplaca de 96 pocillos de unión a ADN (Figura 2).
3. La cuantificación de la Forma NETación por MPO-ADN y ADN-HNE ensayos ELISA
Nota: Estos ensayos (MPO-ADN) modificado o establecido (HNE-ADN) en nuestro laboratorio cuantificar la formación neta midiendo los niveles de MPO-ADN y complejos de ADN HNE-5.
Las cifras en este manuscrito se describe el método de aislamiento de neutrófilos, los procedimientos experimentales, y presentar los resultados representativos con la explicación de análisis de datos. La figura 1 muestra las etapas secuenciales de la preparación de neutrófilos humanos. Este protocolo representa sólo una manera posible de aislamiento de neutrófilos. Se produce grandes cantidades de neutrófilos en reposo capaces de liberar TNE a la estimulación....
TNE representan un fascinante nuevo mecanismo por el cual los neutrófilos matar los agentes patógenos. 1 Aunque la literatura de los TNE ha sido cada vez más importante en los últimos diez años desde su descubrimiento, varias cuestiones importantes relacionadas con su papel en la biología, el mecanismo y la regulación siguen sin estar claros. metodología adecuada tiene que ser desarrollado para medir los TNE, este mecanismo antimicrobiano muy singular. Este artículo describe métodos que se pueden ut...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Special thanks to the personnel of the University of Georgia Health Center laboratory for their continuous support of our work on isolating human neutrophils. This work was supported by the start-up fund of Dr. Rada provided by UGA Office of Vice President for Research.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase Rabbit Ab | Calbiochem | 481001 | 1:2,000x coated |
Anti-Myeloperoxidase Ab (Rabbit) | Millipore | 07-496 | 1:2,000x coated |
DNase-1 | Roche | 10-104-159-001 | 1 µg/ml used for digestion |
20 mM EGTA/ PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
2.5 mM EGTA/PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
Cell death detection ELISA Anti-DNA POD | Roche | 11544675001 | 1:500x |
Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer | Biotek | ||
Gen5 All-in-One microplate software | Biotek | analytical tool (ELISA) | |
Sytox orange | Life Technology | S11368 | 0.2% final concentration/volume |
1 M Hepes | Cellgro | 25-060-Cl | Use 10 mM final concentration. |
1 M glucose | Sigma | Use 5 mM final concentration. | |
HBSS | Corning | 21-023-CM | |
Varioskan Flash Ver.2.4.3 | Thermoscientific | ||
PMA | Sigma | P 8139 | 100 nM final used |
ELISA Plate | Greiner bio-one | 655061 | |
Conical tubes 15 ml | Thermoscientific | 339650 | |
Conical tubes 50 ml | Thermoscientific | 339652 | |
Percoll (pH 8.5-9.5) | Sigma | P 1644 | Sodium Chloride, Sigma, S7653-250G |
Dextran | Spectrum | D1004 | |
RPMI 1640 media | Corning Cellgro | 17-105-CV | |
96 well assay plate black plate clear bottom | Costar | 3603 |
Solicitar permiso para reutilizar el texto o las figuras de este JoVE artículos
Solicitar permisoThis article has been published
Video Coming Soon
ACERCA DE JoVE
Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. Todos los derechos reservados