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Method Article
* Questi autori hanno contribuito in egual misura
High throughput assays are presented that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NET release from human neutrophils.
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils developed several antimicrobial mechanisms including phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of a DNA scaffold decorated with histones and several granule markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE). NET release is an active process involving characteristic morphological changes of neutrophils leading to expulsion of their DNA into the extracellular space. NETs are essential to fight microbes, but uncontrolled release of NETs has been associated with several disorders. To learn more about the clinical relevance and the mechanism of NET formation, there is a need to have reliable tools capable of NET quantitation.
Here three methods are presented that can assess NET release from human neutrophils in vitro. The first one is a high throughput assay to measure extracellular DNA release from human neutrophils using a membrane impermeable DNA-binding dye. In addition, two other methods are described capable of quantitating NET formation by measuring levels of NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes. These microplate-based methods in combination provide great tools to efficiently study the mechanism and regulation of NET formation of human neutrophils.
NET formation is a novel mechanism by which neutrophils fight pathogens.1 The core of NETs is nuclear DNA.1 This DNA network is associated with neutrophil granule proteins and histones.1 The main form of NET formation requires the death of neutrophils characterized by chromatin decondensation, disappearance of granular and nuclear membranes, translocation of neutrophils elastase to the nucleus, citrullination of histones and finally the spill of DNA-based NETs.2 NETs entrap and kill a wide variety of microbes and are an essential part of the innate immune weapon repertoire. Uncontrolled NET formation has, however, been linked to numerous autoinflammatory diseases.3,4 Despite their increasingly established relevance, little is known about the mechanism and regulation of NET release.
Neutrophils dying by releasing NETs are different from apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.3,5 NET-releasing neutrophils show several features that are characteristic for NET formation. Granule components are associated with DNA in NETs.1 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are both found in primary granules in resting cells but are translocated to the nucleus to bind to DNA in NETs.1 MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes are specific for NETs, do not occur in apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.1,3,5 Chromatin decondensation is another feature typical for NETosis.2 NET release also requires citrullination of histones by peptidyl aminidase 4 (PAD4).6 Citrullinated histones are hallmarks of neutrophils that underwent NET release.6
Here three methods are introduced that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NETs on a high-throughput scale. The first assay has been used on the field with different changes and quantitates extracellular DNA release in a microplate format. The second and third assays provide confirmation of NETs by measuring NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes.
L'Institutional Review Board della Università della Georgia ha approvato lo studio soggetto umano per raccogliere sangue periferico di volontari sani (UGA # 2012-10769-06). 5,7,8 I volontari hanno firmato il modulo di consenso informato richiesto prima di prelievo di sangue. La ricerca svolta in questo articolo è in conformità con le linee guida etiche per la ricerca medica che coinvolge soggetti umani della Dichiarazione di Helsinki.
1. Isolamento di neutrofili dal sangue periferico umano (Figura 1)
Nota: Ci sono diversi modi per isolare neutrofili dal sangue periferico. Il protocollo che segue fornisce una possibilità. Questo protocollo produce un gran numero di neutrofili non attivati umani capaci di liberare NET dopo stimolazione esterna. Utilizzare 40 ml di sangue intero ottenuto da volontari sani mediante prelievo venoso. 7,9
2. Misura di Cinetica di extracellulare DNA di uscita Utilizzando un micropiastre fluorimetro
Nota: Questo metodo consente la misurazione delle variazioni nella fluorescenza di una membrana impermeabile DNA-binding dye indicativa di rilascio DNA su un formato micropiastra a 96 pozzetti (Figura 2).
3. La quantificazione della Forma NETzione da MPO-DNA e HNE-DNA ELISA saggi
Nota: Questi test modificato (MPO-DNA) o stabilito (HNE-DNA) nel nostro laboratorio di quantificare la formazione NET misurando i livelli di MPO-DNA e complessi HNE-DNA 5.
Le figure in questo manoscritto descrivono il metodo di isolamento dei neutrofili, procedure sperimentali, e presentano risultati rappresentativi con spiegazione di analisi dei dati. La Figura 1 mostra le fasi sequenziali di preparazione neutrofili umani. Questo protocollo rappresenta solo un modo possibile di isolamento dei neutrofili. Si produce grandi quantità di neutrofili in grado di rilasciare NET sulla stimolazione di riposo. La figura 2 mostra c...
NET rappresentano un affascinante romanzo meccanismo attraverso il quale i neutrofili uccidere gli agenti patogeni. 1 Sebbene la letteratura di NET ha continuato ad ampliarsi nel corso degli ultimi dieci anni dalla loro scoperta, diverse questioni importanti relative al loro ruolo nella biologia, meccanismo e regolazione rimangono poco chiari. metodologia appropriata deve essere sviluppato per misurare NET, questo meccanismo antimicrobico molto singolare. Questo articolo vengono descritti metodi che possono e...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Special thanks to the personnel of the University of Georgia Health Center laboratory for their continuous support of our work on isolating human neutrophils. This work was supported by the start-up fund of Dr. Rada provided by UGA Office of Vice President for Research.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase Rabbit Ab | Calbiochem | 481001 | 1:2,000x coated |
Anti-Myeloperoxidase Ab (Rabbit) | Millipore | 07-496 | 1:2,000x coated |
DNase-1 | Roche | 10-104-159-001 | 1 µg/ml used for digestion |
20 mM EGTA/ PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
2.5 mM EGTA/PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
Cell death detection ELISA Anti-DNA POD | Roche | 11544675001 | 1:500x |
Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer | Biotek | ||
Gen5 All-in-One microplate software | Biotek | analytical tool (ELISA) | |
Sytox orange | Life Technology | S11368 | 0.2% final concentration/volume |
1 M Hepes | Cellgro | 25-060-Cl | Use 10 mM final concentration. |
1 M glucose | Sigma | Use 5 mM final concentration. | |
HBSS | Corning | 21-023-CM | |
Varioskan Flash Ver.2.4.3 | Thermoscientific | ||
PMA | Sigma | P 8139 | 100 nM final used |
ELISA Plate | Greiner bio-one | 655061 | |
Conical tubes 15 ml | Thermoscientific | 339650 | |
Conical tubes 50 ml | Thermoscientific | 339652 | |
Percoll (pH 8.5-9.5) | Sigma | P 1644 | Sodium Chloride, Sigma, S7653-250G |
Dextran | Spectrum | D1004 | |
RPMI 1640 media | Corning Cellgro | 17-105-CV | |
96 well assay plate black plate clear bottom | Costar | 3603 |
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