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Method Article
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High throughput assays are presented that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NET release from human neutrophils.
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils developed several antimicrobial mechanisms including phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of a DNA scaffold decorated with histones and several granule markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE). NET release is an active process involving characteristic morphological changes of neutrophils leading to expulsion of their DNA into the extracellular space. NETs are essential to fight microbes, but uncontrolled release of NETs has been associated with several disorders. To learn more about the clinical relevance and the mechanism of NET formation, there is a need to have reliable tools capable of NET quantitation.
Here three methods are presented that can assess NET release from human neutrophils in vitro. The first one is a high throughput assay to measure extracellular DNA release from human neutrophils using a membrane impermeable DNA-binding dye. In addition, two other methods are described capable of quantitating NET formation by measuring levels of NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes. These microplate-based methods in combination provide great tools to efficiently study the mechanism and regulation of NET formation of human neutrophils.
NET formation is a novel mechanism by which neutrophils fight pathogens.1 The core of NETs is nuclear DNA.1 This DNA network is associated with neutrophil granule proteins and histones.1 The main form of NET formation requires the death of neutrophils characterized by chromatin decondensation, disappearance of granular and nuclear membranes, translocation of neutrophils elastase to the nucleus, citrullination of histones and finally the spill of DNA-based NETs.2 NETs entrap and kill a wide variety of microbes and are an essential part of the innate immune weapon repertoire. Uncontrolled NET formation has, however, been linked to numerous autoinflammatory diseases.3,4 Despite their increasingly established relevance, little is known about the mechanism and regulation of NET release.
Neutrophils dying by releasing NETs are different from apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.3,5 NET-releasing neutrophils show several features that are characteristic for NET formation. Granule components are associated with DNA in NETs.1 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are both found in primary granules in resting cells but are translocated to the nucleus to bind to DNA in NETs.1 MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes are specific for NETs, do not occur in apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.1,3,5 Chromatin decondensation is another feature typical for NETosis.2 NET release also requires citrullination of histones by peptidyl aminidase 4 (PAD4).6 Citrullinated histones are hallmarks of neutrophils that underwent NET release.6
Here three methods are introduced that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NETs on a high-throughput scale. The first assay has been used on the field with different changes and quantitates extracellular DNA release in a microplate format. The second and third assays provide confirmation of NETs by measuring NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes.
Die Institutional Review Board der University of Georgia genehmigt das menschliche Subjekt Studie peripheren Blut von gesunden Freiwilligen (UGA # 2012-10769-06) zu sammeln. 5,7,8 Freiwilligen unterzeichnet die erforderliche Einverständniserklärung vor der Blutentnahme. Die Forschung in diesem Artikel ausgeführt ist in Übereinstimmung mit den ethischen Richtlinien für die medizinische Forschung am Menschen von der Deklaration von Helsinki.
1. Isolierung von Neutrophilen aus peripherem menschlichem Blut (Figur 1)
Hinweis: Es gibt mehrere Möglichkeiten, Neutrophile aus peripherem Blut zu isolieren. Das folgende Protokoll stellt eine Möglichkeit. Dieses Protokoll liefert eine große Anzahl von nicht-aktivierten menschlichen Neutrophilen der Lage NETs auf externe Stimulation freigesetzt wird. Verwenden Sie 40 ml Vollblut von gesunden Freiwilligen durch Venenpunktur. 7,9
2. Messung der Kinetik der extrazellulären DNA Veröffentlichung Mit Hilfe eines Mikroplatten-Fluorimeter
Hinweis: Diese Methode ermöglicht die Messung von Veränderungen in der Fluoreszenz eines membran impermeable DNA-bindenden Farbstoff anzeigt DNA Freisetzung auf einer 96-Well - Mikrotiterplatten - Format (Abbildung 2).
3. Die Quantifizierung von NET-Formularation von MPO-DNA und HNE-DNA-ELISA-Assays
Hinweis: Diese Assays modifiziert (MPO-DNA) oder etablierte (HNE-DNA) in unserem Labor NET Bildung Quantifizieren von Niveaus von MPO-DNA und HNE-DNA - Komplexe Messung 5.
Die Zahlen in diesem Manuskript die Methode der Neutrophilen - Isolierung, experimentelle Verfahren beschreiben und präsentieren repräsentative Ergebnisse mit Erklärung der Datenanalyse. Abbildung 1 die aufeinanderfolgenden Schritte der humanen neutrophilen Vorbereitung zeigt. Dieses Protokoll stellt nur eine mögliche Art der Neutrophilen-Isolation. Es ergibt große Mengen an Neutrophilen freisetzen kann , NETs bei Stimulierung ruht. 2 zeigt , wie di...
NETs stellen eine faszinierende neuartige Mechanismus , durch den Erreger Neutrophilen töten. 1 Obwohl die Literatur von NETs hat den letzten zehn Jahren den Ausbau über kontinuierlich seit ihrer Entdeckung, einige wichtige Fragen zu ihrer Rolle im Zusammenhang mit der Biologie, Mechanik und Regelung unklar bleiben. Entsprechende Methodik entwickelt werden NETs zu messen, diese einzigartigen antimikrobiellen Mechanismus. Dieser Artikel beschreibt Verfahren, die verwendet werden können NETs in einem Hochdur...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Special thanks to the personnel of the University of Georgia Health Center laboratory for their continuous support of our work on isolating human neutrophils. This work was supported by the start-up fund of Dr. Rada provided by UGA Office of Vice President for Research.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase Rabbit Ab | Calbiochem | 481001 | 1:2,000x coated |
Anti-Myeloperoxidase Ab (Rabbit) | Millipore | 07-496 | 1:2,000x coated |
DNase-1 | Roche | 10-104-159-001 | 1 µg/ml used for digestion |
20 mM EGTA/ PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
2.5 mM EGTA/PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
Cell death detection ELISA Anti-DNA POD | Roche | 11544675001 | 1:500x |
Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer | Biotek | ||
Gen5 All-in-One microplate software | Biotek | analytical tool (ELISA) | |
Sytox orange | Life Technology | S11368 | 0.2% final concentration/volume |
1 M Hepes | Cellgro | 25-060-Cl | Use 10 mM final concentration. |
1 M glucose | Sigma | Use 5 mM final concentration. | |
HBSS | Corning | 21-023-CM | |
Varioskan Flash Ver.2.4.3 | Thermoscientific | ||
PMA | Sigma | P 8139 | 100 nM final used |
ELISA Plate | Greiner bio-one | 655061 | |
Conical tubes 15 ml | Thermoscientific | 339650 | |
Conical tubes 50 ml | Thermoscientific | 339652 | |
Percoll (pH 8.5-9.5) | Sigma | P 1644 | Sodium Chloride, Sigma, S7653-250G |
Dextran | Spectrum | D1004 | |
RPMI 1640 media | Corning Cellgro | 17-105-CV | |
96 well assay plate black plate clear bottom | Costar | 3603 |
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