Un abonnement à JoVE est nécessaire pour voir ce contenu. Connectez-vous ou commencez votre essai gratuit.
Method Article
* Ces auteurs ont contribué à parts égales
High throughput assays are presented that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NET release from human neutrophils.
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils developed several antimicrobial mechanisms including phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of a DNA scaffold decorated with histones and several granule markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE). NET release is an active process involving characteristic morphological changes of neutrophils leading to expulsion of their DNA into the extracellular space. NETs are essential to fight microbes, but uncontrolled release of NETs has been associated with several disorders. To learn more about the clinical relevance and the mechanism of NET formation, there is a need to have reliable tools capable of NET quantitation.
Here three methods are presented that can assess NET release from human neutrophils in vitro. The first one is a high throughput assay to measure extracellular DNA release from human neutrophils using a membrane impermeable DNA-binding dye. In addition, two other methods are described capable of quantitating NET formation by measuring levels of NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes. These microplate-based methods in combination provide great tools to efficiently study the mechanism and regulation of NET formation of human neutrophils.
NET formation is a novel mechanism by which neutrophils fight pathogens.1 The core of NETs is nuclear DNA.1 This DNA network is associated with neutrophil granule proteins and histones.1 The main form of NET formation requires the death of neutrophils characterized by chromatin decondensation, disappearance of granular and nuclear membranes, translocation of neutrophils elastase to the nucleus, citrullination of histones and finally the spill of DNA-based NETs.2 NETs entrap and kill a wide variety of microbes and are an essential part of the innate immune weapon repertoire. Uncontrolled NET formation has, however, been linked to numerous autoinflammatory diseases.3,4 Despite their increasingly established relevance, little is known about the mechanism and regulation of NET release.
Neutrophils dying by releasing NETs are different from apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.3,5 NET-releasing neutrophils show several features that are characteristic for NET formation. Granule components are associated with DNA in NETs.1 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are both found in primary granules in resting cells but are translocated to the nucleus to bind to DNA in NETs.1 MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes are specific for NETs, do not occur in apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.1,3,5 Chromatin decondensation is another feature typical for NETosis.2 NET release also requires citrullination of histones by peptidyl aminidase 4 (PAD4).6 Citrullinated histones are hallmarks of neutrophils that underwent NET release.6
Here three methods are introduced that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NETs on a high-throughput scale. The first assay has been used on the field with different changes and quantitates extracellular DNA release in a microplate format. The second and third assays provide confirmation of NETs by measuring NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes.
Le Conseil de l'Université de Géorgie Institutional Review a approuvé l'étude sur des sujets humains pour recueillir le sang périphérique de volontaires sains (UGA N ° 2012-10769-06). 5,7,8 bénévoles ont signé le formulaire de consentement éclairé nécessaire avant le prélèvement de sang. La recherche effectuée dans cet article est en conformité avec les directives éthiques pour la recherche médicale impliquant des sujets humains de la Déclaration d'Helsinki.
1. Isolement des cellules neutrophiles du sang périphérique humain (Figure 1)
Remarque: Il existe plusieurs façons d'isoler les neutrophiles du sang périphérique. Le protocole suivant fournit une possibilité. Ce protocole donne un grand nombre de neutrophiles non activés humains capables de libérer les TNE lors d'une stimulation externe. Utilisez 40 ml de sang total obtenu à partir de volontaires sains par ponction veineuse. 7,9
2. Mesure de la cinétique de l'ADN extracellulaire édition à l'aide d'une microplaque fluorimètre
Remarque: Cette méthode permet de mesurer des changements dans la fluorescence d'une membrane imperméable à l' ADN se liant à un colorant indiquant la libération d' ADN dans un format de microplaque à 96 puits (figure 2).
3. Quantification du formulaire NETtion par FTU-ADN et ADN-HNE analyses ELISA
Remarque: Ces tests (MPO-ADN) modifiés ou (HNE-ADN) établie dans notre laboratoire de quantifier la formation NET en mesurant les niveaux de MPO-ADN et complexes ADN-5 HNE.
Les chiffres de ce manuscrit décrivent le procédé d'isolement des cellules neutrophiles, les procédures expérimentales et présentent des résultats représentatifs avec l' explication de l' analyse des données. La figure 1 montre les étapes successives de préparation neutrophile humaine. Ce protocole représente qu'une seule façon possible de l'isolement des neutrophiles. Il donne de grandes quantités de repos neutrophiles capables de libé...
EVF représentent un nouveau mécanisme fascinant par lequel les neutrophiles tuer les agents pathogènes. 1 Bien que la littérature de TNE a connu une expansion continue au cours des dix dernières années , depuis leur découverte, plusieurs questions importantes liées à leur rôle dans la biologie, le mécanisme et la réglementation demeurent obscures. Une méthodologie appropriée doit être développée pour mesurer les TNE, ce mécanisme antimicrobien unique. Cet article décrit des procédés qui p...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Special thanks to the personnel of the University of Georgia Health Center laboratory for their continuous support of our work on isolating human neutrophils. This work was supported by the start-up fund of Dr. Rada provided by UGA Office of Vice President for Research.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase Rabbit Ab | Calbiochem | 481001 | 1:2,000x coated |
Anti-Myeloperoxidase Ab (Rabbit) | Millipore | 07-496 | 1:2,000x coated |
DNase-1 | Roche | 10-104-159-001 | 1 µg/ml used for digestion |
20 mM EGTA/ PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
2.5 mM EGTA/PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
Cell death detection ELISA Anti-DNA POD | Roche | 11544675001 | 1:500x |
Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer | Biotek | ||
Gen5 All-in-One microplate software | Biotek | analytical tool (ELISA) | |
Sytox orange | Life Technology | S11368 | 0.2% final concentration/volume |
1 M Hepes | Cellgro | 25-060-Cl | Use 10 mM final concentration. |
1 M glucose | Sigma | Use 5 mM final concentration. | |
HBSS | Corning | 21-023-CM | |
Varioskan Flash Ver.2.4.3 | Thermoscientific | ||
PMA | Sigma | P 8139 | 100 nM final used |
ELISA Plate | Greiner bio-one | 655061 | |
Conical tubes 15 ml | Thermoscientific | 339650 | |
Conical tubes 50 ml | Thermoscientific | 339652 | |
Percoll (pH 8.5-9.5) | Sigma | P 1644 | Sodium Chloride, Sigma, S7653-250G |
Dextran | Spectrum | D1004 | |
RPMI 1640 media | Corning Cellgro | 17-105-CV | |
96 well assay plate black plate clear bottom | Costar | 3603 |
Demande d’autorisation pour utiliser le texte ou les figures de cet article JoVE
Demande d’autorisationThis article has been published
Video Coming Soon