Los autores desean agradecer a Ikiel Ptito por su apoyo técnico continuo.

Parte 1: Pre-procesamiento de tejidos <ol><li> Tejido debe ser buena perfusión con paraformaldehído, glutaraldehído, o formalina. Esto se puede lograr a través de la perfusión estándar transcardial normalmente se utiliza para la cosecha de otros órganos. En el presente estudio el tema fue profundamente sedado con clorhidrato de ketamina (10 mg / kg, im), sacrificados con una sobredosis de pentobarbital sódico (25 mg / kg, iv) y perfundidos transcardially con PBS 0,1 M hasta que esté completamente desangrado. Esto es seguido por una solución de paraformaldehído al 4% en PBS durante 5 minutos (aproximadamente 1 litro). </li><li> El cerebro debe ser stereotaxically bloqueado, removido del cráneo, pesado y determinado volumen 2. El tejido debe ser crioprotegieron en soluciones de sacarosa calificado con una concentración final de 30% de sacarosa en tampón fosfato. Bloques de tejido deberá congelarse en isopentano a -65 º C y almacenadas a -80 ° C hasta que esté listo para cortar. </li></ol> Parte 2: Muestreo sistemático <ol><li> El muestreo sistemático se basa en un plan adecuado antes de cortar. Toda la región de interés, tanto en la extensión rostral-caudal y dorsal-ventral deben estar bien definidos. Un atlas estereotáxico de la especie en uso es útil para definir la región de interés y para determinar la longitud de la región de interés. Una vez que la longitud de la región de interés se determina que es necesario establecer el intervalo de muestreo. Por ejemplo, desde el atlas estereotáxico a determinar que todo el rostro-caudal extensión de la región de interés es de aproximadamente 3 mm de longitud cuando se corte en el plano coronal. A continuación, decide establecer el criostato a la sección a 50 micras, a este paso, tendrá 60 secciones que abarcan la extensión rostral-caudal de la región de interés. Para un típico estudio imparcial estereológicos 10.06 secciones muestreados de manera sistemática se requiere para obtener resultados fiables. En este ejemplo, 10 secciones igualmente espaciados a lo largo de la medida resultado rostro-caudal en un intervalo de muestreo de 1 / 6 secciones. </li></ol> Parte 3: Creación de un banco de cerebros <ol><li> Una vez que la frecuencia de muestreo de la sección se ha determinado, el siguiente paso es determinar que las manchas se llevará a cabo de inmediato. Por ejemplo, si usted es la tinción con violeta de cresilo que captará 6.1 secciones en una diapositiva. Esta será la serie 1. Si usted sabe que hay quizá varias posibles anticuerpos que le gustaría correr, pero, o bien quieren ver los datos que proporciona la principal mancha o simplemente no tienen el tiempo para llevar a cabo la inmunohistoquímica, coloque el restante 5 series de secciones en el orden en que se cortan en preservar los pozos que contienen antígeno (1 polivinilpirrolidona%, 50% de glicol de etileno en o.1M PBS, pH 7,4). La siguiente tabla muestra un esquema de muestreo que consta de un tobogán y una placa (placa estándar de 48 pocillos) de las secciones como parte de un banco de cerebros (Tabla 1). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1260/table1.jpg" alt="Tabla 1" /> Tabla 1. La frecuencia de muestreo sección aquí es 1 / 6. La primera sección se coloca en un portaobjetos para la tinción de violeta de cresilo y los próximos cinco secciones se colocan en el antígeno preservar. Número de la sección 7 es capturado en la diapositiva y las secciones se colocan en 9.12 antígeno preservar. Este ciclo se repite hasta la región de interés o un bloque de tejido se agota en secciones. </li><li> El siguiente paso es exhaustiva sección del bloque de tejido. Coloque una pequeña cantidad de medio de inclusión en el plato y deje que se congele. Coloque el plato en la cabeza del microtomo y afeitarse suficiente del medio congelados para tener una superficie plana. Quitar el plato de la cabeza microtomo y lugar plano en el criostato. Verter medio de inclusión en el plato y colocar el bloque con firmeza el cerebro con la parte cortada stereotaxically posicionado rotundamente en el plato. Lenta y completamente integrar el cerebro en medio de montaje. Coloque el plato con el cerebro en la cabeza del microtomo y la sección con los parámetros predeterminados para la frecuencia de muestreo de la sección. </li><li> Una vez que el bloque de tejido ha sido exhaustivamente seccionado y las secciones se colocan en los pozos, cubrir la placa con la tapa, ponga la tapa con parafilm, y colóquelo en un congelador a -20 ° C. Registrar el número total de secciones tomadas de cada serie, el intervalo de la sección de muestreo, y el número de serie de cada animal. Este registro será de vital importancia para realizar un seguimiento de la posterior retirada de las secciones del banco de cerebros de la inmunohistoquímica en el futuro. </li></ol> Parte 4: Resultados del representante: Muestreo sistemático de esta manera ha sido una práctica habitual en nuestro laboratorio durante los últimos 3 años. Hemos tenido un gran éxito la realización de inmunohistoquímica en el material que ha sido almacenado en el antígeno de preservar tres años después de que fue cortado, sin deterioro de la señal (Figura 1). Además, como parte de nuestro banco de cerebros que han registrado cerca de 20.000 secciones sistemática de los no humanoscerebro de los primates (Figura 2) como parte de nuestros planes de investigación a largo plazo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1260/1260figure1.jpg" alt="" /> Figura 1. Esta es una sección del polo occipital de los primates no humanos immunostained para NeuN que muestra tanto la capa VI e intersticiales neuronas de sustancia blanca. Esta sección en particular se almacena en el antígeno conservar a -20 ° C por un período de 2 años. Barra de escala = 100μm. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1260/1260fig2.jpg" alt="figura 2" /> Figura 2. Nuestro banco de cerebros de los monos verdes se compone actualmente de cerca de 20.000 secciones sistemática de más de 30 monos.

<ol>
	<li>West, M., Slomianka, L., Gundersen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbiased+stereological+estimation+of+the+total+number+of+neurons+in+the+subdivisions+of+the+rat+hippocampus+using+the+optical+fractionator.+Aat+Rec.">Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator. Aat Rec.</a> 231, 482-497 (1991).</li><li>Burke, M. W., Zangenehpour, S., Boire, D., Ptito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+the+Non-human+Primate+Brain+in+Stereotaxic+Space.">Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

El muestreo sistemático es un método barato destinado a maximizar el material de investigación. Esta estrategia de muestreo se ha diseñado para cumplir con las normas de estereología imparcial que requiere un muestreo sistemático en toda la región. Es muy importante que el orden de las secciones de cada serie se mantiene. En nuestro laboratorio hemos utilizado con éxito este método para la banca de los hamster y no humanos, cortes de cerebro de los primates. Hasta ahora, hemos recogido cerca de 20.000 monos ver...

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brain banking: making the most of your research specimens

Estereología imparcial es un método de forma precisa y eficiente la estimación del número de neuronas total (o otro tipo de células) en un área de interés<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Para lograr este objetivo 60-10 secciones sistemática debe ser probado que cubre toda la estructura. Generalmente, esto implica el procesamiento 1.5 secciones que deja una importante cantidad de material sin procesar. Con el fin de maximizar el material, se propone un método barato para la preservación de tejido fijado como parte de un plan de almacenamiento a largo plazo de la investigación. Medida que el tejido se corta y se procesaron para la deseada mancha o anticuerpos, las secciones alternativas deberían ser sistemáticamente colocado en el antígeno conservar a -20 ° C para el procesamiento futuro. Utilizando placas de 24 pocillos, las secciones se pueden colocar en orden para su futura recuperación. Usando este método, el tejido puede ser almacenada y procesada por inmunohistoquímica en el transcurso de los años.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens at JoVE.com

Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Banca cerebro y el muestreo sistemático de la materia biológica constituye la base para estereología imparcial y maximiza el potencial de los datos obtenidos de cada ejemplar.

Banca cerebro: Aprovechar al máximo las muestras de su investigación

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1.  To ...

brain-banking-making-the-most-of-your-research-specimens

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.9K vistas.  University of Montreal. Banca cerebro y el muestreo sistemático de la materia biológica constituye la base para estereología imparcial y maximiza el potencial de los datos obtenidos de cada ejemplar.

Video: Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Creation and Maintenance of a Living Biobank - How We Do It

In light of the growing knowledge about the inter-individual properties and heterogeneity of cancers, the emerging field of personalized medicine requires a platform for preclinical research. Over recent years, we have established a biobank of colorectal and pancreatic cancers comprising of primary tumor tissue, normal tissue, sera, isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), patient-derived xenografts (PDX), as well as primary and secondary cancer cell lines. Since original tumor tissue is limited and the establishment rate of primary cancer cell lines is still relatively low, PDX allow not only the preservation and extension of the biobank but also the generation of secondary cancer cell lines. Moreover, PDX-models have been proven to be the ideal in vivo model for preclinical drug testing. However, biobanking requires careful preparation, strict guidelines and a well attuned infrastructure. Colectomy, duodenopancreatectomy or resected metastases specimens are collected immediately after resection and transferred to the pathology department. Respecting priority of an unbiased histopathological report, at the discretion of the attending pathologist who carries out the dissections, small tumor pieces and non-tumor tissue are harvested. 
Necrotic parts are discarded and the remaining tumor tissue is cut into small, identical cubes and cryopreserved for later use. Additionally, a small portion of the tumor is minced and strained for primary cancer cell culture. Additionally, blood samples drawn from the patient pre- and postoperatively, are processed to obtain serum and PBLs. For PDX engraftment, the cryopreserved specimens are defrosted and implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of immunodeficient mice. The resulting PDX closely recapitulate the histology of the "donor" tumors and can be either used for subsequent xenografting or cryopreserved for later use. In the following work, we describe the individual steps of creation, maintenance and administration of a large biobank of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we highlight the crucial details and caveats associated with biobanking.

In the following work, we describe the consecutive steps necessary for the establishment of a large biobank of colorectal and pancreatic cancer.

Creación y mantenimiento de un biobanco vivo - Cómo lo hacemos

In light of the growing knowledge about the inter-individual properties and heterogeneity of cancers, the emerging field of personalized medicine requires ...

Investigación

Investigación sobre el cáncer

Biobank for Translational Medicine: Standard Operating Procedures for Optimal Sample Management

Biobanks are key research infrastructures aimed at the collection, storage, processing, and sharing of high-quality human biological samples and associated data for research, diagnosis, and personalized medicine. The Biobank for Translational and Digital Medicine Unit at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) is a landmark in this field. Biobanks collaborate with clinical divisions, internal and external research groups, and industry, supporting patients' treatment and scientific progress, including innovative diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and clinical trial design. Given the central role of biobanks in modern research, biobanking standard operating procedures (SOPs) should be extremely precise. SOPs and controls by certified specialists ensure the highest quality of samples for the implementation of science-based, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic personalized strategies. However, despite numerous efforts to standardize and harmonize biobanks, these protocols, which follow a strict set of rules, quality controls, and guidelines based on ethical and legal principles, are not easily accessible. This paper presents the biobank standard operating procedures of a large cancer center.

Biobanks are crucial resources for biomedical research and the Biobank for Translational and Digital Medicine Unit at the European Institute of Oncology is a model in this field. Here, we provide a detailed description of biobanks' standard operating procedures for the management of different types of human biological samples.

Biobanco para Medicina Traslacional: Procedimientos Operativos Estándar para el Manejo Óptimo de Muestras

Biobanks are key research infrastructures aimed at the collection, storage, processing, and sharing of high-quality human biological samples and ...

Protocolo para el mapeo y disección de muestras de prostatectomía

Enhancing Prostate Tumor Biobanking Reliability with Improved Sampling Technique and Histological Characterization

Acquiring fresh and well-characterized tumor tissue samples is critical for conducting high-quality &#34;omics&#34; studies. However, it can be particularly challenging in the context of prostate cancer (PC) due to the unique nature of this organ and the high heterogeneity associated with this tumor. On the other hand, histopathologically characterizing samples before their storage without causing significant tissue alterations is also an intriguing challenge. In this context, we present a new method for acquiring, mapping, characterizing, and micro-dissecting resected prostate tissue based on anatomopathological criteria.
Unlike previously published protocols, this method reduces the time required for histopathological analysis of the prostate specimen without compromising its structure, which is crucial for assessing surgical margins. Furthermore, it enables the delineation and micro-macro dissection of fresh prostate tissue samples, with a focus on histological tumor areas defined by pathological criteria such as Gleason score, precursor lesions (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia - PIN), and inflammatory lesions (prostatitis). These samples are then stored in a Biobank for subsequent research analyses.

Autor destacado: Avance en la investigación del cáncer de próstata a través de la mejora de la toma de muestras de tejido y el biobanco

This protocol describes a method for facilitating the collection of samples from radical prostatectomy specimens. The goal is to map, characterize, and micro-macro dissect tissue samples from the specimens based on anatomopathological criteria before storing them in a Biobank.

Mejora de la fiabilidad de los biobancos de tumores de próstata con una técnica de muestreo y caracterización histológica mejoradas

Acquiring fresh and well-characterized tumor tissue samples is critical for conducting high-quality &#34;omics&#34; studies. However, it can be ...

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena described in those patients for whom a brain autopsy has been requested. Although the advancements of biomedical sciences and neuroimaging have revolutionized the neuropsychiatric field, they have also generated the misleading idea that brain autopsies have only a confirmatory value. This false idea created a drastic reduction of autopsy rates and, consequently, a reduced possibility to perform more detailed and extensive neuropathological investigations, which are necessary to comprehend numerous normal and pathological aspects yet unknown of the human brain. The traditional inferential method of correlation between observed neuropsychiatric phenomena and corresponding localization/characterization of their possible neurohistological correlates continues to have an undeniable value. In the context of neuropsychiatric diseases, the traditional clinicopathological method is still the best possible methodology (and often the only available) to link unique neuropsychiatric features to their corresponding neuropathological substrates, since it relies specifically upon the direct physical assessment of brain tissues. The assessment of postmortem brains is based on brain cutting procedures that vary across different neuropathology centers. Brain cuttings are performed in a relatively extensive and systematic way based on the various clinical and academic contingencies present in each institution. A more anatomically inclusive and symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting methodology should at least be used for research purposes in human neuropathology to coherently investigate, in depth, normal and pathological conditions with the peculiarities of the human brain (i.e., hemispheric specialization and lateralization for specific functions). Such a method would provide a more comprehensive collection of neuropathologically well-characterized brains available for current and future biotechnological and neuroimaging techniques. We describe a symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting procedure for the investigation of hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and for use with current as well as future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

Organized brain cutting procedures are necessary to correlate specific neuropsychiatric phenomena with definitive neuropathologic diagnoses. Brain cuttings are performed differently based on various clinico-academic contingencies. This protocol describes a symmetric bihemispheric brain cutting procedure to investigate hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and to maximize current and future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

Simétrica bihemisférica post-mortem del cerebro de corte para estudiar sana y patológica condiciones cerebrales en humanos

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena ...

Medicina

Visualization of Amyloid &#946; Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

The neuropathology of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid &#946; (A&#946;) peptides into extracellular plaques of the brain. The A&#946; peptides, composed of 40 amino acids, are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP) by &#946;- and &#947;-secretases. A&#946; is deposited not only in cerebral parenchyma but also in leptomeningeal and cerebral vessel walls, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). While a variety of A&#946; peptides were identified, the detailed production and distribution of individual A&#946; peptides in pathological tissues of AD and CAA have not been fully addressed. Here, we develop a protocol of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-based imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) on human autopsy brain tissues to obtain comprehensive protein mapping. For this purpose, human cortical specimens were obtained from the Brain Bank at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology. Frozen cryosections are cut and transferred to indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated glass slides. Spectra are acquired using the MALDI system with a spatial resolution up to 20 &#181;m. Sinapinic acid (SA) is uniformly deposited on the slide using either an automatic or a manual sprayer. With the current technical advantages of MALDI-IMS, a typical data set of various A&#946; species within the same sections of human autopsied brains can be obtained without specific probes. Furthermore, high-resolution (20 &#181;m) imaging of an AD brain and severe CAA sample clearly shows that A&#946;1-36 to A&#946;1-41 were deposited into leptomeningeal vessels, while A&#946;1-42 and A&#946;1-43 were deposited in cerebral parenchyma as senile plaque (SP). It is feasible to adopt MALDI-IMS as a standard approach in combination with clinical, genetic, and pathological observations in understanding the pathology of AD, CAA, and other neurological diseases based on the current strategy.

Molecular imaging with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-based imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) allows the simultaneous mapping of multiple analytes in biological samples. Here, we present a protocol for the detection and visualization of amyloid &#946; protein on brain tissues of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy samples using MALDI-IMS.

Visualización de depósitos β amiloide en el cerebro humano con desorción láser asistida por matriz/ionización del Spectrometry total de la proyección de imagen

The neuropathology of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid &#946; (A&#946;) peptides into ...

Neurociencias

Simultaneous Cryosectioning of Multiple Rodent Brains

Histology and immunohistochemistry are routine methods of analysis to visualize microscopic anatomy and localize proteins within biological tissue. In neuroscience, as well as a plethora of other scientific fields, these techniques are used. Immunohistochemistry can be done on slide mounted tissue or free-floating sections. Preparing slide-mounted samples is a time intensive process. The following protocol for a technique, called the Megabrain, reduced the time taken to cryosection and mount brain tissue by up to 90% by combining multiple brains into a single frozen block. Furthermore, this technique reduced variability seen between staining rounds, in a large histochemical study. The current technique has been optimized for using rodent brain tissue in downstream immunohistochemical analyses; however, it can be applied to different scientific fields that use cryosectioning.

Here, we present a protocol to freeze and section brain tissue from multiple animals as a timesaving alternative to processing single brains. This reduces staining variability during immunohistochemistry and reduces time cryosectioning and imaging.

Cryosectioning simultánea de varios cerebros de roedores

Histology and immunohistochemistry are routine methods of analysis to visualize microscopic anatomy and localize proteins within biological tissue. In ...

Lipidomics and Transcriptomics in Neurological Diseases

Lipids serve as the primary interface to brain insults or stimuli conducive to neurological diseases and are a reservoir for the synthesis of lipids with various signaling or ligand function that can underscore the onset and progression of diseases. Often changing at the presymptomatic level, lipids are an emerging source of drug targets and biomarkers. Many neurological diseases exhibit neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuronal excitability as common hallmarks, partly modulated by specific lipid signaling systems. The interdependence and interrelation of synthesis of various lipids prompts a multilipid, multienzyme, and multireceptor analysis in order to derive the commonalities and specificities of neurological contexts and to expedite the unravelling of mechanistic aspects of disease onset and progression. Ascribing lipid roles to distinct brain regions advances the determination of lipid molecular phenotype and morphology associated with a neurological disease.
Presented here is a modular protocol suitable for the analysis of membrane lipids and downstream lipid signals along with mRNA of enzymes and mediators underlying their functionality, extracted from discrete brain regions that are relevant for a particular neurological disease and/or condition. To ensure accurate comparative lipidomic profiling, the workflows and operating criteria were optimized and standardized for: i) brain sampling and dissection of regions of interest, ii) co-extraction of multiple lipid signals and membrane lipids, iii) dual lipid/mRNA extraction, iv) quantification by liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring (LC/MRM), and v) standard mRNA profiling. This workflow is amenable for the low tissue amounts obtained by sampling of the functionally discrete brain subregions (i.e. by brain punching), thus preventing bias in multimolecular analysis due to tissue heterogeneity and/or animal variability. To reveal peripheral consequences of neurological diseases and establish translational molecular readouts of neurological disease states, peripheral organ sampling, processing, and their subsequent lipidomic analysis, as well as plasma lipidomics, are also pursued and described. The protocol is demonstrated on an acute epilepsy mouse model.

This article presents a modular protocol for tissue lipidomics and transcriptomics, and plasma lipidomics in neurological disease mouse models targeting lipids underlying inflammation and neuronal activity, membrane lipids, downstream messengers, and mRNA-encoding enzymes/receptors underlying lipid function. Sampling, sample processing, extraction, and quantification procedures are outlined.

Lipidómica y Transcriptómica en Enfermedades Neurológicas

Lipids serve as the primary interface to brain insults or stimuli conducive to neurological diseases and are a reservoir for the synthesis of lipids with ...

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

We describe a rapid tissue donation program for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) that requires scientists and technicians to be on-call 24/7, 365 days a year. Participants consent to donate their brain and spinal cord. Most patients were followed by neurologists at the Cleveland Clinic Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research. Their clinical courses and neurological disabilities are well-characterized. Soon after death, the body is transported to the MS Imaging Center, where the brain is scanned in situ by 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The body is then transferred to the autopsy room, where the brain and spinal cord are removed. The brain is divided into two hemispheres. One hemisphere is immediately placed in a slicing box and alternate 1 cm-thick slices are either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for two days or rapidly frozen in dry ice and 2-methylbutane. The short-fixed brain slices are stored in a cryopreservation solution and used for histological analyses and immunocytochemical detection of sensitive antigens. Frozen slices are stored at -80 &#176;C and used for molecular, immunocytochemical, and in situ hybridization/RNA scope studies. The other hemisphere is placed in 4% paraformaldehyde for several months, placed in the slicing box, re-scanned in the 3 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner and sliced into centimeter-thick slices. Postmortem in situ MR images (MRIs) are co-registered with 1 cm-thick brain slices to facilitate MRI-pathology correlations. All brain slices are photographed and brain white-matter lesions are identified. The spinal cord is cut into 2 cm segments. Alternate segments are fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde or rapidly frozen. The rapid procurement of postmortem MS tissues allows pathological and molecular analyses of MS brains and spinal cords and pathological correlations of brain MRI abnormalities. The quality of these rapidly-processed postmortem tissues (usually within 6 h of death) is of great value to MS research and has resulted in many high-impact discoveries.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with no cure. Analysis of brain tissue provides important clues to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. Here we discuss the methodology and downstream analysis of MS brain tissue collected through a unique rapid autopsy program in operation at the Cleveland Clinic.

Programa integral de autopsias para individuos con esclerosis múltiple

We describe a rapid tissue donation program for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) that requires scientists and technicians to be on-call 24/7, 365 ...

Banca cerebro: Aprovechar al máximo las muestras de su investigación

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Lipidómica y Transcriptómica en Enfermedades Neurológicas

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