Damos las gracias a toda la vida Sigma Misiones Científicas de la ID de destino Biblioteca equipo de desarrollo, especialmente Kevin Gutshall para encontrar la tecnología y la negociación de los términos de licencia, y Holemon Heather por su apoyo y participación en los debates fructíferos de solución de problemas. También agradecemos al Dr. Joop Gäken del King College de Londres por haber compartido los resultados no publicados y sugerencias, y Qazi Hamid de RxBiosciences para la preparación de un lote grande de cDNA y su persistencia en conseguir que clonado. Nos gustaría agradecer Nan Lin y Bahr Scott de SAFC para la realización de las matrices de cDNA y análisis de datos. MISIÓN es una marca registrada de Sigma-Aldrich Biotecnología LP

<ol>
	<li>Huang, Q., Gumireddy, K., Schrier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNAs+miR-373+and+miR-520c+promote+tumour+invasion+and+metastasis.">The microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promote tumour invasion and metastasis.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 10 (2), 202-210 (2008).</li><li>Lichner, Z., Pall, E., Kerekes, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+miR-290-295+cluster+promotes+pluripotency+maintenance+by+regulating+cell+cycle+phase+distribution+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">The miR-290-295 cluster promotes pluripotency maintenance by regulating cell cycle phase distribution in mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Differentiation. 81 (1), 11-24 (2011).</li><li>Subramanyam, D., Lamouille, S., Judson, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+targets+of+miR-302+and+miR-372+promote+reprogramming+of+human+fibroblasts+to+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Multiple targets of miR-302 and miR-372 promote reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 29 (5), 443-448 (2001).</li><li>Lim, L. P., Lau, N. C., Garrett-Engele, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+shows+that+some+microRNAs+downregulate+large+numbers+of+target+mRNAs.">Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs.</a> Nature. 433 (7027), 769-773 (2005).</li><li>Huntzinger, E., Izaurralde, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+silencing+by+microRNAs:+contributions+of+translational+repression+and+mRNA+decay.">Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 12 (2), 99-110 (2011).</li><li>Thomas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Desperately+seeking+microRNA+targets.">Desperately seeking microRNA targets.</a> Nat. Struc. Mol. Biol. 17 (10), 1169-1174 (2010).</li><li>Baek, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+microRNAs+on+protein+output.">The impact of microRNAs on protein output.</a> Nature. 455 (7209), 71-71 (2008).</li><li>Guo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+microRNAs+predominantly+act+to+decrease+target+mRNA+levels.">Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels.</a> Nature. 466 (3708), 835-840 (2010).</li><li>Ma, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour+invasion+and+metastasis+initiated+my+microRNA-10b+in+breast+cancer.">Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated my microRNA-10b in breast cancer.</a> Nature. 449 (7163), 682-688 (2007).</li><li>Visone, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+miR-221+and+miR-222,+both+overexpressed+in+human+thyroid+papillary+carcinomas,+regulate+p27Kip1+protein+levels+and+cell+cycle.">MicroRNAs miR-221 and miR-222, both overexpressed in human thyroid papillary carcinomas, regulate p27Kip1 protein levels and cell cycle.</a> Endocrine-Related Cancer. 14 (3), 791-798 (2007).</li><li>Lu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-21+promotes+cell+transformation+by+targeting+the+programmed+cell+death+4+gene.">MicroRNA-21 promotes cell transformation by targeting the programmed cell death 4 gene.</a> Oncogene. 27 (31), 4373-4379 (2008).</li><li>Guo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+noncoding+RNA,+miR-126,+suppresses+the+growth+of+neoplastic+cells+by+targeting+phosphatidylinositol+3-kinase+signaling+and+is+frequently+lost+in+colon+cancers.">The noncoding RNA, miR-126, suppresses the growth of neoplastic cells by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and is frequently lost in colon cancers.</a> Genes Chrom. Cancer. 47 (11), 939-946 (2008).</li><li>Yamakuchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-34a+repression+of+SIRT1+regulates+apoptosis.">miR-34a repression of SIRT1 regulates apoptosis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (36), 13421-13426 (2008).</li><li>Wickramasinghe, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estradiol+downregulates+miR-21+expression+and+increases+miR-21+target+gene+expression+in+MCF-7+breast+cancer+cells.">Estradiol downregulates miR-21 expression and increases miR-21 target gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.</a> Nucleic Acid Res. 37 (8), 2584-2595 .</li><li>Ciaudo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+dynamic+and+sex-specific+expression+of+microRNAs+during+early+ES+cell+differentiation.">Highly dynamic and sex-specific expression of microRNAs during early ES cell differentiation.</a> PLoS Genetics. 5, e1000620 (2009).</li><li>Vallejo, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+Notch+signaling+by+the+conserved+miR-8/200+microRNA+family+in+development+and+cancer+cells.">Targeting Notch signaling by the conserved miR-8/200 microRNA family in development and cancer cells.</a> EMBO J. 30 (4), 756-769 (2011).</li><li>Jafarifar, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repression+of+VEGFA+by+CA-rich+element-binding+microRNAs+is+modulated+by+hnRNAP.">Repression of VEGFA by CA-rich element-binding microRNAs is modulated by hnRNAP.</a> L. EMBO J. 30 (7), 1324-1334 (2011).</li><li>Clancy, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+isoform+diversity+can+obscure+detection+of+miRNA-mediated+control+of+translation.">mRNA isoform diversity can obscure detection of miRNA-mediated control of translation.</a> RNA. 17 (6), 1025-1033 (2011).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran las relaciones financieras con entidades comerciales que tienen un interés en los trabajos presentados.

microRNAs son 20-24 ARN de nucleótidos que regulan la expresión de genes post-transcripcional por la inhibición de la traducción del ARNm, y con frecuencia, la desestabilización del ARNm diana (revisado en [6]). Una sola miARN puede regular varios cientos de ARNm para controlar la respuesta de una célula a las señales de desarrollo y medio ambiente. La identificación y validación de mRNAs objetivo es fundamental para determinar el papel de un miRNA y la función de estas vías. Sin embargo, la identificación de objetivos no es fácil porque, en los animales, los miRNAs y sus sitios de destino no son totalmente complementarias. La &quot;semilla&quot; región, basa 2 a 7 desde el extremo 5 &#39;del miARN, es generalmente complementaria de sus objetivos. Sin embargo, hay muchas excepciones a la regla de la semilla, y aguas abajo de apareamiento de bases puede compensar un partido de la semilla imperfecta. Una serie de algoritmos computacionales se han desarrollado para predecir los genes miARN objetivos basados ​​en la correspondencia de la semilla y la compensación aguas abajo, una estructura de destinoposición D, la secuencia de conservación, y varios otros parámetros que se hayan observado en los objetivos validados experimentalmente (revisado en [7]). Si bien las predicciones in silico son convenientes y hacer válidos los objetivos de identificar muchos genes miARN, la mayoría de los genes no predijo las pruebas experimentales de validación, y muchos objetivos reales no se predijo. Por otra parte, ya que los algoritmos informáticos se basan en las características de destino previamente determinados, que no permiten el descubrimiento de los objetivos que se apartan de lo ya conocido. Un número de sistemas experimentales se han utilizado con éxito para identificar o descubrir los objetivos funcionales miARN en células vivas. Estos métodos de detección globales incluyen microarrays y la secuenciación del ARN, el ARN co-inmunoprecipitación (RIP), y el etiquetado de isótopos estables con aminoácidos en cultivo celular (SILAC), un método de proteómica (revisado en [7]). Cada método tiene ventajas y desventajas. Desde miARN objetivo suele desestabilizar un ARNm y conduce a su degradación, pérdida oel aumento de r en el nivel del mRNA después de la introducción de un miARN imitar o inhibidor, respectivamente, pueden identificar los genes miARN objetivos. Esta pérdida o ganancia de ARNm es fácilmente detectada por microarrays o la secuenciación de profundidad. Mientras que los métodos de detección de mRNA son más simples y más sensibles que los métodos de detección de proteínas, la detección de mRNA se falte a ninguna de los genes miARN objetivos que no se degradan. Los últimos informes del laboratorio comparando los resultados Bartell miARN objetivo de la detección de RNA con los de SILAC [8] o el perfil del ribosoma [9] indican que los miRNAs mamíferos principalmente actúa reduciendo los niveles de mRNA diana. Sin embargo, muchos otros laboratorios que trabajan con los genes miARN objetivos individuales se han detectado cambios en proteínas, pero ningún cambio en el nivel del mRNA. Los informes de lo que parece ser la regulación de traducción sin pérdida de ARNm detectable incluyen: miR-10b en la HOXD10 [10], en miR221/222 p27kip1 [11], miR-21 en Pdcd4 [12], miR-126 en p85β [13] , miR-34 en la SIRT1 [14], miR-21 en el PTEN [15], el miR-302d en Arid4b [16], el miR-200c en JAG1 [17], y miR-299, 297, 567, unº 609 de VEGF [18]. Por otra parte, Clancy et al [19] informó recientemente que la regulación de traducción por let-7 fue detectado sólo cuando las isoformas individuales de ARNm que contienen el sitio de destino vamos-7 se detectaron de forma selectiva. Lo anterior sugiere que, al menos en algunos casos, la regulación de traducción puede ser pasado por alto en un perfil compuesto - es decir, cuando todas las isoformas de mRNA se detectan como un ARNm - tal como se obtiene con microarrays muchos y los análisis de secuencias. Co-inmunoprecipitación de los complejos de mRNA de los genes miARN-a través de Argonauta (por lo general ago2) u otra proteína asociada (ARN inmunoprecipitación, o RIP) va a aislar los genes miARN objetivos con independencia del mecanismo de regulación. Además, PIR detecta endógeno, y, presumiblemente, biológicamente relevante, las interacciones. Sin embargo, no se sabe si todas las interacciones de mRNA miARN-son funcionales, y el PIR se pierda ninguna mRNA objetivos que se asocian sólo transitoriamente o se degradan rápidamente. Además, específicas de ARNm miRNA-socios debe inferirse bioinformaticamente, porque todos los pares de ARNm de miRNA-co-precipitado juntos. Finalmente, SILAC directamente identifica el producto final de la regulación miARN, la propia proteína, pero es insensible y por lo tanto se pierde proteínas raras y pequeños cambios en los niveles de proteína de plegado. A la luz de las limitaciones con los métodos actuales de identificación de los genes miARN objetivo, nos sentimos un ensayo adicional global para identificar los objetivos funcionales miARN por un mecanismo alternativo que se necesitaba. Para cumplir con esta necesidad, la licencia de una tecnología inventada por Joop Gaken y Azim Mohamedali del King College de Londres. Su invención es una proteína de fusión de selección doble, en concreto, una timidina quinasa zeocin fusión, regulado por una biblioteca de cDNA de las posibles secuencias de miRNA en su objetivo 3&#39;UTR. Las células transfectadas de manera estable y expresar TKzeo-cDNA construcciones se pueden seleccionar con zeocin, como se ilustra en la figura 2. Después de expresar un miARN de interés, los objetivos que Mirna se puede seleccionar wiª ganciclovir, como se ilustra en la figura 3. Ganciclovir mata las células que expresan la timidina quinasa, es decir, cualquier célula que expresa TKzeo-cDNA carece de un objetivo para el miARN de interés. Dirigida ADNc se puede aislar mediante amplificación por PCR del ADN de las células que sobreviven ganciclovir cebadores que flanquean utilizando los productos de cDNA, y la PCR puede ser secuenciado para identificar dianas. Hemos desarrollado la tecnología del King &#39;s College en una nueva herramienta para la identificación global y el descubrimiento de los genes miARN objetivos funcionales humanos - el objetivo de la misión Carnet de identificación. Con la Biblioteca ID de destino, los usuarios pueden aislar los genes miARN objetivos por una serie de transfección de mamífero cultivo de células y los pasos de drogas de selección. La Biblioteca es amplio, y contiene 66-79% de los genes humanos. Los resultados iniciales indican que tanto descubierto anteriormente, así como nuevos objetivos pueden ser aislados de la biblioteca MISIÓN ID de destino. Aunque el protocolo es de cierta extensión,el uso de la Biblioteca de ID de destino requiere de técnicas estándar de laboratorio moleculares, cultivo de células mamíferas, la transfección, selección de medicamentos, PCR y secuenciación - y por lo tanto, debe estar bien al alcance de la mayoría de los biólogos. Se sugiere que se preste suficiente atención a un diseño experimental adecuado, optimizando las condiciones de cultivo, y lo más importante, antes de la prueba de cada nuevo tipo de células para determinar los niveles óptimos de drogas para los pasos de selección (kill-curvas) para asegurar el éxito con el Carnet de identificación de destino. Al igual que con todos los métodos de identificación de genes miARN objetivo, se recomienda que los objetivos identificados por cribado de la Biblioteca de ID de destino debe ser validado con un segundo método, tales como microarrays, QRT-PCR, reportero de ensayo (es decir, la luciferasa), o el análisis occidental.

<table border="1" ><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del reactivo </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios </td></tr><tr><td> JumpStart RedTaq Readymix </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P0982 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> El ganciclovir </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G2536 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> G418 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G8168 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Puromicina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P9620 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Topo TA </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> KNM4500-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GenElute mamíferos ADN genómico Miniprep Kit </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G1N10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Celular k nucleofection específicolo </td><td> Lonza </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nucleofector </td><td> Lonza </td><td> AAD-1001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zeocin </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> <a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/en/US/adirect/invitrogen?cmd=catProductDetail&amp;productID=R25001">R250-01</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td height="1"> ID de destino Biblioteca </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> MREH01 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

genome-wide screen for mirna targets using the mission target id library

La Biblioteca de ID de destino está diseñado para ayudar en los objetivos de descubrimiento e identificación de los microARN (miRNA). La Biblioteca de ID de destino es un plásmido basado en el genoma biblioteca de cDNA clonado en el 3&#39;UTR aguas abajo de la proteína de fusión de dos de selección, la timidina quinasa zeocin (TKzeo). La primera ronda de selección es para transformantes estables, seguido con la introducción de un miARN de interés, y finalmente, la selección de ADNc que contienen el objetivo de miARN. ADNc seleccionados se identificaron mediante la secuenciación (véase la Figura 1-3 para flujo de trabajo de la Biblioteca de ID y los detalles). Para asegurar una cobertura amplia del transcriptoma humano, Target ID Biblioteca cDNA se generaron a través de oligo-dT cebado con un grupo de ARN total preparado a partir de múltiples tejidos humanos y líneas celulares. Resultando gama de ADNc de 0,5 a 4 kb, con un tamaño medio de 1,2 kb, y se clonaron en el p3TKzeo doble selección plásmido (véase la Figura 4 Mapa de plásmido). Los objetivos de genes representados en la liblioteca se puede encontrar en la página web de Sigma-Aldrich. Los resultados de la secuenciación de Illumina (Tabla 3), muestran que la biblioteca cuenta con 16.922 de los 21,518 genes únicos en la UCSC RefGene (79%), o 14.000 genes con 10 o más lecturas (66%).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library at JoVE.com

Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library

La Biblioteca de ID de destino es un plásmido basado en el genoma colección de cDNA clonado utiliza para identificar los genes miARN objetivos. Aquí nos demuestran su uso y aplicación.

Genoma toda la pantalla de los genes miARN objetivos mediante el objetivo de la misión Carnet de identificación

The Target ID Library is designed to assist in discovery and identification of microRNA (miRNA) targets. The Target ID Library is a plasmid-based, ...

genome-wide-screen-for-mirna-targets-using-mission-target-id

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

17.5K vistas.  Sigma-Aldrich. La Biblioteca de ID de destino es un plásmido basado en el genoma colección de cDNA clonado utiliza para identificar los genes miARN objetivos. Aquí nos demuestran su uso y aplicación.

Video: Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation (Charging) Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

tRNA aminoacylation, or charging, levels can rapidly change within a cell in response to the environment[1]. Changes in tRNA charging levels in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lead to translational regulation which is a major cellular mechanism of stress response. Familiar examples are the stringent response in E. coli and the Gcn2 stress response pathway in yeast ([2-6]). Recent work in E. coli and S. cerevisiae have shown that tRNA charging patterns are highly dynamic and depends on the type of stress experienced by cells [1, 6, 7]. The highly dynamic, variable nature of tRNA charging makes it essential to determine changes in tRNA charging levels at the genomic scale, in order to fully elucidate cellular response to environmental variations. In this review we present a method for simultaneously measuring the relative charging levels of all tRNAs in S. cerevisiae . While the protocol presented here is for yeast, this protocol has been successfully applied for determining relative charging levels in a wide variety of organisms including E. coli and human cell cultures[7, 8].

Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

We describe a method for microarray analysis to determine relative aminoacylation levels of all tRNAs from S. cerivisiae.

Todo el genoma análisis de Aminoacilación (de carga) Niveles de tRNA utilizando microarrays

tRNA aminoacylation, or charging, levels can rapidly change within a cell in response to the environment[1]. Changes in tRNA charging levels in both ...

Investigación

Biología

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

Análisis de todo el genoma con chip para identificar objetivos específicos para cada isoforma Gene

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

MISSION LentiPlex Pooled shRNA Library Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to knockdown gene expression levels in loss of gene function studies.
There are two main methods for performing RNAi. The first is the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are chemically synthesized, and the second utilizes short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) encoded within plasmids 1. The latter can be transfected into cells directly or packaged into replication incompetent lentiviral particles. The main advantages of using lentiviral shRNAs is the ease of introduction into a wide variety of cell types, their ability to stably integrate into the genome for long term gene knockdown and selection, and their efficacy in conducting high-throughput loss of function screens. To facilitate this we have created the LentiPlex pooled shRNA library.
The MISSION LentiPlex Human shRNA Pooled Library is a genome-wide lentiviral pool produced using a proprietary process. The library consists of over 75,000 shRNA constructs from the TRC collection targeting 15,000+ human genes 2. Each library is tested for shRNA representation before product release to ensure robust library coverage. The library is provided in a ready-to-use lentiviral format at titers of at least 5 x 108 TU/ml via p24 assay and is pre-divided into ten subpools of approximately 8,000 shRNA constructs each. Amplification and sequencing primers are also provided for downstream target identification.
Previous studies established a synergistic antitumor activity of TRAIL when combined with Paclitaxel in A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line 3, 4. In this study we demonstrate the application of a pooled LentiPlex shRNA library to rapidly conduct a positive selection screen for genes involved in the cytotoxicity of A549 cells when exposed to TRAIL and Paclitaxel. One barrier often encountered with high-throughput screens is the cost and difficulty in deconvolution; we also detail a cost-effective polyclonal approach utilizing traditional sequencing.

Here we use a human LentiPlex pooled library and traditional sequencing methods to identify gene targets promoting cell survival. We demonstrate how to set up and deconvolute a LentiPlex screen and validate the results.

LentiPlex MISIÓN combinados de detección del shRNA biblioteca en células de mamífero

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to ...

Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans

RNA interference is a powerful method to understand gene function, especially when conducted at a whole-genome scale and in a quantitative context. In C. elegans, gene function can be knocked down simply and efficiently by feeding worms with bacteria expressing a dsRNA corresponding to a specific gene 1. While the creation of libraries of RNAi clones covering most of the C. elegans genome 2,3 opened the way for true functional genomic studies (see for example 4-7), most established methods are laborious. Moy and colleagues have developed semi-automated protocols that facilitate genome-wide screens 8. The approach relies on microscopic imaging and image analysis. 
	Here we describe an alternative protocol for a high-throughput genome-wide screen, based on robotic handling of bacterial RNAi clones, quantitative analysis using the COPAS Biosort (Union Biometrica (UBI)), and an integrated software: the MBioLIMS (Laboratory Information Management System from Modul-Bio) a technology that provides increased throughput for data management and sample tracking. The method allows screens to be conducted on solid medium plates. This is particularly important for some studies, such as those addressing host-pathogen interactions in C. elegans, since certain microbes do not efficiently infect worms in liquid culture.
	We show how the method can be used to quantify the importance of genes in anti-fungal innate immunity in C. elegans. In this case, the approach relies on the use of a transgenic strain carrying an epidermal infection-inducible fluorescent reporter gene, with GFP under the control of the promoter of the antimicrobial peptide gene nlp 29 and a red fluorescent reporter that is expressed constitutively in the epidermis. The latter provides an internal control for the functional integrity of the epidermis and nonspecific transgene silencing9. When control worms are infected by the fungus they fluoresce green. Knocking down by RNAi a gene required for nlp 29 expression results in diminished fluorescence after infection. Currently, this protocol allows more than 3,000 RNAi clones to be tested and analyzed per week, opening the possibility of screening the entire genome in less than 2 months.

Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans

We describe a protocol using C. elegans and RNAi feeding libraries that allows automated measurement of multiple parameters such as fluorescence, size and opacity of individual worms in a population. We give one example of a screen to identify genes involved in anti-fungal innate immunity in C. elegans.

Cuantitativos y automatizada de alto rendimiento del genoma completo de RNAi pantallas en C. elegans</em

RNA interference is a powerful method to understand gene function, especially when conducted at a whole-genome scale and in a quantitative context. In C. ...

A Novel Bayesian Change-point Algorithm for Genome-wide Analysis of Diverse ChIPseq Data Types

ChIPseq is a widely used technique for investigating protein-DNA interactions. Read density profiles are generated by using next-sequencing of protein-bound DNA and aligning the short reads to a reference genome. Enriched regions are revealed as peaks, which often differ dramatically in shape, depending on the target protein1. For example, transcription factors often bind in a site- and sequence-specific manner and tend to produce punctate peaks, while histone modifications are more pervasive and are characterized by broad, diffuse islands of enrichment2. Reliably identifying these regions was the focus of our work.
Algorithms for analyzing ChIPseq data have employed various methodologies, from heuristics3-5 to more rigorous statistical models, e.g. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)6-8. We sought a solution that minimized the necessity for difficult-to-define, ad hoc parameters that often compromise resolution and lessen the intuitive usability of the tool. With respect to HMM-based methods, we aimed to curtail parameter estimation procedures and simple, finite state classifications that are often utilized.
Additionally, conventional ChIPseq data analysis involves categorization of the expected read density profiles as either punctate or diffuse followed by subsequent application of the appropriate tool. We further aimed to replace the need for these two distinct models with a single, more versatile model, which can capably address the entire spectrum of data types.
To meet these objectives, we first constructed a statistical framework that naturally modeled ChIPseq data structures using a cutting edge advance in HMMs9, which utilizes only explicit formulas-an innovation crucial to its performance advantages. More sophisticated then heuristic models, our HMM accommodates infinite hidden states through a Bayesian model. We applied it to identifying reasonable change points in read density, which further define segments of enrichment. Our analysis revealed how our Bayesian Change Point (BCP) algorithm had a reduced computational complexity-evidenced by an abridged run time and memory footprint. The BCP algorithm was successfully applied to both punctate peak and diffuse island identification with robust accuracy and limited user-defined parameters. This illustrated both its versatility and ease of use. Consequently, we believe it can be implemented readily across broad ranges of data types and end users in a manner that is easily compared and contrasted, making it a great tool for ChIPseq data analysis that can aid in collaboration and corroboration between research groups. Here, we demonstrate the application of BCP to existing transcription factor10,11 and epigenetic data12 to illustrate its usefulness.

Our Bayesian Change Point (BCP) algorithm builds on state-of-the-art advances in modeling change-points via Hidden Markov Models and applies them to chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIPseq) data analysis. BCP performs well in both broad and punctate data types, but excels in accurately identifying robust, reproducible islands of diffuse histone enrichment.

Un bayesiano novela Cambio de punto Algoritmo para el Genoma en todo el análisis de diversos tipos de datos ChIPseq

ChIPseq is a widely used technique for investigating protein-DNA interactions. Read density profiles are generated by using next-sequencing of ...

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

Transposon mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is less time consuming, less costly, and does not require completed genome information, there are two weaknesses in this method: (1) the possibility of a disparate mutants in the mixed mutant library that counter-selects mutants with decreased competition; and (2) the possibility of partial gene inactivation whereby genes do not entirely lose their function following the insertion of a transposon. Single-gene deletion analysis may compensate for the drawbacks associated with transposon mutagenesis. To improve the efficiency of genome-wide single gene deletion, we attempt to establish a high-throughput technique for genome-wide single gene deletion using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. Each gene deletion construct in S. sanguinis genome is designed to comprise 1-kb upstream of the targeted gene, the aphA-3 gene, encoding kanamycin resistance protein, and 1-kb downstream of the targeted gene. Three sets of primers F1/R1, F2/R2, and F3/R3, respectively, are designed and synthesized in a 96-well plate format for PCR-amplifications of those three components of each deletion construct. Primers R1 and F3 contain 25-bp sequences that are complementary to regions of the aphA-3 gene at their 5' end. A large scale PCR amplification of the aphA-3 gene is performed once for creating all single-gene deletion constructs. The promoter of aphA-3 gene is initially excluded to minimize the potential polar effect of kanamycin cassette. To create the gene deletion constructs, high-throughput PCR amplification and purification are performed in a 96-well plate format. A linear recombinant PCR amplicon for each gene deletion will be made up through four PCR reactions using high-fidelity DNA polymerase. The initial exponential growth phase of S. sanguinis cultured in Todd Hewitt broth supplemented with 2.5% inactivated horse serum is used to increase competence for the transformation of PCR-recombinant constructs. Under this condition, up to 20% of S. sanguinis cells can be transformed using ~50 ng of DNA. Based on this approach, 2,048 mutants with single-gene deletion were ultimately obtained from the 2,270 genes in S. sanguinis excluding four gene ORFs contained entirely within other ORFs in S. sanguinis SK36 and 218 potential essential genes. The technique on creating gene deletion constructs is high throughput and could be easy to use in genome-wide single gene deletions for any transformable bacteria.

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

An efficient genome-wide single gene mutation method has been established using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. This method has achieved via high throughput recombinant PCRs and transformations.

Genoma escala supresiones de genes en<em&gt; Streptococcus sanguinis</em&gt; Por PCR de alto rendimiento

Transposon  mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide  gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is ...

Detection of miRNA Targets in High-throughput Using the 3'LIFE Assay

Luminescent Identification of Functional Elements in 3&#8217;UTRs (3&#8217;LIFE) allows the rapid identification of targets of specific miRNAs within an array of hundreds of queried 3&#8217;UTRs. Target identification is based on the dual-luciferase assay, which detects binding at the mRNA level by measuring translational output, giving a functional readout of miRNA targeting. 3&#8217;LIFE uses non-proprietary buffers and reagents, and publically available reporter libraries, making genome-wide screens feasible and cost-effective. 3&#8217;LIFE can be performed either in a standard lab setting or scaled up using liquid handling robots and other high-throughput instrumentation. We illustrate the approach using a dataset of human 3&#8217;UTRs cloned in 96-well plates, and two test miRNAs, let-7c and miR-10b. We demonstrate how to perform DNA preparation, transfection, cell culture and luciferase assays in 96-well format, and provide tools for data analysis. In conclusion 3&#39;LIFE is highly reproducible, rapid, systematic, and identifies high confidence targets.

Detection of miRNA Targets in High-throughput Using the 3&#039;LIFE Assay

Luminescent identification of functional elements in 3&#8217; untranslated regions (3&#8217;UTRs) (3&#8217;LIFE) is a technique to identify functional regulation in 3&#8217;UTRs by miRNAs or other regulatory factors. This protocol utilizes high-throughput methodology such as 96-well transfection and luciferase assays to screen hundreds of putative interactions for functional repression.

La detección de los genes miARN objetivos en de alto rendimiento utilizando el ensayo 3&#39;LIFE

Luminescent Identification of Functional Elements in 3&#8217;UTRs (3&#8217;LIFE) allows the rapid identification of targets of specific miRNAs within an ...

Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC (Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin)

The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to dose-limiting toxicity and many adverse side effects. Targeting the genome with sequence-specific small molecules may enable molecules with increased therapeutic index and fewer off-target effects. N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides are molecules that can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision. And unlike most natural transcription factors, polyamides can bind to methylated and chromatinized DNA without a loss in affinity. The sequence specificity of polyamides has been extensively studied in vitro with cognate site identification (CSI) and with traditional biochemical and biophysical approaches, but the study of polyamide binding to genomic targets in cells remains elusive. Here we report a method, the crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC), that identifies polyamide binding sites across the genome. COSMIC is similar to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), but differs in two important ways: (1) a photocrosslinker is employed to enable selective, temporally-controlled capture of polyamide binding events, and (2) the biotin affinity handle is used to purify polyamide&#8211;DNA conjugates under semi-denaturing conditions to decrease DNA that is non-covalently bound. COSMIC is a general strategy that can be used to reveal the genome-wide binding events of polyamides and other genome-targeting chemotherapeutic agents.

Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin

Identifying the direct targets of genome-targeting molecules remains a major challenge. To understand how DNA-binding molecules engage the genome, we developed a method that relies on crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC).

Mapeo de todo el genoma de la droga-ADN interacciones en células con COSMIC (reticulación de pequeñas moléculas para aislar la cromatina)

The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to ...

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs contribute to genetic variation among somatic cells in multicellular organisms and to evolution of unicellular eukaryotes. Sensitive methods for detecting eccDNA are needed to clarify how these elements affect genome stability and how environmental and biological factors&#160;induce their formation in eukaryotic cells. This video presents a sensitive eccDNA-purification method called Circle-Seq. The method encompasses column purification of circular DNA, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification of eccDNA, deep sequencing, and mapping. Extensive exonuclease treatment&#160;was&#160;required for sufficient linear chromosomal DNA degradation. The rolling-circle amplification step by &#966;29 polymerase enriched for circular DNA over linear DNA. Validation of the Circle-Seq method on three S. cerevisiae CEN.PK populations of 1010 cells detected hundreds of eccDNA profiles in sizes larger than 1 kilobase. Repeated findings of ASP3-1, COS111, CUP1, RSC30,&#160;HXT6, HXT7 genes on circular DNA in both S288c and CEN.PK suggests that DNA circularization is conserved between strains at these loci. In sum, the Circle-Seq method has broad applicability for genome-scale screening for eccDNA in eukaryotes as well as for detecting specific eccDNA types.

This paper presents a sensitive method called Circle-Seq for purifying extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA). The method encompasses column purification, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Circle-Seq is applicable to genome-scale screening of eukaryotic eccDNA and studying genome instability and copy-number variation.

La purificación de todo el genoma de ADN circular Extracromosómica a partir de células eucariotas

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs ...

Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine

Classification and nomenclature of genes in a family can significantly contribute to the description of the diversity of encoded proteins and to the prediction of family functions based on several features, such as the presence of sequence motifs or of particular sites for post-translational modification and the expression profile of family members in different conditions. This work describes a detailed protocol for gene family characterization. Here, the procedure is applied to the characterization of the Arabidopsis T&#243;xicos in Levadura (ATL) E3 ubiquitin ligase family in grapevine. The methods include the genome-wide identification of family members, the characterization of gene localization, structure, and duplication, the analysis of conserved protein motifs, the prediction of protein localization and phosphorylation sites as well as gene expression profiling across the family in different datasets. Such procedure, which could be extended to further analyses depending on experimental purposes, could be applied to any gene family in any plant species for which genomic data are available, and it provides valuable information to identify interesting candidates for functional studies, giving insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to their environment.

This article describes the procedure for the identification and characterization of a gene family in grapevine applied to the family of Arabidopsis T&#243;xicos in Levadura (ATL) E3 ubiquitin ligases.

Flujo de trabajo integral para la identificación de todo el genoma y Meta-análisis de la expresión de la familia del Gene del ATL E3 ubiquitina ligasa en Grapevine

Classification and nomenclature of genes in a family can significantly contribute to the description of the diversity of encoded proteins and to the ...