Damos las gracias a Lesage Sylvie y todos los miembros del laboratorio para la lectura crítica del protocolo. Este trabajo fue apoyado por una beca (MOP-77545) de los Institutos Canadienses de Investigación en Salud (CIHR). Nathalie Labrecque con el apoyo de una Beca Senior de FRSQ y Mélissa Mathieu recibió un NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Becas de Posgrado.

1. Preparación Antes de la cirugía Los ratones fueron tratados de acuerdo con el Consejo Canadiense de Cuidado de Animales Directrices. <ol><li> Ratones anestesiar por inyección de ketamina / xilazina (150/300 mg / kg, ip) o por inhalación de isoflurano (2%, oxígeno 1L). Si está disponible, isoflurano se debe utilizar, ya que permite un mejor control de tiempo de anestesia y profundidad. Además, el oxígeno se administra al mismo tiempo que soporta las funciones fisiológicas de los animales. Además, isoflurano está directamente eliminado por los pulmones y por lo tanto no requiere metabolismo hepático o renal. </li><li> Inyectar buprenorfina (0,05 - 0,1 mg / kg, sc) o analgésico otro. </li><li> Aplique una pomada en los ojos de ratón antes de la cirugía para evitar la sequedad del ojo (si isoflurano se utiliza). </li><li> Compruebe que el ratón está dormido apretando sus garras y rodando su cola. Si el ratón no reacciona, proceder con la cirugía. </li></ol> 2. La Cirugía <pclase = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Es posible eliminar 4 de los ganglios linfáticos superficiales (LN) de la cirugía: la inguinales 2 y el brazo 2. El aislamiento de la LN es más fácil en pequeños ratones delgados (6-8 semanas), ya que la presencia de tejido adiposo en ratones más viejos pueden interferir con el aislamiento LN. Sin embargo, esta limitación se supera con la práctica repetida. Para la comodidad ratones, cosechar un máximo de 2 LN a la vez y cuando realizamos el curso del tiempo, experimentos, cosechamos LN cada dos días. Además, para prevenir la infección, los antibióticos se podría dar al ratón, pero no lo hacemos y las heridas están sanando bien. Uno debe ser consciente de que, dependiendo del diseño experimental, el uso de un antibiótico podría influir en el resultado observado (por ejemplo, si una respuesta a una bacteria se mide). Nótese que todos los instrumentos están esterilizados después de cada uso y condiciones asépticas se mantienen durante todo el procedimiento. <ol><li> Ponga el mouse sobre un costado. </li><li> Localización de la región donde se llevará a cabo una incision, dependiendo de la LN que desea cosechar. (Figura 1). </li><li> Aplicar clorhexidina, o desinfectante otro, a esa región. </li><li> Hacer una pequeña incisión con tijeras (aproximadamente 5 mm) o bien en la parte posterior de la extremidad anterior o por encima de la pata trasera cerca del abdomen (Figura 1). </li><li> Quitar los pelos sueltos que han cortado con las pinzas. Si lo prefiere, puede afeitarse el ratón antes de hacer la incisión. Sin embargo, se alarga el procedimiento y se encuentra que no es necesario puesto que, como se muestra aquí, no mejora la infección curación o disminución, que son muy raros. </li><li> Estirar la incisión con 2 pinzas con el fin de ver la LN. La incisión puede llegar a 10 mm. El LN parece gris o más oscuro que la grasa que rodea. </li><li> Apriete la fascia (la membrana delgada que cubre la grasa y el tejido) en la parte superior de la LN con una pinza y tire suavemente sin romper el tejido circundante. </li><li> Colocar las pinzas segunda medida de lo posible underneath la LN. Con las pinzas en primer lugar, romper la fascia y retire la LN. Si usted ha recogido con éxito la LN, una mancha de sangre debe aparecer en el lugar donde se encontraba la LN con anterioridad. Nótese que los disipadores de LN en solución isotónica. Esta simple prueba le permite comprobar que se han extraído una LN y el tejido no graso. </li><li> Compruebe que no hay pelos en la herida. </li><li> Cerrar la incisión por pegar las 2 partes de piel juntos (el interior de la piel) y por grapado con un clip. Utilizamos algunos Clip Michel con las pinzas se aplican. Instalar uno o dos clips, dependiendo del tamaño de la incisión. Muy a menudo, los clips se caen cuando el tejido se cura. </li></ol> 3. Cuidado Postoperatorio <ol><li> Añadir un poco de alimento húmedo en el fondo de la jaula por lo que los ratones pueden alimentar fácilmente después de la cirugía. </li><li> Acerca de 6 a 8 horas después de la cirugía, comprobar los ratones para asegurarse de que no experimenta dolor. Observe cuidadosamente su comportamiento (la postura, la marcha, eninteracción con los congéneres y la apariencia de la piel). Si el aspecto general de los ratones es pobre, administrar una segunda dosis de buprenorfina. Al día siguiente, los ratones deben recuperar su comportamiento normal de lo contrario continuar con la administración de buprenorfina. Los ratones nunca debe llegar a los extremos previamente determinados y aceptados por el Consejo de Protección de los Animales. Es posible que desee buscar consejo y ayuda de su técnico en animales vivero cuidado. </li></ol> 4. Manejo de los ganglios del nodo <ol><li> En el laboratorio, para obtener una suspensión de células individuales, disociar la LN como por su procedimiento habitual. Pulsamos LN contra los toboganes helados y rutinariamente obtienen 1-2 x 10 6 células por LN. Por otra parte, preparamos la LN para la extracción de RNA. </li><li> Teñir las células según el protocolo habitual. Usted debe obtener esperados LN perfiles de citometría de flujo. </li></ol> 5. Los resultados representativos Un ejemplo de p dispersión hacia adelante y el ladomucho se muestra para LNs cosechadas a partir de un ratón anestesiado mediante cirugía o de un ratón sacrificado (Figura 2). El perfil y los porcentajes de células en la puerta de linfocitos en vivo son las mismas que demuestra que la cirugía de LN es una técnica apropiada para las células de la cosecha. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3444/3444fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Inguinal y localización LN braquial en el ratón. A. La LN inguinal se encuentra justo encima de la pata trasera, ligeramente hacia el vientre. B. La LN braquial se encuentra detrás de la pata delantera. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3444/3444fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Perfil citometría de flujo de los linfocitos obtenidos después de la cirugía LN. Y la cara perfiles de dispersión se muestran para LN cosechadas a partir de un Anesthetized ratón mediante cirugía (A) o de un ratón sacrificado (B). LN han sido recolectados, disociado y se analizaron en un citómetro de flujo. Los porcentajes de células en la puerta de linfocitos en vivo se muestran.

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+but+curtailed+T-cell+response+to+very+low-affinity+antigen.">Complete but curtailed T-cell response to very low-affinity antigen.</a> Nature. 458, 211-214 (2009).</li><li>Vezys, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+CD8+T-cell+compartment+grows+in+size+with+immunological+experience.">Memory CD8 T-cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience.</a> Nature. 457, 196-199 (2009).</li><li>Zhou, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+and+persistence+of+memory+CD8(+)+T+cells+depend+on+T+cell+factor+1.">Differentiation and persistence of memory CD8(+) T cells depend on T cell factor 1.</a> Immunity. 33, 229-240 (2010).</li><li>Wirth, T. C., Badovinac, V. P., Zhao, L., Dailey, M. O., Harty, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+central+memory+CD8+T+cells+is+independent+of+CD62L-mediated+trafficking+to+lymph+nodes.">Differentiation of central memory CD8 T cells is independent of CD62L-mediated trafficking to lymph nodes.</a> J. Immunol. 182, 6195-6206 (2009).</li><li>Rooke, R., Waltzinger, C., Benoist, C., Mathis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+complementation+of+MHC+class+II+deficiency+by+intrathymic+delivery+of+recombinant+adenoviruses.">Targeted complementation of MHC class II deficiency by intrathymic delivery of recombinant adenoviruses.</a> Immunity. 7, 123-134 (1997).</li><li>Witherden, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetracycline-controllable+selection+of+CD4(+)+T+cells:+half-life+and+survival+signals+in+the+absence+of+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+II+molecules.">Tetracycline-controllable selection of CD4(+) T cells: half-life and survival signals in the absence of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.</a> J. Exp. Med. 191, 355-364 (2000).</li><li>Labrecque, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+much+TCR+does+a+T+cell+need.">How much TCR does a T cell need.</a> Immunity. 15, 71-82 (2001).</li><li>Leignadier, J., Labrecque, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epitope+density+influences+CD8++memory+T+cell+differentiation.">Epitope density influences CD8+ memory T cell differentiation.</a> PLoS One. 5, e13740 (2010).</li><li>Leignadier, J., Hardy, M. P., Cloutier, M., Rooney, J., Labrecque, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+T-lymphocyte+survival+does+not+require+T-cell+receptor+expression.">Memory T-lymphocyte survival does not require T-cell receptor expression.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 20440-20445 (2008).</li><li>Obst, R., van Santen, H. M., Mathis, D., Benoist, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+persistence+is+required+throughout+the+expansion+phase+of+a+CD4(+)+T+cell+response.">Antigen persistence is required throughout the expansion phase of a CD4(+) T cell response.</a> J. Exp. Med. 201, 1555-1565 (2005).</li><li>Bassett, J. 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No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

Hemos descrito un protocolo de cirugía LN que puede aplicarse a muchos sistemas experimentales. Aunque es muy útil para seguir la respuesta inmune o la homeostasis de las células inmunitarias, esta técnica tiene algunas limitaciones. En primer lugar, sólo cuatro LN pueden ser cosechadas. En segundo lugar, estudió la respuesta inmune debe ser sistémica u ocurre en las inguinales superficiales o braquial (piel de drenaje) LNS. Finalmente, el número de células recolectadas se ve influida por la calidad de la elimi...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reactivo Nombre </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios </td></tr><tr><td> Graefe Bellas Pinzas de primera calidad de patrón </td><td> Aparato de Harvard </td><td> 52-2144 </td><td> Fuertemente curvado, de 10 cm (4 pulgadas), 0,8 mm de la punta </td></tr><tr><td> Clip Michel Aplicar y eliminar Pinzas </td><td> Aparato de Harvard </td><td> 52-3779 </td><td> 12,5 cm (5 pulgadas) </td></tr><tr><td> Michel Clip 100 </td><td> Aparato de Harvard </td><td> 52-3746 </td><td> 7,5-1,75 mm </td></tr><tr><td> Temgesic (hidrocloruro de buprenorfina) </td><td> Schering-Plough </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vetalar (clorhidrato de ketamina) </td><td> Boniche de Salud Animal </td><td></td><td> DIN: 01989529 </td></tr><tr><td> Rompun (xilazina) </td><td> Bayer </td> &lt;td&gt; </td><td> DIN: 02169592 </td></tr><tr><td> El isoflurano </td><td> ABBOTT </td><td></td><td> DIN: 02032384 </td></tr><tr><td> Hypotears pomada para los ojos </td><td> Novartis Ophtalmics </td><td></td><td> DIN: 02133288 </td></tr><tr><td> Baxedin (gluconato de clorhexidina al 2% en alcohol isopropílico al 70%) </td><td> Omega </td><td> L0000017 </td><td> DIN: 02251477 </td></tr></tbody></table>

murine superficial lymph node surgery

En el campo de la inmunología, para entender la progresión de una respuesta inmune contra una vacuna, una infección o un tumor, la respuesta es seguido a menudo con el tiempo. Del mismo modo, el estudio de la homeostasis de los linfocitos se requieren experimentos en curso. Realizar estos estudios dentro del mismo ratón es ideal para reducir la variabilidad experimental, así como el número de ratones utilizados. La extracción de sangre permite un rendimiento de experimentos de tiempo, pero sólo se da información sobre los linfocitos circulantes y proporciona un número limitado de células 1-4. Dado que los linfocitos que circulan por el cuerpo y que residen en los ganglios linfáticos tienen propiedades diferentes, es importante examinar ambas localidades. La eliminación secuencial de los ganglios linfáticos mediante cirugía ofrece una oportunidad única para seguir una respuesta inmune o la expansión de células inmunes en el mismo ratón a través del tiempo. Además, esta técnica produce entre 1-2x10 6 células por ganglio linfático que es suficiente para PErform caracterización fenotípica y / o ensayos funcionales. La cirugía secuencial de los ganglios linfáticos o linfadenectomía ha sido utilizado con éxito por nosotros y otros 5-11. Aquí se describe cómo los nódulos linfáticos inguinales braquial y se puede quitar haciendo una pequeña incisión en la piel de un ratón anestesiados. Dado que la cirugía es superficial y se hace rápidamente, el ratón se recupera muy rápidamente, cura bien y no experimenta dolor excesivo. Cada segundo día, es posible cosechar uno o dos ganglios linfáticos permitiendo experimentos de tiempo. Esta técnica es por tanto adecuado para estudiar las características de los ganglios linfáticos de linfocitos que residen en el tiempo. Este enfoque es adecuado para diferentes diseños experimentales y creemos que muchos laboratorios se beneficiarán de la realización de cirugías secuenciales de los ganglios linfáticos.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery at JoVE.com

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

Para seguir la progresión de una respuesta inmune con el tiempo dentro del mismo ratón, los ganglios linfáticos se pueden extirpar mediante cirugía secuencial. Aquí se describe cómo esta técnica se puede realizar.

Murino linfáticos superficiales Cirugía de los ganglios

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

41.9K vistas.  Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center. Para seguir la progresión de una respuesta inmune con el tiempo dentro del mismo ratón, los ganglios linfáticos se pueden extirpar mediante cirugía secuencial. Aquí se describe cómo esta técnica se puede realizar.

Video: Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

Microscopia intravital de los ganglios linfáticos inguinales

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration of T cells into lymph nodes is a complex process which involves both cellular and chemical factors including chemokines. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy has permitted to track T cells in intact lymph nodes and to derive some quantitative information on their behavior and their interactions with other cells. While there are obvious advantages to an in vivo system, this approach requires a complex and expensive instrumentation and provides limited access to the tissue. To analyze the behavior of T cells within murine lymph nodes, we have developed a slice assay 
1, originally set up by neurobiologists and transposed recently to murine thymus 2. In this technique, fluorescently labeled T cells are plated on top of an acutely prepared lymph node slice. In this video-article, the localization and migration of T cells into the tissue are analyzed in real-time with a widefield and a confocal microscope. The technique which complements in vivo two-photon microscopy offers an effective approach to image T cells in their natural environment and to elucidate mechanisms underlying T cell migration.

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

This protocol describes a method to image fluorescent T cells introduced into lymph node slices. The technique permits real-time analyses of T cell migration with traditional widefield fluorescence or confocal microscopes.

Ex vivo de imágenes de células T en los ganglios linfáticos murino Rebanadas con campo amplio y microscopios confocal

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

Imagen intravital del nodo linfático poplíteo ratón

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the mechanisms governing its formation. Lymph nodes are always encapsulated in adipose tissue and we recently demonstrated the importance of this relation for the formation of lymph node stroma. Adipocyte precursor cells migrate into the lymph node during its development and upon engagement of the Lymphotoxin-b receptor switch off adipogenesis and differentiate into lymphoid stromal cells (B&#233;n&#233;zech&#160;et al.14). Based on the lymphoid stroma potential of adipose tissue, we present a method using a lymph node/fat pad chimera that allows the lineage tracing of lymph node stromal cell precursors. We show how to isolate newborn lymph nodes and EYFP+ embryonic adipose tissue and make a LN/ EYFP+ fat pad chimera. After transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse, the lymph node incorporates local adipose tissue precursor cells and finishes its formation. Progeny analysis of EYFP+ fat pad cells in the resulting lymph nodes can be performed by flow-cytometric analysis of enzymatically digested lymph nodes or by immunofluorescence analysis of lymph nodes cryosections. By using fat pads from different knockout mouse models, this method will provide an efficient way of analyzing the origin of the different lymph node stromal cell populations.

Generation of lymph node/fat pad chimeras for the study of lymph node stromal cell origin is described. The method involves the isolation of lymph nodes from newborn mice and embryonic fat pads, the generation of chimeric lymph node-fat pads, and their transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse.

Generación de nódulos linfáticos de grasa Pad quimeras para el Estudio del Ganglio Linfático estroma origen de célula

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Aislamiento de células estromales murinas en nódulos linfáticos

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

El aislamiento de las células mieloides de ratón de la piel y el drenaje de ganglios linfáticos Siguiendo intradérmica La inmunización con viva atenuada<em&gt; Plasmodium</emLos esporozoitos&gt;

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited application to humans, skin transplantation in mice has been widely employed for transplantation research. The procedure is easy to learn and perform, and it does not require delicate microsurgical techniques nor extensive training. Moreover, graft rejection in this model occurs in a very reproducible immunological reaction and is easily monitored by direct inspection and palpation. In addition, secondary skin transplantation with donor-matched or third-party skin grafts can be performed on more complex transplant models as an alternative and uncomplicated method to assess donor-specific tolerance. The complications are low and are in general limited to anesthesia overdose or respiratory distress after the procedure. Graft failure, on the other hand, occurs commonly as a result of poor preparation of the graft, incorrect positioning in the graft bed, or inappropriate placement of the bandage. In this article, we present a protocol for full-thickness skin transplantation in mice and describe the important steps necessary for a successful procedure.

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established model to study rejection in an alloimmune setting. Here, we provide a tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&#62;C57BL/6 full-thickness skin transplant.

Murino de grosor completo Trasplante de Piel

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited ...

Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension

It is now well known that T lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases1,2,3,4,5. For example, studies from our group have shown that hypertension is associated with an excessive accumulation of T cells in the vessels and kidney during the development of experimental hypertension6. Once in these tissues, T cells produce several cytokines that affect both vascular and renal function leading to vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention1,2. To fully understand how T cells cause cardiovascular and renal diseases, it is important to be able to identify and quantify the specific T cell subsets present in these tissues. T cell subsets are defined by a combination of surface markers, the cytokines they secrete, and the transcription factors they express. The complexity of the T cell population makes flow cytometry and intracellular staining an invaluable technique to dissect the phenotypes of the lymphocytes present in tissues. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to identify the surface and intracellular markers (cytokines and transcription factors) in T cells isolated from murine kidney, aorta and aortic draining lymph nodes in a model of angiotensin II induced hypertension. The following steps are described in detail: isolation of the tissues, generation of the single cell suspensions, ex vivo stimulation, fixation, permeabilization and staining. In addition, several fundamental principles of flow cytometric analyses including choosing the proper controls and appropriate gating strategies are discussed.

This article provides detailed methodology to identify and quantify functional T lymphocyte subsets present within murine kidney, aorta and lymph nodes by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. The model of angiotensin II induced hypertension was chosen to explain, step-by-step, the procedures and fundamental principles of flow cytometry and intracellular staining.

La tinción intracelular y citometría de flujo para identificar subconjuntos de linfocitos dentro de murino aorta, riñón y los ganglios linfáticos en un modelo de hipertensión

It is now well known that T lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases1,2,3,4,5. For example, studies from our ...

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and E. coli, and are useful for the study of pathogenesis and/or spread of the bacteria in natural hosts. With the key function of lymph nodes in the host immune response, lymph node tissues serve as a potential source of RNA for downstream transcriptomic analyses, in order to assess the temporal changes in gene expression in cells over the course of an infection. This article presents an overview of the process of lymph node collection, tissue sampling, and downstream RNA processing in livestock, using cattle (Bos taurus) as a model, with additional examples provided from the American bison (Bison bison). The protocol includes information about the location, identification, and removal of lymph nodes from multiple key sites in the body. Additionally, a biopsy sampling methodology is presented that allows for a consistency of sampling across multiple animals. Several considerations for sample preservation are discussed, including the generation of RNA suitable for downstream methodologies like RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR. Due to the long delays inherent in large animal vs. mouse time course studies, representative results from bison and bovine lymph node tissues are presented to describe the time course of the degradation in this tissue type, in the context of a review of previous methodological work on RNA degradation in other tissues. Overall, this protocol will be useful to both veterinary researchers beginning transcriptome projects on large animal samples and to molecular biologists interested in learning techniques for in vivo tissue sampling and in vitro processing.

This protocol provides an overview of procedures for the isolation of RNA for the transcriptomic profiling of lymph node tissues from large animals, including steps in the identification and excision of lymph nodes from livestock and wildlife, sampling approaches to provide consistency across multiple animals, and considerations plus representative results for the post-collection preservation and processing for RNA analysis.

Recogida y tratamiento de los ganglios linfáticos de animales grandes para el análisis de ARN: preparación para estudios de nodo de linfa transcriptómicos de grandes especies animales

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and ...

Determination of Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Murine Thymus, Pancreatic Draining Lymph Node and Spleen Using Flow Cytometry

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, thymic derived Treg (tTreg) cells and peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells. They are present in different organs of our body and can be distinguished by specific markers, such as Helios and Neuropilin 1. It has been reported that tTreg cells are functionally more suppressive than pTreg cells. Therefore, it is important to determine the proportion of both tTreg and pTreg cells when investigating heterogeneous cell populations. Herein, we collected thymic glands, pancreatic draining lymph nodes and spleens from normoglycemic non-obese diabetic mice to distinguish tTreg cells from pTreg cells using flow cytometry. We manually prepared single cell suspensions from these organs. Fluorochrome conjugated surface CD4, CD8, CD25, and Neuropilin 1 antibodies were used to stain the cells. They were kept in the fridge overnight. On the next day, the cells were stained with fluorochrome conjugated intracellular Foxp3 and Helios antibodies. These markers were used to characterize the two subsets of Treg cells. This protocol demonstrates a simple but practical way to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen and use them for subsequent flow cytometric analysis.

Herein, we present a protocol to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen to further study these cells using flow cytometry. In addition, this protocol was used for determining the subsets of regulatory T cells using flow cytometry.

Determinación de subconjuntos de células T reguladoras en murino timo, pancreático drenaje del nodo de linfa y bazo mediante citometría de flujo

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, ...