Este trabajo fue apoyado por el NIH R21 CA143505 a Christina Voelkel-Johnson.

Todos los procedimientos con animales han sido revisados ​​y aprobados por el Comité de Cuidado de Animales institucional y Uso de la Universidad Médica de Carolina del Sur. El protocolo fue aprobado por USDA categoría D para el dolor. 1. El implante de células <ol><li> Dos días antes de realizar el procedimiento, la placa 1 x 10 6 MB49 células en matraces T-25. El uso de alta glucosa DMEM suplementado con 10% de FBS (antibióticos y, si se desea). Un matraz es suficiente para cada grupo de hasta cinco ratones que se anestesió y se implanta en paralelo. </li><li> En el día del procedimiento, preparar tripsina para la instilación por dilución de 0,25% de tripsina de grado de cultivo de tejido estéril a 0,125% con medio de base DMEM estéril (dilución 1:2). 1,2 ml es suficiente para 10 ratones. Colocar en un baño de agua a 37 ° C que se equilibre. </li><li> Precalentar una almohadilla caliente y colocarlo bajo las nosecones del sistema de anestesia que se utilizará para entregar isoflurane. Coloque una almohadilla absorbente limpio sobre el cojín eléctrico. </li><li> Coloque los ratones en la cámara de inducción de anestesia y el sistema de inducir la anestesia con 3% de isoflurano. Cuando los ratones han perdido el conocimiento, que es verificada por la pérdida del reflejo de los pies-pinch, transferirlos a los nosecones. Asegúrese de que cada animal está en una posición de decúbito supino y correctamente colocado en la plataforma de calentamiento para mantener la temperatura corporal. </li><li> Reducir la concentración de isoflurano al 2% para mantener la anestesia. </li><li> Aplique una pomada oftálmica de ambos ojos para evitar que se sequen. </li><li> Paso opcional: Eliminar el vello abdominal. El pelo en la parte inferior del abdomen se debe retirar si se llevará a cabo en vivo bioluminiscente de imágenes. <ol><li> Aplicar una capa generosa de crema depilatoria, como Veet, la más baja 1 en la plaza de la piel en el abdomen, con cuidado de no ponerse en contacto con los genitales externos. Espere 3 min. </li><li> Retire el cabello frotando el área con una esponja seca, y luego usar una esponja húmeda para limpiar la piel. Repetir una vez, si es necesario. </li></ol></li><li> Cateterizar la vejiga <ol><li> Engrasar un catéter nuevo, estéril 24 G pediátrica venosa con un gel lubricante no irritante como KY. Retire y deseche la aguja. Si la fuga de líquido alrededor del catéter es un problema común, es decir. ocurre con más frecuencia que en uno de los diez ratones, catéteres de calibre más grandes (20 g) se pueden utilizar. Esto puede ser una consideración importante en ratones de más edad de 8 semanas. </li><li> Sosteniendo el cubo del catéter, use el pulgar y el dedo índice de la otra mano para extender las patas traseras del ratón y exponer el meato uretral. Introduzca suavemente el catéter en la uretra en un ángulo de 45 °, cambiando el ángulo de uno paralelo con el banco para insertar en su totalidad. </li><li> Después de la inserción completa, levantar el catéter suavemente, manteniéndola paralela al banco, y confirmar visualmente que se coloca en la uretra y no la vagina, que está debajo de ella. Si se coloca correctamente, el catéter será capaz de estar eninsertado totalmente desde la vagina es más corta que la uretra. </li><li> Reducir la concentración de isoflurano al 1%. </li></ol></li><li> Fije una punta a una pipeta P200 y eliminar la orina desde la vejiga mediante la aplicación de succión al extremo externo del catéter. Elimine cualquier resto de la orina desde el cubo del catéter. Deseche la orina y dejar el catéter en su lugar. </li><li> Cuidadoso pipeteado 80 l de solución de tripsina al 0,125% en el cubo del catéter, evitando burbujas de aire. Acople una jeringa llena de aire 1 ml a la conexión del catéter y presione lentamente el émbolo 0,1-0,2 ml para entregar la tripsina en la vejiga. </li><li> Deje la jeringa y el conjunto de catéter en el lugar durante 15 minutos. Repetir los pasos 1.8 a 1.11 para cualquiera de los ratones anestesiados restantes (hasta 4). Continúe con el siguiente paso, durante el período de espera. SUGERENCIA: Al principio puede ser útil tener a alguien más prepare las células (paso 1,12). </li><li> Preparar las células MB49 para la implantación. Las células se sembraron a 1 x 10 6 por T-25 matraz de 48 horas antes de la implantación (paso 1.1). <ol><li> Retire el medio y añadir 500 l de 0,25% de tripsina al matraz. Cuando las células se desprenden añadir 5 ml de DMEM completo de volver a suspender las células. Quitar una alícuota de 50 l para contar, y centrifugar el resto a 1.000 rpm durante 5 min. Durante la etapa de centrifugación seguir pasos 1.12.2 y 1.12.3. </li><li> Contar las células utilizando un hemocitómetro. Cálculo de las células / ml. Luego calcula el volumen necesario para que el sedimento celular a 4 x 10 6 células / ml (2 x 10 5 células por 50 l). </li><li> Retirar el sobrenadante de células centrifugadas y resuspender el precipitado en medio base DMEM con el volumen necesario para suspender las células a 4 x 10 6 células / ml (según lo calculado en el paso 1.12.2). Mantener las células a temperatura ambiente. </li></ol></li><li> Cuando se alcanza el punto de tiempo de 15 min de tratamiento con tripsina de vejigas, desconectar la jeringa llena de aire del catéter dejando el catéter en su lugar. Tripsina gastado será normal,mente fluya hacia atrás a través del catéter. Eliminar cualquier tripsina restante de la vejiga por succión con la pipeta P200 como en el paso 1.9 arriba y descartar. </li><li> Inmediatamente pipetear 50 l de suspensión de células MB49 en el cubo del catéter. Acople la jeringa llena de aire 1 ml al cubo del catéter y entregar las células a la vejiga apretando lentamente el émbolo 0,1-0,2 ml. Repita este paso hasta cuatro veces más para implantar los cinco ratones. Deseche cualquier célula no utilizados. </li><li> Dejando el conjunto de catéter-jeringa en su lugar, permita que las células de habitar en la vejiga durante 50 min. </li><li> Retirar con cuidado el conjunto de catéter-jeringa de la uretra. Gire a la concentración de isoflurano a cero y mover cada ratón una o dos pulgadas de distancia de la ojiva de recuperar sobre el cojín eléctrico. </li><li> Cuando un ratón ha recuperado su reflejo de enderezamiento, devolverlo a su jaula. </li></ol> 2. Entrega intravesical de Adenovirus (8 días después de la implantación de células) </p&gt; PRECAUCIÓN: Esta parte del protocolo utiliza adenovirus, que es un agente infeccioso y debe ser manejado bajo las directrices estrictas BSL2 (http://oma.od.nih.gov/manualchapters/intramural/3035/). Todos los procedimientos realizados con agentes infecciosos fueron aprobados por el Comité Institucional de Bioseguridad de la Universidad Médica de Carolina del Sur. <ol><li> Ocho días después de la implantación de los ratones con células MB49, compruebe si hay hematuria. Recoge animales individuales sobre un pedazo de papel blanco absorbente y presionar suavemente sobre el abdomen para borrar gotas de orina sobre el papel. La orina es de color rosa a rojo indica hematuria y es una señal de que los tumores se han establecido. Tumor tasa de absorción es al menos 80% y con una excelente técnica puede ser tan alta como 100%. </li><li> Descongelar stock adenoviral que en hielo y se diluye hasta 10 9 PFU/50 l (2 x 10 10 UFP / ml) en PBS estéril temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Anestesie los ratones como se describe en los pasos 1.3 a 1.6 anteriormente. </li><li> Cateterizar los ratones como se describe en los pasos 1,8 y eliminar la orina como en el paso 1.9 </li><li> Después se elimina la orina, pipetear inmediatamente 50 l de suspensión de virus en el cubo del catéter. Acople la jeringa llena de aire 1 ml al cubo del catéter y entregar el virus de la vejiga apretando lentamente el émbolo 0,1-0,2 ml. </li><li> Dejando el conjunto de catéter-jeringa en su lugar, permita que el virus, para que habiten en la vejiga durante 40 min. </li><li> Retirar con cuidado el conjunto de catéter-jeringa de la uretra, y deseche en una solución de lejía al 10% para inactivar cualquier virus restante. </li><li> Gire a la concentración de isoflurano a cero y mover cada ratón una o dos pulgadas de distancia de la ojiva de recuperar sobre el cojín eléctrico. </li><li> Cuando un ratón ha recuperado su reflejo de enderezamiento, devolverlo a su jaula. </li><li> Marcar jaulas para indicar que los ratones que han sido inculcados con adenovirus. Virus será derramada en la ropa de cama de la jaula durante varios días y todas las jaulas y ropa de cama debe sermanejado y desinfectado apropiadamente. </li></ol>

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Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

La principal metodología descrita en este protocolo es la cateterización de la vejiga del ratón, que tiene amplias aplicaciones para la instilación de células o de cualquier agente destinado a la administración local en el epitelio de la vejiga. El protocolo específico descrito anteriormente ha sido optimizado para los estudios a corto plazo (~ 10 días). Implantar el número exacto de las células es fundamental, ya que un número mayor de células dará lugar a un crecimiento rápido del tumor más y, posibleme...

El cáncer de vejiga es el segundo cáncer más común del tracto urogenital, con cerca de 75.000 nuevos casos y 15.000 muertes esperadas en el 2012 1. Las altas tasas de recurrencia requieren seguimiento de por vida, lo que hace que el cáncer de vejiga uno de los cánceres más costosas de tratar. El cáncer de vejiga que ha invadido la capa muscular puede producir metástasis en el hígado, pulmón o hueso a través del sistema linfático. La terapia multimodal de tumores avanzados resultados en sólo 20-40% de supervivencia a los 5 años. Por lo tanto, las estrategias de tratamiento eficaces destinadas a reducir la recurrencia y progresión del cáncer superficial de vejiga, así como mejorar los resultados terapéuticos en los pacientes con enfermedad avanzada se necesitan con urgencia. Desarrollo de nuevas terapias requiere modelos preclínicos para evaluar la eficacia después de la evaluación inicial in vitro. El microambiente tumoral puede influir significativamente en el desarrollo del cáncer y la capacidad de respuesta, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de preclínicamodelos de AL en el que surgen los tumores o se pueden establecer en el órgano de origen. Un enfoque es el desarrollo de modelos transgénicos en los que surgen los tumores de forma espontánea o puede ser inducida en una manera específica de órgano. Una excelente protocolo de un modelo de cáncer de vejiga transgénico ha sido recientemente publicado 2. El inconveniente de los modelos transgénicos es que los tumores tienden a desarrollarse lentamente y con menos uniformidad de lo deseado. Además, el costo de mantenimiento de una colonia de cría tiene que ser considerado. Una alternativa a modelos transgénicos es la implantación ortotópica de las células tumorales, que tiene la ventaja de marcos corto de tiempo para el establecimiento de tumores en ratones disponibles comercialmente. Mientras que algunas líneas celulares de cáncer de vejiga humanos se pueden cultivar de forma ortotópica (hemos utilizado con éxito UM-UC-3), puede ser deseable para establecer tumores en ratones inmunocompetentes. Dos líneas celulares de cáncer vesical murino, que crecen ortotópicamente son MBT-2 y MB49 3. Desde MBT-2 células están contaminados con la replicaciónretrovirus tipo C 4, hemos elegido las células MB49 para nuestros estudios. Es importante señalar que las células MB49 fueron aisladas de un ratón macho y implantaciones ortotópico son por razones anatómicas realizados en ratones hembra. Esto tiene la ventaja de una fácil identificación de las células implantadas por marcadores del cromosoma Y, pero la falta de coincidencia de género puede ser un inconveniente para estudios inmunológicos. El epitelio de la vejiga está revestida por una capa de glucosaminoglucano (GAG), que funciona como una barrera para la infección por microorganismos. Esta barrera también puede interferir con la implantación de las células tumorales y varios métodos se han desarrollado para superar esta dificultad (Tabla 1). Electrocauterio se ha utilizado ampliamente como un medio físico para interrumpir la capa GAG 5-13 y un electrocauterio demostrando protocolo ha sido recientemente publicado en Jove 14. Sin embargo, no debe estar disponible una unidad de electrocauterio, medios químicos para destruir el GAG capa tal como nitrato de plata o de poli-L-lisina también se puede utilizar 15-24. Los tumores se establecieron de manera efectiva por una breve exposición de la vejiga a un pequeño volumen de nitrato de plata (5-10 l, 0,15 a 1,0 M, ~ 10 seg) o de contacto más largo con poli-L-lisina (100 l de 0,1 mg / ml durante 20 min) (Tabla 1). Aquí se describe un método que usa tripsina para facilitar la implantación de las células MB49. En un intento de mejorar los enfoques terapéuticos para el cáncer de vejiga, la terapia génica ha llamado la atención significativa. Desde un punto de vista clínico, el cáncer de vejiga es un objetivo ideal para la terapia génica debido a la fácil accesibilidad del órgano y la capacidad de administrar localmente la carga útil. Los vectores virales que se han explorado para la terapia génica del cáncer de vejiga incluyen un virus oncolítico del herpes simple 25, 26 de retrovirus, virus de la viruela del canario 27, virus de la vacuna, de AAV, y adenovirus 28. En la segunda parte de nuestro protocolo, se describe un método para la entrega viral que es prácticamente idéntica a la instilación de las células tumorales. De interés en nuestro laboratorio es el desarrollo de nuevos enfoques para la entrega de genes, que evaluamos a través de la bioluminiscencia usando un vector adenoviral que expresa un transgen de la luciferasa. Sin embargo, la metodología de la cateterización de la vejiga puede ser utilizado para la entrega de diversos agentes y por lo tanto tiene una amplia aplicabilidad.

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			Name of reagent
			</td>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			Company
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:25px;">
			Catalog number
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:25px;">
			Comments
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:40px;">
			6-8 week old female mice
			</td>
			<td style="height:40px;">
			Jackson Laboratories
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:40px;">
			Strain Name: C57BL/6J
			Stock Number: 000664
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:40px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			Trypsin*
			</td>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			MediaTech
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:25px;">
			MT25-053-CI
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:25px;">
			Obtained through Fisher
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			DMEM*
			</td>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			MediaTech
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:25px;">
			MT10-017-CV
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:25px;">
			Obtained through Fisher
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			FBS
			</td>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			Hyclone
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:25px;">
			SH30071.03
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:25px;">
			Heat-inactivated
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			T25 flasks*
			</td>
			<td style="height:25px;">
			Corning Costar
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:25px;">
			Corning No.:3056
			Fisher: 07-200-63
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:25px;">
			Obtained through Fisher
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:42px;">
			MB49 cells
			</td>
			<td style="height:42px;">
			N/A
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:42px;">
			N/A
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:42px;">
			Obtained from Dr. Boehle (see reference11)
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:46px;">
			Puralube Vet Ointment*
			</td>
			<td style="height:46px;">
			Pharmaderm
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:46px;">
			Henry Schein Company
			No.:036090-6050059
			Fisher: NC9676869
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:46px;">
			Obtained through Fisher
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:53px;">
			Depilatory cream: Veet
			</td>
			<td style="height:53px;">
			local pharmacy
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:53px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:53px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:53px;">
			Lubricant:
			K-Y Jelly
			</td>
			<td style="height:53px;">
			local pharmacy
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:53px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:53px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:72px;">
			Catheters*
			</td>
			<td style="height:72px;">
			Exel International
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:72px;">
			Exel International
			No.:26751;
			Fisher: 14-841-21
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:72px;">
			Obtained through Fisher
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:45px;">
			Isoflurane
			</td>
			<td style="height:45px;">
			Terrell
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:45px;">
			NDC 66794-011-25
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:45px;">
			Obtained though hospital pharmacy
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:52px;">
			1 ml slip tip TB syringes
			</td>
			<td style="height:52px;">
			Becton Dickinson
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:52px;">
			BD309659
			Fisher:14-823-434
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:52px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:27px;">
			D-Luciferin
			</td>
			<td style="height:27px;">
			Gold Biotechnologies
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:27px;">
			L-123-1
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:27px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:76px;">
			Ad-CMV-Luc
			</td>
			<td style="height:76px;">
			VectorBiolabs
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:76px;">
			1000; Request large scale amplification and CsCl purification for in vivo use
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:76px;">
			Infectious agent that requires BSL2 containment
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:76px;">
			Steady-Glo&#160;Luciferase Assay System
			</td>
			<td style="height:76px;">
			Promega
			</td>
			<td style="width:188px;height:76px;">
			E2510 (10 ml), E2520 (100 ml), or E2550 (10 x 100 ml)
			</td>
			<td style="width:193px;height:76px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
*available through multiple vendors



EQUIPMENT
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Material name
			</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">
			Company
			</td>
			<td style="width:330px;">
			Catalog number
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Comments
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Anesthesia system
			</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">
			E-Z Systems, Euthanex Corporation
			</td>
			<td style="width:330px;">
			Anesthesia system: EZ7000
			5-port mouse rebreathing device: EZ109
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Obtained through Fisher
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Xenogen IVIS 200
			</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">
			Caliper Life Sciences
			</td>
			<td style="width:330px;">
			http://www.caliperls.com/products/preclinical-imaging/ivis-imaging-system-200-series.htm
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			FLUOstar Optima
			</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">
			BMG Labtech
			</td>
			<td style="width:330px;">
			http://www.bmglabtech.com/products/microplate-reader/instruments.cfm?product_id=2
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an orthotopic bladder cancer model for gene delivery studies

El cáncer de vejiga es el segundo cáncer más común del tracto urogenital y nuevos enfoques terapéuticos que pueden reducir son necesarios recurrencia y progresión. El microambiente tumoral puede influir significativamente en el desarrollo del tumor y la respuesta al tratamiento. Por lo tanto, a menudo es deseable hacer crecer las células tumorales en el órgano del que se derivan. Este protocolo describe un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga, en el que las células de carcinoma de vejiga murino MB49 se instila en la vejiga a través de la cateterización. Implantación de células tumorales con éxito en este modelo requiere la interrupción de la capa protectora de glucosaminoglucano, que se puede lograr por medios físicos o químicos. En nuestro protocolo de la vejiga se trata con tripsina antes de la instilación de células. La cateterización de la vejiga también puede ser utilizado para entregar la terapéutica de una vez establecidos los tumores. Este protocolo describe la entrega de una construcción adenoviral que expresa un gen indicador de luciferasa. Si bien our protocolo ha sido optimizado para los estudios a corto plazo y se centra en la entrega de genes, la metodología de ratón cateterismo vesical tiene amplias aplicaciones.

La hematuria se observa en casi todos los ratones dentro de 8 días después de la implantación de las células MB49 200000. Como se muestra en la Figura 1, el peso de la vejiga es más del doble de 34,7 ± 3,3 mg (rango de 31-37 mg, n = 4) no tumoral en ratones portadores de 87,5 ± 19,2 mg (rango de 77 a 120 mg, n = 10) en ratones que han sido implantados con las células MB49. En términos de la entrega de genes, encontramos que las imágenes ratones 24 horas después de la instilación viral produc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies at JoVE.com

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Implantación de células de cáncer en el órgano de origen puede servir como un modelo preclínico útil para evaluar nuevas terapias. Células de carcinoma de vejiga MB49 se pueden cultivar dentro de la vejiga después de la instilación intravesical. Este protocolo demuestra la cateterización de la vejiga de ratón para el propósito de la implantación del tumor y la entrega adenoviral.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga de Estudios de liberación de genes

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

an-orthotopic-bladder-cancer-model-for-gene-delivery-studies

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.3K vistas.  Medical University of South Carolina.  Implantación de células de cáncer en el órgano de origen puede servir como un modelo preclínico útil para evaluar nuevas terapias. Células de carcinoma de vejiga MB49 se pueden cultivar dentro de la vejiga después de la instilación intravesical. Este protocolo demuestra la cateterización de la vejiga de ratón para el propósito de la implantación del tumor y la entrega adenoviral. 

Video: An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue &amp; Examination of Gene Delivery

This video describes the use of patient tissue as an ex vivo model for the study of gene delivery. Fresh patient tissue obtained at the time of surgery is sliced and maintained in culture. The ex vivo model system allows for the physical delivery of genes into intact patient tissue and gene expression is analysed by bioluminescence imaging using the IVIS detection system. The bioluminescent detection system demonstrates rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression within individual slices without the need for tissue sacrifice. This slice tissue culture system may be used in a variety of tissue types including normal and malignant tissue and allows us to study the effects of the heterogeneous nature of intact tissue and the high degree of variability between individual patients. This model system could be used in certain situations as an alternative to animal models and as a complementary preclinical mode prior to entering clinical trial.

Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue &amp; Examination of Gene Delivery

This article describes the culture of patient tissue slices for gene delivery studies and subsequent analysis of gene expression using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

Ex Vivo Cultura de tejido del paciente y examen de la entrega de genes

This video describes the use of patient tissue as an ex vivo model for the study of gene delivery.  Fresh patient tissue obtained at the time of surgery ...

Investigación

Medicina

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga murino

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotón imágenes de invasión de células tumorales en un modelo de ratón ortotópico de carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

Combinación de radioterapia en un modelo ortotópico de tumor cerebral del ratón

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Un modelo de tumor vesical ortotópica y la Evaluación de tratamiento intravesical SARNA

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

Un modelo de ratón ortotópico de carcinoma de tiroides anaplásico

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%. New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. To better understand the interaction of cancer cells with the pancreatic microenvironment, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. Luciferase-tagged pancreatic cancer cells are resuspended in Matrigel and delivered into the pancreatic tail during laparotomy. Matrigel solidifies at body temperature to prevent leakage of cancer cells during injection. Primary tumor growth and metastasis to distant organs are monitored following injection of the luciferase substrate luciferin, using in vivo imaging of bioluminescence emission from the cancer cells. In vivo imaging also may be used to track primary tumor recurrence after resection. This orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and may be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and metastasis.

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

Modelo ortotópico bioluminiscente de la progresión del cáncer de páncreas

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Un modelo murino de cáncer de próstata humano Metástasis ortotópico

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable cell lines are inoculated either by intravesical instillation (model of nonmuscle invasive growth) or intramural injection into the bladder wall (model of invasive growth). Both procedures are complex and highly time-consuming. Additionally, the superficial model has its shortcomings due to the lack of cell lines that are tumorigenic following instillation. Intramural injection, on the other hand, is marred by the invasiveness of the procedure and the associated morbidity for the host mouse.
With these shortcomings in mind, we modified previous methods to develop a minimally invasive approach for creating orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts. Using ultrasound guidance we have successfully performed percutaneous inoculation of the bladder cancer cell lines UM-UC1, UM-UC3 and UM-UC13 into 50 athymic nude. We have been able to demonstrate that this approach is time efficient, precise and safe. With this technique, initially a space is created under the bladder mucosa with PBS, and tumor cells are then injected into this space in a second step. Tumor growth is monitored at regular intervals with bioluminescence imaging and ultrasound. The average tumor volumes increased steadily in in all but one of our 50 mice over the study period.
In our institution, this novel approach, which allows bladder cancer xenograft inoculation in a minimally-invasive, rapid and highly precise way, has replaced the traditional model.

The established technique to inoculate primary invasive orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts requires laparotomy and mobilization of the bladder. This procedure inflicts significant morbidity on the mice, is technically challenging and time-consuming. We therefore developed a high-precision, percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound guidance.

Mínimamente Invasiva Establecimiento de murino ortotópico xenoinjertos vejiga

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.