Ce travail a été soutenu par le Conseil de recherches médicales, en Australie (1008865), l&#39;Australian Research Council (LE110100125), l&#39;Institut national du cancer (CA138687-01), Erica Sloan est soutenu par une bourse de début de carrière du National Cancer du sein Santé nationale et du Fondation, en Australie. Corina Kim-Fuchs est soutenu par une bourse de la Ligue suisse contre le cancer et une bourse HDR à partir de Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Eliane Angst est soutenu par une subvention du Cancer Ligue Berne.

Le protocole étant démontrée est réalisée sous la direction et l&#39;approbation du soin des animaux de l&#39;institution de l&#39;auteur et du comité de l&#39;emploi. Toutes les expériences sont réalisées en conformité avec toutes les directives, les règlements et les organismes de réglementation. 1. Transduction Cance lignées cellulaires <ol><li> les cellules cancéreuses pancréatiques transduisent d&#39;exprimer la luciférase comme décrit précédemment. 12,13 Panc-1 et des lignées de cellules Capan-1 pancréatiques cancéreuses transduites avec la luciférase de luciole sont utilisés ici. </li></ol> Note: la luciférase de Renilla ou la luciférase bactérienne peuvent également être utilisés. 2. Préparation des cellules du cancer du pancréas <ol><li> Culture transduction des cellules cancéreuses pancréatiques jusqu&#39;à 70% de confluence. </li><li> Soulever les cellules pancréatiques et assurer la viabilité est supérieure à 90%. </li><li> Remettre en suspension à 2 x 10 7 cellules / ml dans un mélange 3:2 Matrigel réfrigéré: Phosphate Buffered saline (PBS). </li><li> Conserver la suspension cellulaire sur Matrigel-glace avant l&#39;injection dans le pancréas. </li></ol> Notes: Pour assurer la solidification rapide de Matrigel, réduire le volume de PBS pour tenir compte du volume du culot cellulaire. Poignée Matrigel en utilisant des instruments glacées et des seringues à tout moment pour empêcher la solidification avant l&#39;injection. Le nombre de cellules proposé est un guide et ne doit être déterminé de manière empirique pour chaque lignée cellulaire. 3. Préparation de la souris <ol><li> Anesthésier la souris à l&#39;aide d&#39;inhalation 2-3% d&#39;isoflurane. Déterminer la profondeur de l&#39;anesthésie par le manque de pédale réflexe à un pincement de l&#39;orteil doux. </li><li> Appliquer du lubrifiant sur les yeux pour éviter la dessiccation. </li><li> Placer la souris sur son dos sur un coussin chauffant ° C 37 et tourner doucement la souris pour soulever le côté gauche de l&#39;abdomen. </li><li> Préparation de l&#39;abdomen avec une solution de polyvidone iodée à 10%. </li></ol> Notes: InjectabLe anesthésie peut être utilisé à la place de l&#39;anesthésie par inhalation. Le jeûne pré-opératoire n&#39;est pas nécessaire. 4. Laparotomie <ol><li> Utilisation d&#39;instruments chirurgicaux stériles faire une incision cm 1.5 dans la peau d&#39;environ 1 cm latéral gauche de la ligne médiane. </li><li> Faire une incision cm 1,5 dans le muscle abdominal sous-jacent. </li><li> Localisez la rate à l&#39;aide des pinces et retirez délicatement la rate de la cavité abdominale. Fixez le spleen le long d&#39;un coton-tige stérile pour exposer le pancréas sous-jacent. </li><li> Localiser la queue du pancréas à côté de la rate. </li><li> L&#39;utilisation d&#39;un G 0,3 ml 29 seringue à insuline, injecter 20 ul de la suspension Matrigel cellules dans le pancréas. </li><li> Après l&#39;injection, tenir la seringue dans le pancréas pendant 30-60 secondes jusqu&#39;à ce que le Matrigel a solidifié. Cette étape importante qui réduit les fuites de cellule. </li><li> Inspectez le site d&#39;injection afin de s&#39;assurer qu&#39;aucune fuite s&#39;est produite. </li><li> Retour de la rate et le pancréas de la cavité abdominale. </li></ol> Remarque: Prenez soin de ne pas percer la face dorsale du pancréas qui peut être mince. 5. Fermeture de la paroi abdominale <ol><li> Fermer la musculature abdominale de souris avec un fil de suture tressé résorbable 4-0 avec une aiguille ronde en utilisant un point en continu. </li><li> Fermez la peau extérieure avec un monofilament non résorbable 6-0 suture avec une aiguille de coupe en utilisant un point en continu. </li><li> Débranchez la souris de l&#39;anesthésique inhalé et injecté 0,05-0,1 mg / kg de buprénorphine sous-cutanée. </li><li> Laisser la souris pour récupérer dans sa cage placée sur une ° C coussin chauffant 37 avec accès libre à la nourriture et à l&#39;eau. Si les souris montrent des signes de douleur comme se courber ou à mobilité réduite, la buprénorphine peut être donnée toutes les 12 heures pendant une période de 36 heures. </li><li> Après la guérison des plaies (7-10 jours), anesthésier la souris et enlever les sutures externes. </li></ol> 6. Suivi bioluminescentes de Canc du pancréaser Progression <ol><li> Anesthésier la souris à l&#39;aide d&#39;inhalation isoflurane. </li><li> Injecter 150 mg / kg D-luciférine via veine de la queue. </li><li> Placez la souris dans le système d&#39;imagerie par bioluminescence et de capturer des images en lumière blanche et bioluminescence comme décrit précédemment. 14,15 </li><li> Débranchez la souris de l&#39;anesthésique par inhalation et lui permettre de se remettre dans sa cage. </li></ol> Note: imagerie bioluminescente est non-invasive et peut être effectuée périodiquement pour étudier la cinétique de la croissance tumorale. Pour tumeur de l&#39;image dans la queue du pancréas, il est important de mettre la souris sur le côté gauche, alors les points tumorales vers la caméra. Nous imager une fois par semaine avec la fréquence est augmentée jusqu&#39;à trois fois par semaine avant le point limite expérimental utilisant un système d&#39;imagerie Lumina II (Perkin-Elmer, ancien Caliper Life Sciences) exécutant le logiciel 4.3.1 Imaging Vivre avec binning 4, FOV 12,5, F-stop 1, exposition de 1 - 60 sec (déterminé par le plus expOsure sans saturation des pixels).

<ol>
	<li>American Cancer Society. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Facts and Figures. , (2013).</li><li>Hariharan, D., Saied, A., Kocher, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+mortality+rates+for+pancreatic+cancer+across+the+world.">Analysis of mortality rates for pancreatic cancer across the world.</a> HPB (Oxford). 10, 58-62 (2008).</li><li>Li, D., Xie, K., Wolff, R., Abbruzzese, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+cancer.">Pancreatic cancer.</a> Lancet. 363, 1049-1057 (2004).</li><li>Oettle, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjuvant+chemotherapy+with+gemcitabine+vs+observation+in+patients+undergoing+curative-intent+resection+of+pancreatic+cancer:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial.</a> JAMA. 297, 267-277 (2007).</li><li>Andersson, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gemcitabine+chemoresistance+in+pancreatic+cancer:+molecular+mechanisms+and+potential+solutions.">Gemcitabine chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer: molecular mechanisms and potential solutions.</a> Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 44, 782-786 (2009).</li><li>Angst, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+imaging+of+angiogenesis+in+a+murine+orthotopic+pancreatic+cancer+model.">Bioluminescence imaging of angiogenesis in a murine orthotopic pancreatic cancer model.</a> Mol. Imaging Biol. 12, 570-575 (2010).</li><li>Angst, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-myc+downstream+regulated+gene-1+expression+correlates+with+reduced+pancreatic+cancer+growth+and+increased+apoptosis+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 expression correlates with reduced pancreatic cancer growth and increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.</a> Surgery. 149, 614-624 (2011).</li><li>Hotz, H. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+orthotopic+nude+mouse+model+for+evaluating+pathophysiology+and+therapy+of+pancreatic+cancer.">An orthotopic nude mouse model for evaluating pathophysiology and therapy of pancreatic cancer.</a> Pancreas. 26, 89-98 (2003).</li><li>Partecke, L. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+syngeneic+orthotopic+murine+model+of+pancreatic+adenocarcinoma+in+the+C57/BL6+mouse+using+the+Panc02+and+6606PDA+cell+lines.">A syngeneic orthotopic murine model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the C57/BL6 mouse using the Panc02 and 6606PDA cell lines.</a> Eur. Surg. Res. 47, 98-107 (2011).</li><li>Hingorani, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preinvasive+and+invasive+ductal+pancreatic+cancer+and+its+early+detection+in+the+mouse.">Preinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse.</a> Cancer Cell. 4, 437-450 (2003).</li><li>Sloan, E. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sympathetic+nervous+system+induces+a+metastatic+switch+in+primary+breast+cancer.">The sympathetic nervous system induces a metastatic switch in primary breast cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 70, 7042-7052 (2010).</li><li>Wang, X., McManus, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentivirus+production.">Lentivirus production.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (32), e1499 (2009).</li><li>Morizono, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+vector+retargeting+to+P-glycoprotein+on+metastatic+melanoma+through+intravenous+injection.">Lentiviral vector retargeting to P-glycoprotein on metastatic melanoma through intravenous injection.</a> Nat. Med. 11, 346-352 (2005).</li><li>Saha, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+bioluminescence+imaging+of+tumor+hypoxia+dynamics+of+breast+cancer+brain+metastasis+in+a+mouse+model.">In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics of breast cancer brain metastasis in a mouse model.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (56), e3175 (2011).</li><li>Lim, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+tumor+metastases+and+osteolytic+lesions+with+bioluminescence+and+micro+CT+imaging.">Monitoring tumor metastases and osteolytic lesions with bioluminescence and micro CT imaging.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (52), e2775 (2011).</li><li>Burton, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus-mediated+gene+expression+imaging+to+directly+detect+sentinel+lymph+node+metastasis+of+prostate+cancer.">Adenovirus-mediated gene expression imaging to directly detect sentinel lymph node metastasis of prostate cancer.</a> Nat Med. 14, 882-888 (2008).</li><li>Vezeridis, M. P., Doremus, C. M., Tibbetts, L. M., Tzanakakis, G., Jackson, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+and+metastasis+following+orthotopic+transplantation+of+human+pancreatic+cancer+in+the+nude+mouse.">Invasion and metastasis following orthotopic transplantation of human pancreatic cancer in the nude mouse.</a> J. Surg. Oncol. 40, 261-265 (1989).</li><li>Fu, X., Guadagni, F., Hoffman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+metastatic+nude-mouse+model+of+human+pancreatic+cancer+constructed+orthotopically+with+histologically+intact+patient+specimens.">A metastatic nude-mouse model of human pancreatic cancer constructed orthotopically with histologically intact patient specimens.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 5645-5649 (1992).</li><li>Reyes, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+xenografts+of+human+pancreatic+carcinomas+acquire+genetic+aberrations+during+dissemination+in+nude+mice.">Orthotopic xenografts of human pancreatic carcinomas acquire genetic aberrations during dissemination in nude mice.</a> Cancer Res. 56, 5713-5719 (1996).</li><li>Kim, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+orthotopic+and+heterotopic+human+pancreatic+cancer+xenografts+in+immunodeficient+mice.">Generation of orthotopic and heterotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 1670-1680 (2009).</li><li>Furukawa, T., Kubota, T., Watanabe, M., Kitajima, M., Hoffman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+"patient-like"+treatment+model+of+human+pancreatic+cancer+constructed+using+orthotopic+transplantation+of+histologically+intact+human+tumor+tissue+in+nude+mice.">A novel "patient-like" treatment model of human pancreatic cancer constructed using orthotopic transplantation of histologically intact human tumor tissue in nude mice.</a> Cancer Res. 53, 3070-3072 (1993).</li><li>Lewis, C. E., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+role+of+macrophages+in+different+tumor+microenvironments.">Distinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments.</a> Cancer Res. 66, 605-612 (2006).</li><li>Brembeck, F. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mutant+K-ras+oncogene+causes+pancreatic+periductal+lymphocytic+infiltration+and+gastric+mucous+neck+cell+hyperplasia+in+transgenic+mice.">The mutant K-ras oncogene causes pancreatic periductal lymphocytic infiltration and gastric mucous neck cell hyperplasia in transgenic mice.</a> Cancer Res. 63, 2005-2009 (2003).</li></ol>

Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Nous décrivons ici un modèle orthotopique pour l&#39;évaluation longitudinale du développement des tumeurs du pancréas et de la progression. Cinétique de croissance tumeur primaire sont reproductibles (figure 3) et peuvent être non invasive surveillé utilisant l&#39;imagerie par bioluminescence de cellules de luciférase marqués, par exemple pour l&#39;analyse de la réponse tumorale à de nouvelles thérapies anti-cancer du pancréas. Conformément à la maladie humaine, le modèle mo...

Le cancer du pancréas est la quatrième cause de décès liée au cancer, avec un taux de survie à 5 ans de 4-6%. 1,2 Seulement 15% des patients sont diagnostiqués assez tôt dans la maladie pour être admissible à la chirurgie, et les tumeurs réapparaissent à&gt; 80% de ces patients. 3,4 gemcitabine est utilisé pour le traitement des adénocarcinomes pancréatiques, cependant, la chimiorésistance est commun et souvent le médicament a peu d&#39;impact sur ​​la survie globale. 5 nouvelles stratégies pharmacologiques pour le traitement du cancer du pancréas est critique nécessaire. Leur développement dépend considérablement amélioré la compréhension des étapes clés de la progression de la maladie qui peuvent être sensibles à l&#39;intervention thérapeutique. Orthotopiques modèles de cancer du pancréas émulent les principaux aspects de la maladie humaine, faisant d&#39;eux des outils idéaux pour étudier la biologie du cancer du pancréas. 6-9 Contrairement aux essais in vitro du comportement des cellules de cancer du pancréas à base de cellules d&#39;und sous-cutanée dans des modèles in vivo de cancer du pancréas, les modèles orthotopiques permettre étude des interactions cellulaires tumorales avec le microenvironnement du pancréas. La cinétique de la progression de la maladie sont très reproductibles dans les modèles orthotopiques et se produisent sur une courte période de temps (semaines), ce qui les rend bien adaptés aux tests pré-cliniques de nouveaux traitements. Ceci est en contraste avec les modèles transgéniques où l&#39;apparition de la maladie se fait sur ​​une période plus longue et plus variable (mois à 1 an). 10 Lorsqu&#39;il est utilisé avec des lignées cellulaires les plus agressifs, les modèles orthotopiques de cancer du pancréas ont des modèles de métastase spontanée similaires à ceux observés dans les patients. 8 Expression des gènes rapporteurs bioluminescents tels que la luciférase de luciole facilite le suivi longitudinal de la croissance tumorale, la dissémination métastatique, la récurrence et la réponse à la thérapeutique 6,11. Nous décrivons ici un modèle orthotopique de cancer du pancréas qui utilise Matrigel pour la livraison de la cellule localisée et en imagerie par bioluminescence in vivo pour la surveillance non invasive de la progression tumorale. Ce modèle orthotopique de cancer du pancréas permet des analyses non-invasives de progression de la maladie et de la réponse aux interventions thérapeutiques dans des modèles syngéniques ou xénogreffe.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clean Bench coat</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heating pad</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Set to 37 &deg;C </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ivis Lumina ll Bioluminescent imager</td>
 <td>Caliper </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Alternative bioluminescent imaging systems include In vivo F PRO (Carestream) and Photon Imager (Biospace Lab)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissecting scissors</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Iris forceps (serrated)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needle holder</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>27 G 0.3 ml insulin syringe</td>
 <td>Terumo</td>
 <td>T35525M2913</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

bioluminescent orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer progression

<p class="jove_content"&gt; Le cancer du pancréas a un très faible taux de survie à cinq ans de 4-6%. De nouvelles options thérapeutiques sont absolument nécessaires et dépendent meilleure compréhension de la biologie du cancer du pancréas. Pour mieux comprendre l&#39;interaction des cellules cancéreuses avec le microenvironnement du pancréas, nous démontrons un modèle orthotopique de cancer du pancréas qui permet une surveillance non invasive de la progression du cancer. Les cellules cancéreuses pancréatiques luciférase marqués sont remises en suspension dans Matrigel et livrés dans la queue du pancréas au cours de la laparotomie. Matrigel se solidifie à la température du corps pour empêcher les fuites de cellules cancéreuses pendant l&#39;injection. La croissance de la tumeur primaire et les métastases à des organes éloignés sont surveillés après l&#39;injection du substrat luciférine luciférase, à l&#39;aide<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagerie d&#39;émission de bioluminescence à partir des cellules cancéreuses.<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagerie peut également être utilisé pour suivre récidive de la tumeur primaire après résection. Ce modèle orthotopique est adapté aux deux modèles syngéniques et xénogreffe et peut être utilisé dans des essais pré-cliniques pour étudier l&#39;impact des nouvelles thérapies anti-cancéreuses sur la croissance de la tumeur primaire pancréatique et les métastases.</p&gt;

Cette méthode décrit un modèle orthotopique de cancer du pancréas en utilisant des procédures chirurgicales, y compris l&#39;induction de l&#39;anesthésie, la laparotomie, l&#39;injection de cellules cancéreuses dans la fermeture Matrigel et abdominale (figure 1A). Les cellules injectées forment une bulle dans la surface du pancréas (figure 1B). la progression du cancer du pancréas peut être surveillé de manière non invasive en utilisant l&#39;imagerie par biolumin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression at JoVE.com

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Une meilleure compréhension de la biologie du cancer du pancréas est critique nécessaire pour permettre le développement de meilleures options thérapeutiques pour traiter le cancer du pancréas. Pour répondre à ce besoin, nous démontrons un modèle orthotopique de cancer du pancréas qui permet une surveillance non invasive de la progression du cancer à l&#39;aide<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagerie par bioluminescence.

Modèle Orthotopique bioluminescente la progression du cancer du pancréas

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

bioluminescent-orthotopic-model-of-pancreatic-cancer-progression

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

26.7K vues.  Monash University. Une meilleure compréhension de la biologie du cancer du pancréas est critique nécessaire pour permettre le développement de meilleures options thérapeutiques pour traiter le cancer du pancréas. Pour répondre à ce besoin, nous démontrons un modèle orthotopique de cancer du pancréas qui permet une surveillance non invasive de la progression du cancer à l'aide In vivo Imagerie par bioluminescence.

Vidéo: Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are administered specifically to the liver to induce a localised liver tumour, via mobilisation of the spleen and splitting into two, leaving intact the vascular pedicle for each half of the spleen. Lewis lung carcinoma cells that constitutively express the firefly luciferase gene (luc1) are inoculated into one hemi-spleen which is then resected 10 minutes later. The other hemi-spleen is left intact and returned to the abdomen. Liver tumour growth can be monitored by bioluminescence imaging using the IVIS whole body imaging system. Quantitative imaging of tumour growth using IVIS provides precise quantitation of viable tumour cells. Tumour cell death and necrosis due to drug treatment is indicated early by a reduction in the bioluminescent signal. This mouse model allows for investigating the mechanisms underlying metastatic tumour-cell survival and growth and can be used for the evaluation of therapeutics of liver metastasis. 

This article describes a procedure for the induction of orthotopic bioluminescent liver tumours in mice, and subsequent analysis of tumour growth confined to the liver using live whole body luminescence imaging.

Modèle murin Bioluminescent tumeurs hépatiques

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are ...

Recherche

Médecine

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Un modèle orthotopique de cancer de la vessie murin

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-photon imagerie de l&#39;invasion des cellules tumorales dans un modèle de souris orthotopique du carcinome épidermoïde oral

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate since the advent of in vivo bioluminescent imaging technologies 1-3. Indeed, the ability to locate and quantify tumor growth longitudinally in a single cohort of animals to completion of the study as opposed to sacrificing individual groups of animals at specific assay times has revolutionized how researchers investigate breast cancer metastasis. Unfortunately, current methodologies preclude the real-time assessment of critical changes that transpire in cell signaling systems as breast cancer cells (i) evolve within primary tumors, (ii) disseminate throughout the body, and (iii) reinitiate proliferative programs at sites of a metastatic lesion. However, recent advancements in bioluminescent imaging now make it possible to simultaneously quantify specific spatiotemporal changes in gene expression as a function of tumor development and metastatic progression via the use of dual substrate luminescence reactions. To do so, researchers take advantage for two light-producing luciferase enzymes isolated from the firefly (Photinus pyralis) and sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), both of which react to mutually exclusive substrates that previously facilitated their wide-spread use in in vitro cell-based reporter gene assays 4. Here we demonstrate the in vivo utility of these two enzymes such that one luminescence reaction specifically marks the size and location of a developing tumor, while the second luminescent reaction serves as a means to visualize the activation status of specific signaling systems during distinct stages of tumor and metastasis development. Thus, the objectives of this study are two-fold. First, we will describe the steps necessary to construct dual bioluminescent reporter cell lines, as well as those needed to facilitate their use in visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during specific steps of the metastatic cascade. Using the 4T1 model of breast cancer metastasis, we show that the in vivo activity of a synthetic Smad Binding Element (SBE) promoter was decreased dramatically in pulmonary metastasis as compared to that measured in the primary tumor 4-6. Recently, breast cancer metastasis was shown to be regulated by changes within the primary tumor microenvironment and reactive stroma, including those occurring in fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells 7-9. Thus, our second objective will be to demonstrate the utility of dual bioluminescent techniques in monitoring the growth and localization of two unique cell populations harbored within a single animal during breast cancer growth and metastasis.

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.

In vivo double Substrat Bioluminescent Imaging

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

La radiothérapie combinée à un modèle de tumeur de cerveau de souris orthotopique

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Un modèle de la vessie orthotopique tumorale et l&#39;évaluation de Sarna traitement intravésicale

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

Interventions chirurgicales pour un modèle de rat de transplantation hépatique orthotopique partielle avec reconstruction artérielle hépatique

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

Un modèle de cancer de la vessie orthotopique d&#39;études livraison Gene

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Un modèle murin orthotopique de cancer de la prostate humain métastases

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.