This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant (GM77311) and a seed grant from The Ohio Cancer Research Associates (to H.A.F.). SM was partially supported by an Up on the Roof fellowship from the Human Cancer Genetics Program of The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center.

1. Cultivo Celular <ol><li> Utilice la telomerasa transcriptasa inversa humana (hTERT), las células epiteliales del pigmento de la retina inmortalizadas (hTERT-RPE1; se hace referencia aquí como RPE1). NOTA: RPE1 células son células humanas diploides, casi no transformadas que se utilizan comúnmente para estudiar el montaje centriolo y ciliogenesis. Estas células siguen un ciclo normal de duplicación centriolo coordinado con un ciclo celular regulado. </li><li> Passage un casi confluente 100 mm placa de cultivo celular de las células RPE1 a 1: 5 dilución del cultivo original en un plato de 100 mm fresco que contiene 10 ml de DME / F-12 (1: 1) el medio suplementado con 10% suero bovino fetal (FBS), 100 U / ml de penicilina G y 100 mg / ml de estreptomicina (medio completo se conoce como DME / medio F-12). Se cultivan las células a 37 ° C en presencia de 5% de CO 2. <ol><li> Incubar 12 mm cubreobjetos de vidrio redondas en 50 ml de HCl 1 N en un vaso de vidrio cubierto, O / N sin agitación, a 60 ° C en un baño de agua o una incubadora. </li><li> After descartando la solución de ácido, lavar los cubreobjetos tres veces en 100 ml de agua destilada por incubación durante 15 min con agitación ocasional. Repetir el lavado de manera similar en 70% de etanol y 95% de etanol. </li><li> Seque los cubreobjetos mediante la difusión individualmente a cabo en un papel secante de laboratorio en una cabina de bioseguridad, seguido de esterilización con radiación UV durante 60 min. </li></ol></li><li> Coloca 2-4 cubreobjetos secos en un 35 mm placa de cultivo celular. Diluir la solución de fibronectina o fibronectina como polímero de ingeniería (concentración de solución madre de 1 mg / ml) a una concentración de 25 mg / ml en cultivo celular PBS. <ol><li> Coloque 80-100 l de la solución diluida sobre cada cubreobjetos y se incuba durante 60 min a recubrir el lado superior del cubreobjetos. Lavar los cubreobjetos tres veces usando PBS antes de la adición de medio completo. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Las células de cultivo y tratamiento de las células con inhibidores del proteasoma <ol><li> Paso 2 x 10 5 crecer de forma asíncronaING RPE1 células en cada placa de 35 mm que contiene cubreobjetos y crecer las células en 2 ml de medio completo. Reemplace el medio de cultivo cada 24 horas con medio completo fresco precalentado. <ol><li> Para analizar el efecto de la inhibición del proteasoma en el nivel centrosomal de la proteína de prueba (aquí VDAC3 o γ-tubulina), crecen las células en dos placas de 35 mm de 44 hr. Reemplazar el medio de cultivo con medio completo y añadir ya sea MG115 o DMSO como disolvente de control a una concentración final de 5 mM o 0,05%, respectivamente. Al mismo tiempo, añadir BrdU a las células a una concentración final de 40 mM y se incuban las células durante 4 horas. </li><li> Traslado cada cubreobjetos en una placa de 24 pocillos. Añadir metanol 500 l refrigerada a cada pocillo y se incuba la placa a -20 ° C durante 10 min para fijar las células sobre los cubreobjetos. Lavar inmediatamente los cubreobjetos tres veces con tampón de lavado 500 l (1X PBS que contenía 0,5 mM de MgCl 2 y 0,05% de Triton X-100). </li></ol></li><li> Se recoge el residuolas células de la placa de 35 mm y centrifugar las células a 1000 xg durante 5 min. Utilice el sedimento de células para analizar la proteína total por el Western Blot (paso 6). </li></ol> 3. Pulso BrdU y Chase Ensayo para analizar los niveles de proteína en diferentes fases del ciclo celular <ol><li> Para analizar la variación del nivel de una proteína (aquí VDAC3, SAS6 o Cep135) en los centrosomas en diferentes fases del ciclo celular, crecer las células en dos placas de 35 mm que contienen cubreobjetos de 44 hr. Sustituir el medio de cultivo con medio completo que contenía 40 mM BrdU e incubar las células durante 4 horas en la incubadora de cultivo celular. </li><li> Desde un plato, transferir los cubreobjetos a una placa de 24 pocillos para fijar las células utilizando metanol frío como se describe en el paso 2.1.2. </li><li> Después del pulso BrdU 4 horas, se elimina el medio que contiene BrdU-, lavar las células una vez con PBS y una vez con medio completo, se añade medio fresco, y luego crecer las células en ausencia de BrdU durante diversos tiempos (normalmente otro 4 hrpara las células RPE1) antes de la fijación de las células tal como se describe en el paso 2.1.2. NOTA: Para las células RPE1, la mayoría de las células BrdU-positivas están en S tarde o G2 fases después de una persecución de 4 horas. Esto se debe determinar de forma independiente para cada tipo de célula. </li></ol> 4. La inmunotinción <ol><li> Se incuban las células fijadas sobre cubreobjetos en 200 l de tampón de bloqueo (2% de BSA y 0,1% Triton X-100 en 1X PBS) durante 30 min. <ol><li> Se incuban las células con una mezcla de anticuerpos primarios (típicamente uno en conejo y otro criados en ratón) diluido en tampón de bloqueo O / N a 4 ° C en una cámara humidificada. </li><li> Para hacer una cámara húmeda, poner una toalla de papel húmeda en la mitad inferior de una caja de puntas de pipeta de 1.000 l vacía. Colocar una tira de Parafilm sobre la superficie rack, y detectar una gota (15-20 l) de la solución de anticuerpo en el Parafilm para cada cubreobjetos para ser incubados. Invertir un cubreobjetos sobre una gota de solución de anticuerpo (de modo que las células están inmersas) y cercala tapa de la caja de propina. </li><li> Invierta cubreobjetos de nuevo y volver de nuevo a la placa de 24 pocillos. Lavar cubreobjetos y luego se incuba en 150 l mezcla de anticuerpo secundario (aquí tinte anti-conejo conjugado fluorescente verde y colorante rojo fluorescente conjugado anti-ratón diluidos en tampón de bloqueo) durante 1 hora a RT. Lavar los cubreobjetos tres veces. NOTA: Los anticuerpos secundarios fluoróforo conjugado son sensibles a la luz. Proteja las muestras de la luz durante los pasos 4.1.3-5.1.2. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar para la tinción de anti-BrdU mediante la fijación de las células teñidas RPE1 de nuevo con 500 l de metanol enfriada a -20 ° C durante 10 min, como se describe en el paso 2.1.2. Lavar los cubreobjetos tres veces. NOTA: Esta fijación asegura el etiquetado de anticuerpos primaria y secundaria de la proteína (s) de interés durante el proceso de hidrólisis ácida en el siguiente paso. <ol><li> Se incuban las células en 200 l de HCl 2 N durante 30 min a RT. Neutralizar con 300 l de 1 M Tris-Cl, pH 8 unad lavar las células tres veces con tampón de lavado. </li><li> Bloquear las células de nuevo utilizando 200 l de tampón de bloqueo durante 30 min a RT. </li><li> Se incuban las células con anticuerpo de rata anti-BrdU (diluido en tampón de bloqueo) durante 45 min a 37 ° C en una cámara humidificada. Devolver los cubreobjetos de nuevo a la placa de 24 pocillos, lavar y luego se incuba con el tinte azul-anticuerpo conjugado fluorescente anti-rata secundario (diluido en 150 l de tampón de bloqueo en el plato de 24 pocillos durante 1 hora a RT. </li></ol></li><li> Lavar los cubreobjetos tres veces. Detectar una gota (aproximadamente 3-6 l) de una solución de montaje que contiene antifade reactivo en un portaobjetos de microscopio de vidrio. Invierta un cubreobjetos, con vistas al-células hacia abajo, hacia la solución de montaje. Limpie el exceso de líquido presionando suavemente el cubreobjetos contra la diapositiva utilizando tejido de limpieza suave. Aplicar esmalte de uñas transparente a lo largo del borde del cubreobjetos para sellarlo sobre el portaobjetos de microscopio. </li></ol> 5. La inmunofluorescencia Imagen acquisition y análisis <ol><li> Utilice un objetivo de inmersión en aceite 100X Plan de Apo (con una apertura numérica 1.4) para adquirir las imágenes de las células RPE1 BrdU-positivas a temperatura ambiente. <ol><li> Ponga un portaobjetos en el microscopio (ver equipos) adjunto con una cámara capaz de imagen digital. Para cada fluoróforo, determinar el tiempo de exposición apropiado (típicamente entre 300-1.000 mseg) manualmente mediante el examen de todas las muestras de un experimento. Antes de la adquisición de imágenes de una célula, determinar manualmente la parte superior apropiado y plano focal inferior a lo largo del eje Z (típicamente 0,2 m de tamaño de paso). Adquirir imágenes de diferentes muestras que están en cubreobjetos separadas utilizando el tiempo de exposición idénticos para diferentes fluoróforos a lo largo del eje Z utilizando un paquete de software de formación de imágenes de microscopía digital. </li></ol></li><li> Realizar deconvolución (en estos casos usando No algoritmo de vecino) de todas las pilas de imágenes adquiridas a lo largo del eje Z. <ol><li> Obtener la proyección total de intensidad de cada pila de imágenes a lo largo deel eje Z. </li></ol></li><li> En las células donde centrosomas están cerca (distancia entre dos centrosomas es inferior a 2 micras), dibuja un pequeño cuadrado (típicamente 20 a 30 píxeles por lado) alrededor de los dos centrosomas y marcar el área seleccionada. <ol><li> Dibuja un cuadrado más grande (por lo general 24 a 35 píxeles por lado) que rodea a la primera plaza y marcar el área seleccionada de la gran plaza. </li><li> Obtener el área (A) y la intensidad de la fluorescencia total (F) de cada fluoróforo en cada caja (S denota pequeña caja y L denota caja grande). </li><li> Analizar la corrección de fondo intensidad de la fluorescencia de cada fluoróforo utilizando la fórmula descrita por Howell et al. 29: F = F S - [(F L - F S) x A S / (A L - A S)]. </li><li> Obtener la intensidad de fluorescencia normalizada de la proteína de interés (aquí VDAC3 o SAS6) mediante el cálculo de la relación de la intensidad de fluorescencia de sus fl fondo corregidofluoróforo a la del fluoróforo utilizado para el estándar elegido interna (aquí γ-tubulina, SAS6 o Cep135). </li></ol></li><li> En el caso de análisis de las células donde centrosomas están bien separados (distancia entre dos centrosomas es mayor que 2 micras), analizar cada centrosoma separado trazando dos conjuntos separados de cajas. Dibuja un cuadrado pequeño (típicamente 15 a 25 píxeles por lado) alrededor de cada centrosoma y marcar el área seleccionada. Dibuja un cuadrado más grande (20 a 30 píxeles por lado) que rodea a la primera plaza y marcar el área seleccionada. <ol><li> Obtener el área (A) y la intensidad de la fluorescencia total (F) de cada fluoróforo en cada caja, y calcular las intensidades de fluorescencia con corrección de fondo de cada fluoróforo, por separado para cada centrosoma, como se describe en el paso 5.3.3. </li><li> Combinar las intensidades de fluorescencia con corrección de fondo de cada proteína a partir de los dos centrosomas para obtener el nivel centrosomal total de esa proteína en esa célula. </li><li> Obtenga elintensidad normalizada para la proteína de interés mediante el cálculo de la relación de su intensidad total de centrosomal a la intensidad centrosomal total del patrón interno. </li></ol></li><li> Analizar al menos 15 a 25 células para cada condición experimental y dibujar el gráfico en una hoja de cálculo. </li></ol> 6. Análisis de la proteína total usando Western Blot <ol><li> Resuspender las células en ensayo de radioinmunoprecipitación (RIPA) mM tampón que contiene Tris-HCl 50 pH 8, NaCl 150 mM, 1% Nonidet P-40, 1% de desoxicolato de sodio, 0,1% de dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS) y se incuba durante 10 min en hielo para lisar las células. <ol><li> Centrifugar la mezcla a 10.000 xg durante 10 min, separar el lisado de la fracción de sedimento y medir la concentración total de proteínas de cada lisado usando un kit de ensayo de ácido bicinconínico (BCA). </li></ol></li><li> Mezclar 40 g de lisado con 4x SDS-PAGE de tampón de carga (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 6,8, 2% SDS, 10% de glicerol, ditiotreitol 100 mM, 0,1% Bromophenol azul). <ol><li> Hervir las muestras durante 10 minutos y correr las muestras en un 12,5% de desnaturalización SDS-PAGE a una tensión constante de 200 V. </li></ol></li><li> Transferir las proteínas separadas en SDS-PAGE a una membrana de nitrocelulosa utilizando la técnica de Western Blot (a un voltaje constante de 90 V durante 1 hora en frío). <ol><li> Bloquear la membrana con leche desnatada al 3% en 1 x PBS, y luego se incuba la membrana con soluciones de anticuerpos primarios diluidos (en este caso de conejo anti-VDAC3, conejo anti-γ-tubulina y el ratón anti-α-tubulina) durante 1 hr a RT. </li><li> Después de lavar la membrana tres veces (5 min cada incubación con agitación) usando tampón PBS-T (1x PBS y 0,2% Tween-20), incubar la membrana en una mezcla de infrarrojo cercano (IR) colorante fluorescente conjugado anti-conejo y tinte fluorescente IR anticuerpos secundarios anti-ratón conjugados (diluido en PBS-T) durante 1 hora. </li><li> Lavar la membrana tres veces y luego escanear la membrana para analizar las bandas utilizando un f infrarrojossistema de imágenes luorescence adecuado para la detección de inmunotransferencia. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Cell Sci. 116, 4011-4019 (2003).</li><li>Korzeniewski, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cullin+1+functions+as+a+centrosomal+suppressor+of+centriole+multiplication+by+regulating+polo-like+kinase+4+protein+levels.">Cullin 1 functions as a centrosomal suppressor of centriole multiplication by regulating polo-like kinase 4 protein levels.</a> Cancer Res. 69, 6668-6675 (2009).</li><li>Rohatgi, R., Milenkovic, L., Corcoran, R. B., Scott, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signal+transduction+by+Smoothened:+pharmacologic+evidence+for+a+2-step+activation+process.">Hedgehog signal transduction by Smoothened: pharmacologic evidence for a 2-step activation process.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 3196-3201 (2009).</li><li>Majumder, S., Fisk, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VDAC3+and+Mps1+negatively+regulate+ciliogenesis.">VDAC3 and Mps1 negatively regulate ciliogenesis.</a> Cell Cycle. 12, 849-858 (2013).</li><li>Howell, B. J., Hoffman, D. B., Fang, G., Murray, A. W., Salmon, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+Mad2+dynamics+at+kinetochores,+along+spindle+fibers,+and+at+spindle+poles+in+living+cells.">Visualization of Mad2 dynamics at kinetochores, along spindle fibers, and at spindle poles in living cells.</a> J. Cell Biol. 150, 1233-1250 (2000).</li><li>Meraldi, P., Nigg, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrosome+cohesion+is+regulated+by+a+balance+of+kinase+and+phosphatase+activities.">Centrosome cohesion is regulated by a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities.</a> J. Cell Sci. 114, 3749-3757 (2001).</li><li>Zimmerman, W. C., Sillibourne, J., Rosa, J., Doxsey, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitosis-specific+anchoring+of+gamma+tubulin+complexes+by+pericentrin+controls+spindle+organization+and+mitotic+entry.">Mitosis-specific anchoring of gamma tubulin complexes by pericentrin controls spindle organization and mitotic entry.</a> Mol. Biol. 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Cell. 20, 1150-1166 (2009).</li><li>Venoux, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poc1A+and+Poc1B+act+together+in+human+cells+to+ensure+centriole+integrity.">Poc1A and Poc1B act together in human cells to ensure centriole integrity.</a> J. Cell Sci. 126, 163-175 (2013).</li><li>Stevens, N. R., Roque, H., Raff, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DSas-6+and+Ana2+coassemble+into+tubules+to+promote+centriole+duplication+and+engagement.">DSas-6 and Ana2 coassemble into tubules to promote centriole duplication and engagement.</a> Dev. Cell. 19, 913-919 (2010).</li><li>Machiels, B. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Microscopía cuantitativa en biología celular se asocia comúnmente con los ensayos de formación de imágenes de células vivas, como Energía de Resonancia Fluorescente Transfer (FRET), la fluorescencia de recuperación después de photobleaching (FRAP), etc. Sin embargo, hay cada vez más ejemplos de los biólogos celulares en desarrollo diferentes ensayos de microscopía cuantitativos para fijo las células en los últimos años 27,34-36. Es importante destacar que, el progreso en la comprensió...

Los centrosomas consisten en un par de centriolos rodeados por el material pericentriolar (PCM). Siendo los principales centros organizadores de microtúbulos (COMT) en células de mamíferos, los centrosomas actúan como los dos polos de husos mitóticos en células en división, y por lo tanto ayudan a mantener la integridad genómica 1. En las células quiescentes (por ejemplo, durante la fase G0), uno de los dos centriolos del centrosoma, a saber, el centríolo madre, se transforma en un cuerpo basal de montar el cilio primario, un orgánulo sensorial que sobresale hacia fuera de la superficie de la célula 2. Una vez que las células vuelvan a entrar en el ciclo celular, los cilios primarios se desmonta y cada centríolo dirige el montaje de un procentriole en su extremo proximal que se alarga gradualmente para formar un centríolo madura 3. En el inicio de la fase S, una estructura de rueda de carro como que proporciona la simetría 9 veces a la centriolo se forma sobre la superficie de cada centríolo existente y se convertirá en la base de cada procentriole. SAS6 tsombrero es indispensable para el montaje es reclutado centríolo para formar el eje de la rueda de carro 4-6. Otras proteínas centriolares se ensamblan en la rueda de carro en un muy regulado, proximal a distal manera 7. Después de completar con precisión la duplicación centríolo, las células se ensamblan materiales pericentriolar adicionales para construir dos centrosomas funcionales para el final de la fase G2 8. Además de los componentes básicos centriolares 9-11, varias otras proteínas, incluyendo quinasas, fosfatasas, chaperones, los componentes de andamios, proteínas de membrana asociados y maquinaria degradación están asociados con centríolos, cuerpos basales y PCM en diferentes momentos del ciclo celular 12-16. A menudo se observó que los niveles centrosomales de muchas proteínas están temporalmente regulados por mecanismos de focalización centrosomales y / o la degradación proteasomal en centrosomas. Es importante destacar que las fluctuaciones en el nivel centrosomal de varias proteínas tales como PLK4, Mps1, SAS6, y CP110 unat diferentes puntos del ciclo celular parece ser crucial para regular el montaje centriolo 5,17-22, y en el caso de Mps1 la prevención de esta degradación centrosomal conduce a la formación de un exceso de 19 centríolos. Por otra parte, las fracciones centrosomales de varias proteínas son menos lábiles en comparación con piscinas citosólicas. Por ejemplo siRNA mediada baja regulación de Centrin 2 (Cetn2) llevó a sólo una disminución moderada del nivel de proteína en los centríolos pesar de la gran reducción en sus niveles de células enteras 23. Por tanto, es crucial para medir los cambios en el nivel de proteínas centrosomales en el centrosoma en lugar de medir el conjunto de los niveles de proteína celular al evaluar sus funciones centrosoma específico. En este estudio, hemos desarrollado un ensayo de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) para cuantificar el nivel relativo de una proteína en los centrosomas. Este ensayo se desarrolló especialmente para analizar células que son de diferentes muestrasy por lo tanto no puede ser reflejado al mismo tiempo. Estas muestras pueden ser células que fueron tratados con diferentes reactivos (es decir, las drogas versus control), recogidas en diferentes puntos de tiempo (es decir, el pulso frente a la persecución), o están en diferentes fases del ciclo celular. El principio de este ensayo radica en la medición de la intensidad fluorescente con corrección de fondo correspondiente a una proteína en una pequeña región y para normalizar dicho valor contra el mismo para otra proteína cuyos niveles no varían en las condiciones experimentales elegidas. Varios estudios en la biología del centrosoma han utilizado recientemente varias técnicas de microscopía cuantitativa, tanto en células vivas o fijas, para determinar la función del centrosoma específica de proteínas candidatas 24-27. Similares a los ensayos, la presente técnica también mide la corrección de fondo intensidad de fluorescencia de la proteína de prueba. Sin embargo, la inclusión de la normalización utilizando un patrón interno en este ensayo probablemente ofrecería mayorprecisión y confianza en el análisis de dos muestras diferentes que se encuentran en dos cubreobjetos diferentes. Por otra parte, además de examinar el nivel de proteína en los centrosomas, con ajustes menores este método se puede aplicar a un conjunto diverso de condiciones experimentales o en otros sitios celulares. Aquí, combinamos nuestro ensayo microscopía cuantitativa con una estrategia de pulso y persecución BrdU para comparar las células de las etapas del ciclo celular diferentes. En lugar de utilizar técnicas de detención del ciclo celular estándar y de liberación para estudiar diversos puntos de tiempo del ciclo celular, las células que crecen de forma asíncrona se incuban con BrdU para marcar las células en la fase S, y las células marcadas son perseguidos durante diversos tiempos (normalmente 4-6 horas). La mayoría de las células marcadas estarán en la fase S inmediatamente después del pulso. La longitud de la persecución se elige de manera que después de la caza, las células marcadas serán a finales de S, G2, o mitosis, que puede ser verificado por las características morfológicas, de posición AS- de centrosomas con respecto a nucLei, distancia entre los centrosomas, la condensación de cromosomas, etc. Por lo tanto, la longitud de la persecución depende de la duración media de S, G2 y la fase M de un tipo de célula particular. Dado que este enfoque evita inhibidores del ciclo celular, tales como hidroxiurea, afidicolina, nocodazol, etc., permite un análisis más fisiológicamente relevantes del ciclo celular. Por lo tanto, aquí demostrar que el ensayo de microscopía de fluorescencia cuantitativa solo, o en combinación con BrdU ensayo de pulso-caza, es una técnica simple pero potente para medir con precisión los cambios relativos en el nivel de una proteína centrosomal candidato durante un ciclo celular imperturbable. Se midió el nivel de centrosomal VDAC3, una proteína que se identificó recientemente en los centrosomas, además de las mitocondrias 16,28, el uso de estos ensayos. Los resultados obtenidos aquí verificar nuestra observación anterior de que la piscina centrosomal de VDAC3 está regulada por la degradación, y también varía en un dependen del ciclo celulart forma 16, además, la validación de la aplicabilidad de este método.

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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:179px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Company&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">F8141</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stock of 1 mg/ml in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">D2650</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">MG115</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">SCP0005</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stock of 10 mM in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">BrdU</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">B5002</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stock of 10 mM in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Anti-g-tubulin (mouse monoclonal, clone GTU 88)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">T 6557</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:200 in IIF blocking buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Anti-VDAC3 (rabbit polyclonal)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Aviva Systems Biology</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">ARP35180-P050</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:50 in IIF blocking buffer, 1:1000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-Sas6 (mouse monoclonal)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Santa cruz biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">sc-81431</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:100 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-Cep135 (rabbit polyclonal)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">ab-75005</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:500 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-BrdU (rat monoclonal)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">ab6326</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:250 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 350 Goat Anti-Rat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21093</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:200 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21202</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:51px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21203</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:51px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21206</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21207</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-g-tubulin (rabbit polyclonal)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">T5192</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-a-tubulin (mouse monoclonal, DM1A)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">T9026</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:20000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 680 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A10043</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:10000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Mouse IgG (H&#38;L) Antibody IRDye800CW Conjugated</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Rockland antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">610-731-002</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:10000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">SlowFade Gold Antifade Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">S36936</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Mounting media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Round coverslips 12CIR.-1</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">12-545-80</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Olympus IX-81 microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Retiga ExiFAST 1394 IR camera</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">QImaging&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">32-0082B-238</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">100X Plan Apo oil immersion objective</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1.4 numerical aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Slidebook software package</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Odyssey IR Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Li-cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U-MNU2 Narrow UV cube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>U-M622</td>
			<td>Filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U-MNU2 Narrow Blue cube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>U-M643</td>
			<td>Filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U-MNU2 Narrow Green cube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>U-M663</td>
			<td>Filter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative immunofluorescence assay to measure the variation in protein levels at centrosomes

Los centrosomas son pequeñas pero importantes orgánulos que sirven como los polos del huso mitótico para mantener la integridad genómica o ensamblar cilios primarios para facilitar las funciones sensoriales en las células. El nivel de una proteína puede ser regulada de manera diferente en los centrosomas que en otros lugares .cellular, y la variación en el nivel centrosomal de varias proteínas en diferentes puntos del ciclo celular parece ser crucial para la adecuada regulación de montaje centríolo. Hemos desarrollado un ensayo de microscopía de fluorescencia cuantitativa que mide los cambios relativos en el nivel de una proteína en los centrosomas en células fijadas de diferentes muestras, tales como en las diferentes fases del ciclo celular o después del tratamiento con varios reactivos. El principio de este ensayo radica en la medición de la intensidad fluorescente con corrección de fondo correspondiente a una proteína en una pequeña región, y normalizar que la medición contra el mismo para otra proteína que no varía bajo la c experimental elegidoondition. Utilizando este ensayo en combinación con pulso de BrdU y la estrategia de persecución para estudiar ciclos celulares no perturbadas, hemos validado cuantitativamente nuestra reciente observación de que la piscina centrosomal de VDAC3 está regulada a centrosomas durante el ciclo celular, probablemente por la degradación mediada por proteasoma específicamente a los centrosomas.

Nuestros estudios recientes identificaron novela localización centrosomal y la función de VDAC3, una de las porinas mitocondriales 16,28. La inmunotinción de varias células de mamíferos que incluyen células RPE1 utilizando un anticuerpo VDAC3 específica mostró prominente tinción centrosomal y comparativamente débil tinción mitocondrial. También demostramos que VDAC3 centrosomal se asocia preferentemente con el centríolo madre, y la piscina centrosomal tanto de la endógena y expresó ectópica VD...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes at JoVE.com

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein&#8217;s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard.

Cuantitativa inmunofluorescencia Ensayo para medir la variación en los niveles de proteína en centrosomas

Centrosomes are small but important organelles that serve as the poles of mitotic spindle to maintain genomic integrity or assemble primary cilia to ...

quantitative-immunofluorescence-assay-to-measure-variation-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K vistas.  The Ohio State University. Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein’s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard. 

Video: Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities 

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the visual scene. However, the OKR requires that an animal detect moving stripes and it is possible that fish that fail to exhibit an OKR may not be completely blind. One zebrafish mutant, the no optokinetic response c (nrc) has no OKR under any light conditions tested and was reported to be completely blind. Previously, we have shown that OFF-ganglion cell activity can be recorded in these mutants. To determine whether mutant fish with no OKR such as the nrc mutant can detect simple light increments and decrements we developed the visual motor behavioral assay (VMR). In this assay, single zebrafish larvae are placed in each well of a 96-well plate allowing the simultaneous monitoring of larvae using an automated video-tracking system. The locomotor responses of each larva to 30 minutes light ON and 30 minutes light OFF were recorded and quantified. WT fish have a brief spike of motor activity upon lights ON, known as the startle response, followed by return to lower-than baseline activity, called a freeze. WT fish also sharply increase their locomotor activity immediately following lights OFF and only gradually (over several minutes) return to baseline locomotor activity. The nrc mutants respond similarly to light OFF as WT fish, but exhibit a slight reduction in their average activity as compared to WT fish. Motor activity in response to light ON in nrc mutants is delayed and sluggish. There is a slow rise time of the nrc mutant response to light ON as compared to WT light ON response. The results indicate that nrc fish are not completely blind. Because teleosts can detect light through non-retinal tissues, we confirmed that the immediate behavioral responses to light-intensity changes require intact eyes by using the chokh (chk) mutants, which completely lack eyes from the earliest stages of development. In our VMR assay, the chk mutants exhibit no startle response to either light ON or OFF, showing that the lateral eyes mediate this behavior. The VMR assay described here complements the well-established OKR assay, which does not test the ability of zebrafish larvae to respond to changes in light intensities. Additionally, the automation of the VMR assay lends itself to high-throughput screening for defects in light-intensity driven visual responses.

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities

We developed the Visual-Motor Response to quantitate the motor output of larval zebrafish in response to light increments and decrements. We also examined zebrafish vision mutants, including the no optokinetic response (nrc) mutants, which were thought to be completely blind when tested by another vision assay, the optokinetic reflex.

Un ensayo de conducta para medir la capacidad de respuesta de pez cebra a cambios en la intensidad de luz

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the ...

Investigación

Biología

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with good spatial and temporal resolution. Here we describe how to perform FRAP and FLIP assays of chromatin proteins, including H1 and HP1, in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In a FRAP experiment, cells are transfected, either transiently or stably, with a protein of interest fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or derivatives thereof (YFP, CFP, Cherry, etc.). In the transfected, fluorescing cells, an intense focused laser beam bleaches a relatively small region of interest (ROI). The laser wavelength is selected according to the fluorescent protein used for fusion. The laser light irreversibly bleaches the fluorescent signal of molecules in the ROI and, immediately following bleaching, the recovery of the fluorescent signal in the bleached area - mediated by the replacement of the bleached molecules with the unbleached molecules - is monitored using time lapse imaging. The generated fluorescence recovery curves provide information on the protein's mobility. If the fluorescent molecules are immobile, no fluorescence recovery will be observed. In a complementary approach, Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP), the laser beam bleaches the same spot repeatedly and the signal intensity is measured elsewhere in the fluorescing cell. FLIP experiments therefore measure signal decay rather than fluorescence recovery and are useful to determine protein mobility as well as protein shuttling between cellular compartments. Transient binding is a common property of chromatin-associated proteins. Although the major fraction of each chromatin protein is bound to chromatin at any given moment at steady state, the binding is transient and most chromatin proteins have a high turnover on chromatin, with a residence time in the order of seconds. These properties are crucial for generating high plasticity in genome expression1. Photobleaching experiments are therefore particularly useful to determine chromatin plasticity using GFP-fusion versions of chromatin structural proteins, especially in ES cells, where the dynamic exchange of chromatin proteins (including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), linker histone H1 and core histones) is higher than in differentiated cells2,3.

Photobleaching Assays FRAP &amp; FLIP to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe photobleaching methods including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) to monitor chromatin protein dynamics in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin protein dynamics, which is considered to be one of the means to study chromatin plasticity, is enhanced in pluripotent cells.

Photobleaching ensayos (FRAP y FLIP) para medir la dinámica de la cromatina de proteínas en células vivas madre embrionarias

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

El Protein Complex Plataforma de Producción MultiBac en el EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

El análisis por citometría de Complementación fluorescencia Bimolecular: A High Throughput Método cuantitativo para estudiar la interacción proteína-proteína

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Centrosomes are essential to determine the cell division axis during mitosis and to nucleate cilia during interphase. The identity of the proteins that mediate these dynamic changes remains only partially known, and the function of many of the proteins that have been implicated in these processes is still rudimentary. Recent work has shown that Drosophila spermatogenesis provides a powerful system to identify new proteins critical for centrosome function and formation as well as to gain insight into the particular function of known players in centrosome-related processes. Drosophila is an established genetic model organism where mutants in centrosomal genes can be readily obtained and easily analyzed. Furthermore, recent advances in the sensitivity and resolution of light microscopy and the development of robust genetically tagged centrosomal markers have transformed the ability to use Drosophila testes as a simple and accessible model system to study centrosomes. This paper describes the use of genetically-tagged centrosomal markers to perform genetic screens for new centrosomal mutants and to gain insight into the specific function of newly identified genes.

Imaging of centrosomal proteins during Drosophila spermatogenesis is a powerful method to identify new proteins critical for centrosome biology as well as to elucidate the particular function of known players in this process.

Los centrosomas de imagen en Fly Testículos

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell ...

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in various molecular and cellular processes such as gene transcription, translation, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The biosynthesis levels of heme vary across different tissues and cell types and is altered in diseased conditions such as anemia, neuropathy and cancer. This technique uses [4-14C] 5-aminolevulinic acid ([14C] 5-ALA), one of the early precursors in the heme biosynthesis pathway to measure the levels of heme synthesis in mammalian cells. This assay involves incubation of cells with [14C] 5-ALA followed by extraction of heme and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into heme. This procedure is accurate and quick. This method measures the relative levels of heme biosynthesis rather than the total heme content. To demonstrate the use of this technique the levels of heme biosynthesis were measured in several mammalian cell lines.

Altered intracellular heme levels are associated with common diseases such as cancer. Thus, there is a need to measure heme biosynthesis levels in diverse cells. The goal of this protocol is to provide a fast and sensitive method to measure and compare the levels of heme synthesis in different cells.

Medición de niveles hemo síntesis en células de mamífero

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in ...

In vitro Methylation Assay to Study Protein Arginine Methylation

Protein arginine methylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in the nucleus. Protein arginine methylation can be identified and/or determined via proteomic approaches, and/or immunoblotting with methyl-arginine specific antibodies. However, these techniques sometimes can be misleading and often provide false positive results. Most importantly, these techniques cannot provide direct evidence in support of the PRMT substrate specificity. In vitro methylation assays, on the other hand, are useful biochemical assays, which are sensitive, and consistently reveal if the identified proteins are indeed PRMT substrates. A typical in vitro methylation assay includes purified, active PRMTs, purified substrate and a radioisotope labeled methyl donor (S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine). Here we describe a step-by-step protocol to isolate catalytically active PRMT1, a ubiquitously expressed PRMT family member. The methyl transferase activities of the purified PRMT1 were later tested on Ras-GTPase activating protein binding protein 1 (G3BP1), a known PRMT substrate, in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine as the methyl donor. This protocol can be employed not only for establishing the methylation status of novel physiological PRMT1 substrates, but also for understanding the basic mechanism of protein arginine methylation.

In vitro Methylation Assay to Study Protein Arginine Methylation

Protein arginine methylation, catalyzed by a class of enzymes viz., protein arginine methyl transferases (PRMTs), is the process of enzymatic addition of methyl group(s) to arginines within proteins. The in vitro methylation assay is the most dependable tool for assessing the methylation status of known or novel PRMT substrates.

In vitro metilación de ensayo para estudiar la proteína arginina metilación

Protein arginine methylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in the nucleus. Protein arginine methylation can be identified ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

Fluorescente verde a base de proteína Expresión Proyección de proteínas de membrana en<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from S-adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine, monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, or dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to give either monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. These enzymes are ubiquitous in animal cells, fungi, and are also found in approximately 10% of bacteria. They fulfill various important functions in cell physiology beyond their direct role in lipid metabolism such as in insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cell growth, or virulence. The present manuscript reports on a simple cell-free enzymatic assay that measures the transfer of tritiated methyl group(s) from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine using whole cell extracts as an enzyme source. The resulting methylated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine are hydrophobic and thus, can be separated from water soluble S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine by organic extraction. This assay can potentially be applied to any other cell types and used to test inhibitors/drugs specific to a phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase of interest without the need to purify the enzyme.

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

The present report describes an in vitro enzymatic assay to measure phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity using Leishmania cell extracts. This assay is based on the transfer of a radioactive methyl group from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine.

Ensayo in vitro para medir Fosfatidiletanolamina metiltransferasa actividad

Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

El uso de dispositivos de microfluidos para Medir Lifespan y Celular fenotipos en células individuales levadura en ciernes

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...