This work was supported by the Lehigh University Start-up Package. We thank Dr. Walter Fast for providing the GST-PAD4 plasmid for protein expression.

1. PAD4 Transformación, Expresión y Purificación <ol><li> Para PAD4 Transformación, transformar el plásmido pGEX que contiene GST fusión PAD4 en E. químicamente competente Coli (BL21 (DE3)) las células para la expresión de proteínas utilizando el siguiente procedimiento. Preparar (cloruro de calcio) químicamente competente E. Células de E. coli (BL21 (DE3)) de acuerdo con protocolos estándar. <ol><li> Descongelar 50 l de preparado previamente químicamente competentes BL21 (DE3) células en hielo y se mezcla con 1 l de la plásmido pGEX que contiene el gen PAD4 en un tubo de cultivo de 5 ml. Incubar la mezcla en hielo durante 10 min mientras se agitaba suavemente cada 2 min. </li><li> Choque térmico de las células mediante la colocación de la mezcla en un baño de agua de 42 ° C durante 40 segundos. Inmediatamente colocar la mezcla de células-plásmido de nuevo en hielo durante 2 min para permitir que las células se recuperen. Añadir 1 ml de caldo LB estéril a la mezcla y colocar en hielo durante 1 min. </li><li> Incubar el calor conmocionado células a 37 ° C, agitando a 250 rpm durante 1hora Pipetear 75 l de las células transformadas en una placa de agar resistente a la ampicilina y se incuba a 37 ° C durante 15 hr. Placa Almacenar a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Expresión PAD4. <ol><li> Escoja 1 colonia de células BL21 (DE3) de la placa de agar ampicilina y lugar en 5 ml de LB que contienen ampicilina 1x. Colocar en incubadora y agitar O / N a 37 ° C. </li><li> La transferencia de los 5 ml de LB (arranque) en 1 L de LB estéril que contiene trihidrato de ampicilina 1x (MW 403.45 g / mol). Place crecimiento en un incubador con agitación 37 ° C. Supervisar el OD 600 del crecimiento. Cuando el crecimiento llega a un OD 600 de 0,3, mueva el crecimiento en 16 ° C agitando incubadora. </li><li> Al llegar a un OD 600 de 0,6, inducir a las células con isopropylthiagalactoside 0,3 mM (IPTG, MW 238.30 g / mol). Permitir que las células se dan durante 15 horas a 16 ° C. </li><li> Las células de la cosecha por centrifugación a 4000 xg durante 20 min a 0 ° C. Retirar el sobrenadante y tienda de pellets a -80 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> PAD4 Purificación <ol><li> Vuelva a suspender el sedimento que contiene el PAD4 expresado en BL21 (DE3) las células en un tampón de 50 mM de NaCl (PM 58,44 g / mol), 300 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (PM 119,98 g / mol), 10 mM de imidazol (MW 68.077 g / mol), 0,1 mM de fluoruro de fenilmetilsulfonilo (PMSF, MW 174.94 g / mol) y ditiotreitol 1 mM (DTT, 154,25 g / mol), pH = 8,0. </li><li> Lisar las células a través de sonicación durante 15 min a 4 ° C. Después de la sonicación, centrifugar el lisado celular a 20.000 xg durante 20 min a 0 ° C. Retirar y guardar el sobrenadante. Lotes del sobrenadante con el glutatión (GSH) perlas de agarosa durante 30 min a RT. </li><li> Escurrir sobrenadante de GST cuentas / columna a través de la gravedad. Lavar los granos con 4 x 25 ml de 1x PBS (solución salina tamponada con fosfato, pH = 8,0) a TA. </li><li> Eluir PAD4 con 2 x 10 ml de tampón de elución, tris 50 mM (hidroximetil) aminometano (Tris Base, MW 121.14 g / mol), glutatión 10 mM (GSH, MW 307.32 g / mol), pH = 8,0. </li><li> Concéntrese PAD4 usando 100k MW corte-otubos de centrífuga ff y centrifugar a 4000 xg durante 20 min a 4 ° C. Alícuota de proteínas en 200 l volúmenes de 1,0 ml tubos de microcentrífuga y se almacena a -80 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparación de las soluciones de archivo para tampones <ol><li> Pesar de cloruro de sodio (NaCl, MW 58,44 g / mol) y preparar una solución 2 M. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare. </li><li> Pesar Tris (hidroximetil) aminometano (Tris Base, MW 121.14 g / mol) y preparar una solución 2 M, pH = 8,0. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare. </li><li> Pesar dihidrato de cloruro de calcio (CaCl 2 2H 2 O, MW 147.01 g / mol) y preparar una solución de 500 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare. </li><li> Pesar Tris (2-carboxietil) fosfina (TCEP, MW 250.19 g / mol) y preparar una solución de 200 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y se almacena a -20 ° C. </li><li> Pesar ditiotreitol (DTT, PM 154,25 g / mol) y preparar una solución de 1 M. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y se almacena a -20 ° C. </li><li> Prepararuna solución al 0,5% de Triton X-100. </li><li> Pesar el ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA, MW 292.24 g / mol) y preparar una solución de 100 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare. </li><li> Pesar Z- Arg Arg 7- amido 4- metilcumarina clorhidrato (ZRcoum, MW 621.69 g / mol) y preparar una solución 10 mM en dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO). </li></ol> 3. Ensayo PAD4 a 37 ° C <ol><li> Del 10 mM ZRcoum acciones, preparar una solución de 125 mM de ZRcoum en agua. Esta solución 125 mM ZRcoum será Solución A. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 62,5 mM, 62,5 mM Tris, 12.5 mM CaCl 2, DTT 6,25 mM, y 5 PAD4 M (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución B. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 62,5 mM, 62,5 mM Tris, 12,5 mM CaCl 2, y 6,25 mM TDT (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución C. </li><li> Pesar tripsina, cristalino (de páncreas bovino) y preparar una 10 mg / ml en EDTA 100 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y almacenar a -20° C. Este será Solución D. </li><li> Obtener una placa de 96 pocillos y designar un número de pozos para los controles (sin PAD4) y ​​pocillos de ensayo (+ PAD4). </li><li> Pipetear 160 l de solución B en los pocillos de ensayo y pipeta de 160 l de solución C en los pocillos de control. Incubar durante 15 minutos a 37 ° C. </li><li> Pipetear 40 l de la solución A en todos los pocillos y se incuba a 37 ° C durante 45 min. </li><li> Pipeta de 10 l de dH 2 O a la mitad de los pozos de control y la mitad de los pozos de prueba. Para la otra mitad de los pocillos de control y los controles de ensayo, pipetas de 10 l de solución de D. Incubar durante 10 minutos a 37 ° C. </li><li> Obtener una lectura de fluorescencia en un lector de multimodal con una longitud de onda de excitación de 345 nm y una longitud de onda de emisión de 465 nm. </li></ol> 4. Ensayo PAD4 a TA <ol><li> Del 10 mM ZRcoum acciones, preparar una solución de 50 mM de ZRcoum en agua. Esta solución ZRcoum 50 M será Solución A. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de Na 100 mMCl, 100 mM Tris, 20 mM CaCl 2, 2 mM TCEP, 0,02% de Triton X-100, y 8 PAD4 M (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución B. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 100 mM, Tris 100 mM, 20 mM CaCl 2, 2 mM TCEP, y 0,02% de Triton X-100 (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución C. </li><li> Pesar tripsina, cristalino (de páncreas bovino) y preparar una 10 mg / ml en EDTA 100 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y se almacena a -20 ° C. Este será Solución D. </li><li> Obtener una placa de 384 pocillos y designar pozos para los controles (sin PAD4) y ​​pozos de prueba (+ PAD4). </li><li> Pipetear 25 l de solución B en los pocillos de ensayo y pipeta de 25 l de solución C en los pocillos de control. Permitir tampón con / sin PAD4 incubar en los pocillos durante 20 min a RT. </li><li> Pipeta 25 l de solución C en todos los pocillos e incubar durante 45 minutos a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Pipeta de 10 l de dH 2 O a la mitad de los pozos de control y la mitad de los pozos de prueba. Para la otra mitad de los pocillos de control y controles de prueba, pipeteee 10 l de solución de D. Incubar a TA durante 10 min. </li><li> Obtener una lectura de fluorescencia en un lector de multimodal con una longitud de onda de excitación de 345 nm y una longitud de onda de emisión de 465 nm. </li></ol> 5. PAD4 Tiempo Ensayos del curso a 37 ° C y RT <ol><li> Del 10 mM ZRcoum acciones, preparar una solución de 125 mM de ZRcoum en agua. Esta solución 125 mM ZRcoum será Solución A. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 62,5 mM, 62,5 mM Tris, 12.5 mM CaCl 2, DTT 6,25 mM, y 5 PAD4 M (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución B. </li><li> Pesar tripsina, cristalino (de páncreas bovino) y preparar una 10 mg / ml en EDTA 100 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y se almacena a -20 ° C. Esta será la solución C. </li><li> Obtener 2 placas de 96 pocillos y pipeta de 160 l de solución B en # cantidad de pozos (# de pozos dependerá de cuántos puntos de tiempo). </li><li> Incubar una placa de 96 pocillos a 37 ° C. Incubar la otra placa de 96 pocillos a TA. </li><li> Pepitaette 40 l de la solución A en todos los pocillos en ambas placas de 96 pocillos e inmediatamente pipeta de 10 l de solución de C en los pocillos t = 0 min. Continuar la adición de 10 l de solución de C en los puntos de tiempo específicos hasta que todos los pozos han sido templado. </li><li> Obtener una lectura de fluorescencia en un lector de multimodal con una longitud de onda de excitación de 345 nm y una longitud de onda de emisión de 465 nm. </li></ol> 6. PAD4 ensayo de inhibición a RT <ol><li> Del 10 mM ZRcoum acciones, preparar una solución de 83 mM de ZRcoum en agua. Esta solución ZRcoum 83 M será Solución A. </li><li> Pesar Cl-amidina (MW 424.8 g / mol) y preparar una solución madre 100 mM. Esta será la solución B. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 100 mM, Tris 100 mM, 20 mM CaCl 2, 2 mM TCEP, 0,02% de Triton X-100, y 8 M PAD4 (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución C. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 100 mM, Tris 100 mM, 20 mM CaCl 2, 2 mM TCEP, y 0,02% de Triton X-100 (pH = 8,0). Thes que será la solución D. </li><li> Pesar tripsina, cristalino (de páncreas bovino) y preparar una 10 mg / ml en EDTA 100 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y se almacena a -20 ° C. Este será Solución E. </li><li> Obtener una placa de 384 pocillos y designar pozos para los controles (sin PAD4), pozos de prueba (+ PAD4), y pozos de inhibición (PAD4 + Cl-amidina). </li><li> Pipetear 25 l de solución C en los pocillos de ensayo y pipeta de 25 l de solución D en los pocillos de control. Permitir tampón con / sin PAD4 incubar en los pocillos durante 20 min a RT. </li><li> Pipeta de 10 l de solución B en pozos de inhibición y se incuban durante 20 minutos a Rte. </li><li> Pipeta 15 l de solución A en todos los pocillos e incubar durante 45 minutos a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Pipetear 10 l de solución E a todos los pocillos. Incubar a TA durante 10 min. </li><li> Obtener una lectura de fluorescencia en un lector de multimodal con una longitud de onda de excitación de 345 nm y una longitud de onda de emisión de 465 nm. </li></ol> 7. Ensayo de lisado celular brutoa TA <ol><li> Después de cosechar las células de crecimiento PAD4 1 L, Resuspender las células en 10 ml de Tris 50 mM, NaCl 50 mM, 0,1 mM de fluoruro de fenilmetilsulfonilo (PMSF, MW 174.94 g / mol) y ditiotreitol 1 mM (DTT, 154,25 g / mol), pH = 8,0. </li><li> Lisar las células a través de sonicación durante 15 min a 4 ° C. Se centrifuga el lisado celular a 20.000 xg durante 20 min a 0 ° C. Se concentra el sobrenadante claro a la mitad del volumen mediante centrifugación a 4000 rpm a 4 ° C utilizando 100k MW tubos de centrífuga de corte. </li><li> Del 10 mM ZRcoum acciones, preparar una solución de 250 mM de ZRcoum en agua. Esta solución 250 mM ZRcoum será Solución A. </li><li> Preparar un tampón de NaCl 100 mM, Tris 100 mM, 20 mM CaCl 2, y 2 mM TCEP (pH = 8,0). Esta será la solución B. </li><li> Pesar tripsina, cristalino (de páncreas bovino) y preparar una 10 mg / ml en EDTA 100 mM. Mezcle la solución hasta que se aclare y se almacena a -20 ° C. Esta será la solución C. </li><li> Obtener una placa de 384 pocillos negro y diseñocomió pozos para los controles (sin lisado celular) y pocillos de ensayo (+ lisado celular). </li><li> Pipetear 100 l de solución B en todos los pozos y las pipetas de 60 l de lisado celular en los pocillos de ensayo. Incubar durante 20 min a TA. </li><li> Pipeta 40 l de solución A en todos los pocillos e incubar durante 45 minutos a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Pipetear 10 l de la solución C a todos los pocillos. Incubar a TA durante 10 min. </li><li> Obtener una lectura de fluorescencia en el lector multimodal con una longitud de onda de excitación de 345 nm y una longitud de onda de emisión de 465 nm. </li></ol>

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Devel. 12, 616-627 (2009).</li><li>Li, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+p53+target+gene+expression+by+peptidylarginine+deiminase+4.">Regulation of p53 target gene expression by peptidylarginine deiminase 4.</a> Mol. Cell Biol. 28, 4745-4758 (2008).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anticancer+peptidylarginine+deiminase+(PAD)+inhibitors+regulate+the+autophagy+flux+and+the+mammalian+target+of+rapamycin+complex+1+activity.">Anticancer peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 287, 25941-25953 (2012).</li><li>Slack, J. L., Causey, C. P., Thompson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+arginine+deiminase+4:+a+target+for+an+epigenetic+cancer+therapy.">Protein arginine deiminase 4: a target for an epigenetic cancer therapy.</a> Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68, 709-720 (2011).</li><li>Luo, Y., Knuckley, B., Lee, Y. H., Stallcup, M. R., Thompson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluoroacetamidine-based+inactivator+of+protein+arginine+deiminase+4:+design,+synthesis,+and+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+evaluation.">A fluoroacetamidine-based inactivator of protein arginine deiminase 4: design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 1092-1093 (2006).</li><li>Knuckley, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substrate+specificity+and+kinetic+studies+of+PADs.">Substrate specificity and kinetic studies of PADs.</a> Biochemistry. 1, 4852-4863 (2010).</li><li>Knipp, M., Vasak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+colorimetric+96-well+microtiter+plate+assay+for+the+determination+of+enzymatically+formed+citrulline.">A colorimetric 96-well microtiter plate assay for the determination of enzymatically formed citrulline.</a> Anal. Biochem. 286, 257-264 (2000).</li><li>Knuckley, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluopol-ABPP+HTS+assay+to+identify+PAD+inhibitors.">A fluopol-ABPP HTS assay to identify PAD inhibitors.</a> Chem. Commun. 46, 7175-7177 (2010).</li><li>Bicker, K. L., Subramanian, V., Chumanevich, A. A., Hofseth, L. J., Thompson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeing+citrulline:+development+of+a+phenylglyoxal-based+probe+to+visualize+protein+citrullination.">Seeing citrulline: development of a phenylglyoxal-based probe to visualize protein citrullination.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 17015-17018 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Q., Priestman, M. A., Lawrence, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+of+protein+arginine+deiminase+activity+by+using+fluorescence+quenching:+multicolor+visualization+of+citrullination.">Monitoring of protein arginine deiminase activity by using fluorescence quenching: multicolor visualization of citrullination.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52, 2323-2325 (2013).</li><li>Jones, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+screening+of+a+haloacetamidine+containing+library+to+identify+PAD4+selective+inhibitors.">Synthesis and screening of a haloacetamidine containing library to identify PAD4 selective inhibitors.</a> ACS Chem. Biol. 7, 160-165 (2012).</li><li>Dreyton, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Optimization and characterization of a pan protein arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor. , (2010).</li><li>Shimoyama, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deimination+stabilizes+histone+H2A/H2B+dimers+as+revealed+by+electrospray+ionization+mass+spectrometry.">Deimination stabilizes histone H2A/H2B dimers as revealed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.</a> J. Mass Spectrom. 45, 900-908 (2010).</li><li>Luo, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitors+and+inactivators+of+protein+arginine+deiminase+4:+functional+and+structural+characterization.">Inhibitors and inactivators of protein arginine deiminase 4: functional and structural characterization.</a> Biochemistry. 45, 11727-11736 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Herein, a fluorescence based assay was successfully developed that monitors the activity of PAD4. The assay has proven to be incredibly robust in a number of high-throughput conditions and is also compatible with whole cell lysates37.
The affinity between the histone proteins and the DNA strands surrounding it loosens due the neutralization of the positive charge on the arginine side chain upon citrullination. It was envisioned that the neutralization of the arginine side-chain coul...

Un gran número de proteínas de mamíferos son muy modificada por la acción de enzimas después de la biosíntesis de proteínas por el ribosoma. Estas modificaciones post-traduccionales (PTMs) pueden aumentar en gran medida la diversidad funcional del proteoma cambiando el tamaño, carga, estructura y estado de oligomerización (entre otras características) de las proteínas 1-3. Como resultado, el cambio en la estructura de la proteína puede conducir a consecuencias fisiológicas, tales como la degradación de proteínas, la diferenciación celular, la señalización, la modulación en la expresión génica, y las interacciones proteína-proteína. Mientras que estas modificaciones son frecuentes en un gran porcentaje de todas las proteínas humanas, los extremos terminales de las proteínas histonas se someten a un número inusualmente alto de modificaciones covalentes 4. Las proteínas histonas son una familia de proteínas estructurales que facilitan la condensación del ADN genómico. Las modificaciones covalentes de las colas de las histonas no estructurados se llevan a cabo y regulados por una series de enzimas que pueden catalizar la modificación covalente de residuos (escritores), revertir las mismas modificaciones (borradores), y distinguir entre los cambios que se imprime en las colas de las histonas (lectores) 5-7. De hecho, la mayoría de los PTM conocidos se puede observar dentro de este segmento corto de la histona incluyendo la metilación, fosforilación, acetilación, sumoylation, ubiquitinación, y citrullination 8. Citrullination implica la conversión de peptidil-arginina a la no t RNA peptidil-citrulina codificada (Figura 1A). Las proteínas, responsables de esta cadena de neutralización lado, son miembros de la PAD (p eptide un d eiminase rginine) familia de proteínas, todos los cuales son enzimas dependientes de calcio. 9,10. Hasta la fecha, cinco miembros de la familia PAD se han descrito (PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4, y PAD6). Cada miembro de esta familia aparece a proteínas diana celulares distintas y también muestra uniperfiles de distribución en tejidos Que. PAD4 es el único miembro de esta familia de proteínas conocida por ser localizada dentro del núcleo a través de una secuencia de localización nuclear 11. Por consiguiente, se ha demostrado que deiminate una serie de objetivos nucleares, incluyendo cadenas laterales de arginina en las colas N-terminales de las histonas H2A residuo de arginina 3 (H2R3), H3 (H3R2, H3R17, y H3R26) y H4 (H4R3) 12, 13. Mientras que cada una de las isoenzimas PAD tienen funciones fisiológicas específicas y críticas, PAD4 ha recibido mucha más atención debido a su papel en un número de procesos humanos en ambas células enfermas y sanas. Recientemente, PAD4 se demostró que era un miembro de la red transcripcional pluripotencia 14. Ambos niveles de expresión y actividad PAD4, se mostró a ser elevados durante la reprogramación y en estado fundamental estados pluripotentes en ratones. Mediante el control de la regulación de los genes de células madre, PAD4 puede retener un papel fundamental en la eficiencia de la reprogramación celular. PAD4 también ha sido implicado en laformación de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos, que tras la unión de patógenos permitir su depuración de sistema. El hypercitrullination de proteínas histonas por PAD4 induce descondensación de la cromatina, que sirve como material de base para la encapsulación de bacterias patógenas por la trampa extracelular, por lo tanto alejar las infecciones bacterianas 15,16. Además, PAD4 se ha encontrado para desempeñar un papel activo en un número de enfermedades humanas. Se ha demostrado previamente que la expresión aberrante de PAD4 se asocia con la aparición y severidad de la artritis reumatoide, la enfermedad de Alzheimer, enfermedad de Parkinson, y esclerosis múltiple 17. De hecho, la presencia de anticuerpos anti-proteína citrulinados es uno de los biomarcadores diagnósticos y pronósticos más confiables y definitivas de la artritis reumatoide 18. Asimismo, la actividad PAD4 dysregulated recientemente se ha observado en un número de cánceres humanos incluyendo ovario, mama, pulmón, unad cánceres esofágicos 19-22. El vínculo entre PAD4 y el cáncer se ha demostrado que ser mediada a través de la oncogén ELK1 o a través de la proteína supresora de tumores p53 22,23 y el trabajo previo ha sugerido que PAD4 podría ser un anti-cáncer de nueva diana terapéutica 17,24,25. Como prueba de principio estudio, el agotamiento de los PAD4 través shRNA en la línea celular de cáncer colorrectal HCT116 fue revelado a ser suficiente para inducir la apoptosis y la detención del ciclo celular 26. Un inhibidor irreversible PAD4 desarrollado recientemente condujo a una reducción del setenta por ciento de la masa tumoral en ratones 27. Muy notablemente, la inhibición PAD4 parecía actuar como una terapia dirigida que resultó en la destrucción selectiva de las células cancerosas sin dañar las células no transformadas. El uso de moléculas pequeñas para desactivar la función de PAD4 puede llegar a ser una nueva y poderosa estrategia para dirigirse a las células cancerosas o para aumentar quimioterapéuticos de cáncer existentes 28. Por desgracia, un pocarpa inhibidor reversible PAD4 aún no se ha descubierto. Una serie de inhibidores covalentes se han desarrollado utilizando la / mango imidina flúor cloro que imita el sustrato arginina 27,29,30 y han demostrado ser herramientas prácticas para comprender el papel de PAD4 tanto en las células sanas y enfermas estatales. Sin embargo, estas moléculas inhiben todos los PAD activos con potencia similar. Por lo tanto, la necesidad de un ensayo fácil de que informa sobre la actividad de PAD4 es crucial. Hasta la fecha, PAD4 ensayos se han descrito que enlazan la liberación de amoníaco a partir de la reacción a una lectura colorimétrica 31, utilizar un análogo de sustrato chloroamidine marcado con fluorescencia para el ensayo de polarización de fluorescencia 32, se basan en la reacción de ácido asistida entre glioxal y citrulina 33, y par la actividad PAD4 a una fluorescencia desatenuación paso 34. De estos, sólo la estrategia haloacetamidine modificador covalente ha demostrado ser compatible con scre de alto rendimientoplataformas Ening 32,35,36. Se describe un ensayo basado en la fluorescencia superficial que mide de forma fiable la actividad de PAD4. El ensayo, que muestra una fuerte relación señal-ruido, la velocidad de análisis, y la robustez de la medición, tiene el potencial de descubrir un inhibidor de PAD4 verdaderamente potente y selectivo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="716">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:192px;">Name of the Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Comments/ Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="66">
			<td height="66" style="height:66px;width:192px;">LB Broth, Miller (LURIA-BERTANI)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">J106-2KG</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.amresco-inc.com/">http://www.amresco-inc.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:192px;">Ampicillin Trihydrate (Off-white Powder), Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP902-25&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.fishersci.com/">http://www.fishersci.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:192px;">Isopropylthiagalactonse (IPTG)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technogolies</td>
			<td>15529-019</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/">http://www.lifetechnologies.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:192px;">All Buffer Salts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Can purchase from Fisher Scieintifc; VWR; Acros; Sigma-Aldrich; etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:192px;">Protino Glutathione (GSH) agarose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Machery-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">745500.10</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Store at 4 &#176;C; http://www.mn-net.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="71">
			<td height="71" style="height:71px;width:192px;">Z-&#8203;Arg-&#8203;Arg-&#8203;7-&#8203;amido-&#8203;4-&#8203;methylcoumarin hydrochloride (Zcoum)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5429</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">www.sigmaaldrich.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="58">
			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:192px;">Chloroamidine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Cayman Chemical&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">10599</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Store at -20 &#176;C; https://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Home.vm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="66">
			<td height="66" style="height:66px;width:192px;">Tris(2-&#8203;carboxyethyl)&#8203;phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP HCl)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Thermo Scientifc</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">20490</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.piercenet.com/">http://www.piercenet.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:192px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">X100-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">www.sigmaaldrich.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:192px;">Corning/Nunclon MicroWell plates (96 and 384)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Purchase from Corning; Sigma-Aldrich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="71">
			<td height="71" style="height:71px;width:192px;">Tecan Infinite 200 / Tecan i-control microplate reader software</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.tecan.com/">www.tecan.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:192px;">Europium Ex. 340/40 Em. 475/15 filter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"><a href="http://www.perkinelmer.com/">http://www.perkinelmer.com</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fluorescence-based monitoring of pad4 activity via a pro-fluorescence substrate analog

Post-translational modifications may lead to altered protein functional states by increasing the covalent variations on the side chains of many protein substrates. The histone tails represent one of the most heavily modified stretches within all human proteins. Peptidyl-arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) has been shown to convert arginine residues into the non-genetically encoded citrulline residue. Few assays described to date have been operationally facile with satisfactory sensitivity. Thus, the lack of adequate assays has likely contributed to the absence of potent non-covalent PAD4 inhibitors. Herein a novel fluorescence-based assay that allows for the monitoring of PAD4 activity is described. A pro-fluorescent substrate analog was designed to link PAD4 enzymatic activity to fluorescence liberation upon the addition of the protease trypsin. It was shown that the assay is compatible with high-throughput screening conditions and has a strong signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the assay can also be performed with crude cell lysates containing over-expressed PAD4.

Inicialmente, se demostró que ZRcoum puede informar sobre la actividad de PAD4 en un formato de placa de 96 pocillos. Los pocillos se incubaron con el sustrato ZRcoum y en presencia / ausencia de PAD4. Tras un período de incubación de 45 min a 37 ° C, la fluorescencia se midió con un 340/40 - 475/15 nm filtro (Figura 2A). Como era de esperar, los niveles de fluorescencia se mantuvo bajo como fluoróforo en ZRcoum (o el citrulinado ZRcoum)</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence-based Monitoring of PAD4 Activity via a Pro-fluorescence Substrate Analog at JoVE.com

Fluorescence-based Monitoring of PAD4 Activity via a Pro-fluorescence Substrate Analog

PAD4 is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline. Dysregulation of PAD4 has been implicated in a number of human diseases. A facile and high-throughput compatible fluorescence based PAD4 assay is described.

Monitoreo basado en la fluorescencia de PAD4 actividad a través de un sustrato Analog Pro-fluorescencia

Post-translational modifications may lead to altered protein functional states by increasing the covalent variations on the side chains of many protein ...

fluorescence-based-monitoring-pad4-activity-via-pro-fluorescence

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.8K vistas.  Lehigh University. PAD4 is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline. Dysregulation of PAD4 has been implicated in a number of human diseases. A facile and high-throughput compatible fluorescence based PAD4 assay is described.

Video: Fluorescence-based Monitoring of PAD4 Activity via a Pro-fluorescence Substrate Analog

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are expressed in a variety of cold-hardy organisms to prevent or slow internal ice growth. AFPs bind to specific planes of ice through their ice-binding surfaces. Fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA) analysis is a modified technique used to determine the ice planes to which the AFPs bind. FIPA is based on the original ice-etching method for determining AFP-bound ice-planes. It produces clearer images in a shortened experimental time. In FIPA analysis, AFPs are fluorescently labeled with a chimeric tag or a covalent dye then slowly incorporated into a macroscopic single ice crystal, which has been preformed into a hemisphere and oriented to determine the a- and c-axes. The AFP-bound ice hemisphere is imaged under UV light to visualize AFP-bound planes using filters to block out nonspecific light. Fluorescent labeling of the AFPs allows real-time monitoring of AFP adsorption into ice. The labels have been found not to influence the planes to which AFPs bind. FIPA analysis also introduces the option to bind more than one differently tagged AFP on the same single ice crystal to help differentiate their binding planes. These applications of FIPA are helping to advance our understanding of how AFPs bind to ice to halt its growth and why many AFP-producing organisms express multiple AFP isoforms.

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to specific planes of ice to prevent or slow ice growth. Fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA) analysis is a modification of the original ice-etching method for determination of AFP-bound ice planes. AFPs are fluorescently labeled, incorporated into macroscopic single ice crystals, and visualized under UV light.

La Determinación De Los Planos De Unión Al Hielo De Las Proteínas Anticongelante Por La Afinidad De Plano De Hielo Basado En Fluorescencia

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are expressed in a variety of cold-hardy organisms to prevent or slow internal ice growth. AFPs bind to specific planes of ice ...

Investigación

Química

Preparing Silica Aerogel Monoliths via a Rapid Supercritical Extraction Method

A procedure for the fabrication of monolithic silica aerogels in eight hours or less via a rapid supercritical extraction process is described. The procedure requires 15-20 min of preparation time, during which a liquid precursor mixture is prepared and poured into wells of a metal mold that is placed between the platens of a hydraulic hot press, followed by several hours of processing within the hot press. The precursor solution consists of a 1.0:12.0:3.6:3.5 x 10-3 molar ratio of tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS):methanol:water:ammonia. In each well of the mold, a porous silica sol-gel matrix forms. As the temperature of the mold and its contents is increased, the pressure within the mold rises. After the temperature/pressure conditions surpass the supercritical point for the solvent within the pores of the matrix (in this case, a methanol/water mixture), the supercritical fluid is released, and monolithic aerogel remains within the wells of the mold. With the mold used in this procedure, cylindrical monoliths of 2.2 cm diameter and 1.9 cm height are produced. Aerogels formed by this rapid method have comparable properties (low bulk and skeletal density, high surface area, mesoporous morphology) to those prepared by other methods that involve either additional reaction steps or solvent extractions (lengthier processes that generate more chemical waste).The rapid supercritical extraction method can also be applied to the fabrication of aerogels based on other precursor recipes.

This article describes a rapid supercritical extraction method for fabricating silica aerogels. By utilizing a confined mold and hydraulic hot press, monolithic aerogels can be made in eight hours or less.

Preparación de sílice aerogel monolitos a través de un método de extracción supercrítica rápida

A procedure for the fabrication of monolithic silica aerogels in eight hours or less via a rapid supercritical extraction process is described. The ...

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible to ensure consistent product quality over time using this technique. We here show how to interface a commercially available flow unit with a Raman spectrometer. The Raman flow cell is placed after the back-pressure regulator, meaning that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the fact that the product stream passes through a length of tubing before entering the flow cell means that the material is at RT. It is important that the spectra are acquired under isothermal conditions since Raman signal intensity is temperature dependent. Having assembled the apparatus, we then show how to monitor a chemical reaction, the piperidine-catalyzed synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin from salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate being used as an example. The reaction can be performed over a range of flow rates and temperatures, the in-situ monitoring tool being used to optimize conditions simply and easily.

Real-time monitoring allows for fast optimization of reactions performed using continuous-flow processing. Here the preparation of 3-acetylcoumarin is used as an example. The apparatus for performing in-situ Raman monitoring is described, as are the steps required to optimize the reaction.

Monitoreo en tiempo real de reacciones realizadas Utilizando Procesamiento de flujo continuo: La Preparación de 3-Acetylcoumarin como ejemplo

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible ...

A Colorimetric Assay that Specifically Measures Granzyme B Proteolytic Activity: Hydrolysis of Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl

The serine protease Granzyme B (GzmB) mediates target cell apoptosis when released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) or natural killer (NK) cells. GzmB is the most studied granzyme in humans and mice and therefore, researchers need specific and reliable tools to study its function and role in pathophysiology. This especially necessitates assays that do not recognize proteases such as caspases or other granzymes that are structurally or functionally related. Here, we apply GzmB&#8217;s preference for cleavage after aspartic acid residues in a colorimetric assay using the peptide thioester Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl. GzmB is the only mammalian serine protease capable of cleaving this substrate. The substrate is cleaved with similar efficiency by human, mouse and rat GzmB, a property not shared by other commercially available peptide substrates, even some that are advertised as being suitable for this purpose. This protocol is demonstrated using unfractionated lysates from activated NK cells or CTL and is also suitable for recombinant proteases generated in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, provided the correct controls are used. This assay is a highly specific method to ascertain the potential pro-apoptotic activity of cytotoxic molecules in mammalian lymphocytes, and of their recombinant counterparts expressed by a variety of methodologies.

We describe a simple, quantitative colorimetric assay that specifically measures the proteolytic activity of human, mouse or rat Granzyme B (GzmB). This protocol can be easily adapted for determining protease activity of other granule serine proteases by the hydrolysis of other synthetic peptide substrates with an appropriate recognition sequence.

Un ensayo colorimétrico que mide específicamente granzima B actividad proteolítica: La hidrólisis de Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl

The serine protease Granzyme B (GzmB) mediates target cell apoptosis when released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) or natural killer (NK) cells. GzmB is ...

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales, where interfacial tension is a dominant force. A variety of methods exist for controlling the interfacial tension of aqueous and organic liquids on this scale; however, these techniques have limited utility for liquid metals due to their large interfacial tension.
Liquid metals can form soft, stretchable, and shape-reconfigurable components in electronic and electromagnetic devices. Although it is possible to manipulate these fluids via mechanical methods (e.g., pumping), electrical methods are easier to miniaturize, control, and implement. However, most electrical techniques have their own constraints: electrowetting-on-dielectric requires large (kV) potentials for modest actuation, electrocapillarity can affect relatively small changes in the interfacial tension, and continuous electrowetting is limited to plugs of the liquid metal in capillaries.
Here, we present a method for actuating gallium and gallium-based liquid metal alloys via an electrochemical surface reaction. Controlling the electrochemical potential on the surface of the liquid metal in electrolyte rapidly and reversibly changes the interfacial tension by over two orders of magnitude ( &#820;500 mN/m to near zero). Furthermore, this method requires only a very modest potential (&#60; 1 V) applied relative to a counter electrode. The resulting change in tension is due primarily to the electrochemical deposition of a surface oxide layer, which acts as a surfactant; removal of the oxide increases the interfacial tension, and vice versa. This technique can be applied in a wide variety of electrolytes and is independent of the substrate on which it rests.

We present a method to control the interfacial energy of a liquid metal in an electrolyte via electrochemical deposition (or removal) of a surface oxide layer. This simple method can control the capillary behavior of gallium-based liquid metals by tuning the interfacial energy rapidly, significantly, and reversibly using modest voltages.

Un método para manipular tensión superficial de un metal líquido a través de la oxidación de la superficie y Reducción

Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales, where ...

Simultaneous Measurement of HDAC1 and HDAC6 Activity in HeLa Cells Using UHPLC-MS

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since the approval of romidepsin, a class I HDAC inhibitor for cancer therapy, and the clinical investigation of HDAC6-specific inhibitors for multiple myeloma. The present method is used to determine the inhibitory activity of test compounds on HDAC1 and HDAC6 in cells. The isoform activity is measured using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis of specific substrates incubated with treated and untreated HeLa cells. The method has the advantage of reflecting the endogenous HDAC activity within the cell environment, in contrast to cell-free biochemical assays conducted on isolated isoforms. Moreover, because it is based on the quantification of synthetic substrates, the method does not require the antibody recognition of endogenous acetylated proteins. It is easily adaptable to several cell lines and an automated process. The method has already proved useful in finding HDAC6-selective compounds in neuroblasts. Representative results are shown here with the standard HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A (non-specific), MS275 (HDAC1-specific), and tubastatin A (HDAC6-specific) using HeLa cells.

The present method serves to identify isoform-specific inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in HeLa cells by the UHPLC-MS analysis of multiple substrates. This is an antibody-free method developed to reflect HDAC1 and HDAC6 activity in the living cell environment, in contrast to single-isoform cell-free assays.

Medición simultánea de HDAC1 y HDAC6 actividad en HeLa células usando UHPLC-MS

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three preparation methods are described: (a) the incorporation of metal salts into silica or alumina wet gels using an impregnation method; (b) the incorporation of metal salts into alumina wet gels using a co-precursor method; and (c) the addition of metal nanoparticles directly into a silica aerogel precursor mixture. The methods utilize a hydraulic hot press, which allows for rapid (&#60;6 h) supercritical extraction and results in aerogels of low density (0.10 g/mL) and high surface area (200-800 m2/g). While the work presented here focuses on the use of copper salts and copper nanoparticles, the approach can be implemented using other metal salts and nanoparticles. A protocol for testing the three-way catalytic ability of these aerogels for automotive pollution mitigation is also presented. This technique uses custom-built equipment, the Union Catalytic Testbed (UCAT), in which a simulated exhaust mixture is passed over an aerogel sample at a controlled temperature and flow rate. The system is capable of measuring the ability of the catalytic aerogels, under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, to convert CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) to less harmful species (CO2, H2O and N2). Example catalytic results are presented for the aerogels described.

Here we present protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms. Methods for preparing materials using copper salts and copper-containing nanoparticles are featured. Catalytic testing protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of these aerogels for three-way catalysis applications.

Fabricación y pruebas de Aerogels catalíticos preparados vía rápida extracción supercrítica

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Synthesis of Substrate-Bound Au Nanowires Via an Active Surface Growth Mechanism

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a challenge, as it requires asymmetric growth of symmetric crystals. Here, we report a distinctive synthesis of substrate-bound Au nanowires. This template-free synthesis employs thiolated ligands and substrate adsorption to achieve the continuous asymmetric deposition of Au in solution at ambient conditions. The thiolated ligand prevented the Au deposition on the exposed surface of the seeds, so the Au deposition only occurs at the interface between the Au seeds and the substrate. The side of the newly deposited Au nanowires is immediately covered with the thiolated ligand, while the bottom facing the substrate remains ligand-free and active for the next round of Au deposition. We further demonstrate that this Au nanowire growth can be induced on various substrates, and different thiolated ligands can be used to regulate the surface chemistry of the nanowires. The diameter of the nanowires can also be controlled with mixed ligands, in which another &#34;bad&#34; ligand could turn on the lateral growth. With the understanding of the mechanism, Au nanowire-based nanostructures can be designed and synthesized.

We report a solution-based method to synthesize substrate-bound Au nanowires. By tuning the molecular ligands used during the synthesis, the Au nanowires can be grown from various substrates with different surface properties. Au nanowire-based nanostructures can also be synthesized by adjusting the reaction parameters.

Síntesis de nanocables de Au sustrato enlazado mediante un mecanismo activo crecimiento superficial

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a ...

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

The Steglich esterification is a widely-used reaction for the synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols. While efficient and mild, the reaction is commonly performed using chlorinated or amide solvent systems, which are hazardous to human health and the environment. Our methodology utilizes acetonitrile as a greener and less hazardous solvent system. This protocol exhibits rates and yields that are comparable to traditional solvent systems and employs an extraction and wash sequence that eliminates the need for the purification of the ester product via column chromatography. This general method can be used to couple a variety of carboxylic acids with 1&#176; and 2&#176; aliphatic alcohols, benzylic and allylic alcohols, and phenols to obtain pure esters in high yields. The goal of the protocol detailed here is to provide a greener alternative to a common esterification reaction, which could serve useful for ester synthesis in both academic and industrial applications.

A modified Steglich esterification reaction was used to synthesize a small library of ester derivatives with primary and secondary alcohols. The methodology uses a non-halogenated and greener solvent, acetonitrile, and enables product isolation in high yields without the need for chromatographic purification.

Síntesis de ésteres mediante una esterificación Steglich más verde en acetonitrilo

The Steglich esterification is a widely-used reaction for the synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols. While efficient and mild, the ...

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

NMR spectroscopy is often used for the identification and characterization of enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery, particularly in the context of fragment screening. NMR-based activity assays are ideally suited to work at the higher concentrations of test compounds required to detect these weaker inhibitors. The dynamic range and chemical shift dispersion in an NMR experiment can easily resolve resonances from substrate, product, and test compounds. This contrasts with spectrophotometric assays, in which read-out interference problems often arise from compounds with overlapping UV-vis absorption profiles. In addition, since they lack reporter enzymes, the single-enzyme NMR assays are not prone to coupled-assay false positives. This attribute makes them useful as orthogonal assays, complementing traditional high throughput screening assays and benchtop triage assays. Detailed protocols are provided for initial compound assays at 500 &#956;M and 250 &#956;M, dose-response assays for determining IC50 values, detergent counter screen assays, jump-dilution counter screen assays, and assays in E. coli whole cells. The methods are demonstrated using two nucleoside ribohydrolase enzymes. The use of 1H NMR is shown for the purine-specific enzyme, while 19F NMR is shown for the pyrimidine-specific enzyme. The protocols are generally applicable to any enzyme where substrate and product resonances can be observed and distinguished by NMR spectroscopy. To be the most useful in the context of drug discovery, the final concentration of substrate should be no more than 2-3x its Km value. The choice of NMR experiment depends on the enzyme reaction and substrates available as well as available NMR instrumentation.

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

NMR-based activity assays have been developed to identify and characterize inhibitors of two nucleoside ribohydrolase enzymes. Protocols are provided for initial compound assays at 500 &#956;M and 250 &#956;M, dose-response assays for determining IC50 values, detergent counter screen assays, jump-dilution counter screen assays, and assays in E. coli whole cells.

Ensayos de actividad basados en RMN para determinar la inhibición compuesta, valores IC50, actividad artifefectiva y actividad de células enteras de ribohidrolasas de nucleósidos

NMR spectroscopy is often used for the identification and characterization of enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery, particularly in the context of fragment ...