This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

El protocolo sigue las directrices de nuestro comité de instituciones de ética de la investigación humana. Capa de donantes humanos sanos Buffy se obtuvieron de la Transfusión de Sangre del Centro Regional (Lille, Francia). Las muestras obtenidas de las capas leucocitarias se declaran como una colección Inserm (n ° DC2010-1209). 1. Material y Cultura Preparación de Medios <ol><li> Diluir 10 veces de tampón fosfato salino (PBS) en agua destilada estéril para obtener PBS 1x. </li><li> Hacer RPMI 1640 suplementado con gentamicina (40 mg / ml) y L-glutamina (2 mM), con y sin 10% de suero humano agrupado. </li></ol> 2. Los cultivos primarios de macrófagos derivados de monocitos (MDM) <ol><li> Diluir buffycoat (25 ml) con 1x PBS. Coloque con cuidado en un / tubo Leucosep Ficoll y se centrifuga a 1600 xg durante 20 min, a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Recoge los monocitos en la interfaz en un nuevo tubo. Lavar 3 veces con 10 ml de PBS 1X que contiene 0,1% etilendiaminotetraacéticoácido acético (EDTA) por centrifugaciones sucesivas a 1000 xg, 370 xg y 160 xg durante 10 min cada uno, y luego una vez en 1X PBS solo a 160 xg durante 10 min. </li><li> Resuspender el sedimento celular en 5 ml de medio RPMI-1640 sin suero y sembrar las células en placas de 35 mm a una densidad de 1 x 10 6 células por plato. </li><li> Después de la sedimentación durante 90 min en la incubadora, descartar el sobrenadante que contiene las células no adherentes. Lavar las células adherentes, que consiste en monocitos, 3x con 1 ml de PBS; a continuación, añadir 1 ml de medio fresco que contiene 10% (v / v) de suero humano a las células previamente libres de suero. </li><li> Después de 6 días de cultivo, para producir los macrófagos diferenciados alternativos (M2), añadir recombinante humano IL-4 (15 ng / ml) y mantener durante 6 días. A continuación, tratar macrófagos diferenciados con lipopolisacárido (100 ng / ml) en el día 12 durante 4 horas para obtener los macrófagos M1. </li></ol> 3. Extracción de M1 y M2 macrófagos Proteínas de electroforesis 2D <ol><li> Lave macrophedades tres veces con 25 mM Tris, pH 7,4, y desechos en tampón que contenía 30 mM Tris pH 8, 4% 3 - [(3-colamidopropil) dimetilamonio] -1-propanosulfonato (CHAPS), 2 M tiourea y 7 M urea. </li><li> Lyse células utilizando un mezclador adecuado para tubos de 1,5 ml de microcentrífuga durante 5 min en hielo y se almacena a -20 ° C. </li><li> Determinar la concentración de proteína usando un reactivo de Bradford comercial. Almacenar 100 ml de alícuotas de las proteínas a -20 ° C hasta su uso. </li></ol> 4. isoelectroenfoque NOTA: Lleve a cabo todos los procedimientos de etiquetado en la oscuridad. <ol><li> Reducir 5 g de cada muestra (M1 y M2 macrófagos) ajustado a 9 l con tampón de lisis con 2 mM de Tris (2-carboxietil) fosfina (TCEP) durante 1 hora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Añadir cianina 3 (Cy3) para extraer M1 y el extracto de colorante reactivo sulfhidrilo M2 a una concentración de 0,8 de proteína / g nM. Añadir cianina 5 (Cy5) para M1 y M2 extrae a una concentración de 0,8 nM de proteína / g e incubardurante 30 min a 37 ° C. </li><li> Detener la reacción con la adición de un volumen igual de tampón de muestra que contiene 7 M urea, 2 M tiourea, 4% de CHAPS, ditiotreitol 130 mM (DTT) y 2% pharmalytes. </li><li> Mix Cy3-etiquetados muestras M1 M2 con muestras marcadas con Cy5 en una mano y Cy3-etiquetados muestras M2 con muestras M1 etiquetados con Cy5 en otra parte. </li><li> Rehidratar un gradiente de pH inmovilizado (IPG) tira (240 mM, pH 3-10 gradiente lineal) con 450 l de muestras mezcladas marcadas en tampón que contenía 7 M urea, 2 M de tiourea y 4% de CHAPS en un sistema de células de enfoque isoeléctrico (IEF) durante 24 horas sin aplicar ninguna corriente. </li><li> Realizar el enfoque a 300 voltios (V) durante 3 horas, y luego en un gradiente a 1000 V durante 6 horas, en un gradiente a 8000 V durante 3 horas y finalmente a 8000 V durante 3 horas. </li></ol> 5. segunda dimensión NOTA: Lleve a cabo todos los procedimientos de electroforesis en la oscuridad. <ol><li> Incubar las tiras IPG en tampón de equilibrio contienening 0,1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 6 M urea, 2% (w / v) de dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS) y 30% (v / v) de glicerol durante 10 min. </li><li> Transferencia de las tiras IPG equilibradas para la segunda dimensión (electroforesis en gel de SDS-poliacrilamida (PAGE)) en 12,5% en geles de PAGE y sellar con bajo punto de fusión de agarosa. </li><li> Llevar a cabo la electroforesis a 20 ° C utilizando un sistema Ettan-Daltsix a un voltaje constante de 70 V durante la noche seguido por 300 V hasta que el azul de bromofenol frontal alcanza la parte inferior del gel. </li></ol> Análisis Adquisición y bioinformático 6. Imagen <ol><li> Geles de exploración emitidos entre las dos placas de vidrio de baja fluorescencia con un escáner DIGE Imager en longitudes de onda de excitación / emisión de 532/580 nm para Cy3 y 633/670 nm para Cy5 para producir imágenes con un tamaño de píxel de 100 micras. </li><li> Realizar análisis de imágenes con software comercial como se detalla anteriormente 12. </li><li> Calcular y normalizar los volúmenes puntuales en cada imagen. Asigne un volumen normalizado lugar como apoyoortion del valor total de cada mancha detectada en el gel. </li><li> Analizar las diferencias de volúmenes disponibles para cada tipo de proteína de los macrófagos mediante la comparación del valor de volumen normalizado punto entre los dos grupos (M1 y M2). Tenga en cuenta la diferencia entre los volúmenes disponibles para ser significativo si el cambio es de 1,5 veces (p &lt;0,05, de un solo sentido el análisis de ANOVA). </li></ol>

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There are no declared conflict of interest.

El protocolo se describe en el presente documento detalla un método para analizar el impacto de diversos estímulos de los dos subtipos de macrófagos, M1 (pro-inflamatoria) y M2 (anti-inflamatorio). Los cultivos primarios de macrófagos M1 y M2 se obtuvieron de la diferenciación de los monocitos según lo publicado previamente 7. El procedimiento de la electroforesis en gel 2D DIGE requiere materiales y equipos especializados, tales como células IEF para placas isoelectroenfoq...

Los macrófagos son células heterogéneas y de plástico que son capaces de adquirir fenotipos funcionales distintos. In vivo, estas células responden a una gran variedad de signalssuch ambiental micro como productos microbianos, citoquinas, etc. 1. In vitro, el fenotipo pro-inflamatoria (M1) de macrófagos puede ser inducida por lipopolisacárido (LPS) y el fenotipo anti-inflamatoria (M2) por algunas citoquinas tales como la interleuquina-4 (IL-4). Además, los macrófagos pueden cambiar de un M1 a M2 fenotipo activado, y por el contrario, de las señales específicas 2. Dependiendo del fenotipo, macrófagos tendrán diferentes funciones. Macrófagos M1 son células que producen citoquinas pro-inflamatorias, como el factor de necrosis tumoral α (TNF-α), para matar microorganismos o células tumorales 3. En contraste, los macrófagos M2 prevenir estas respuesta inflamatoria como en la curación de heridas y la fibrosis mediante la producción de anti-inflammatorY factores tales como TGF-β 3,4. Células mononucleares de sangre periférica humanos de donantes sanos se aislaron por centrifugación en gradiente de densidad Ficoll como se describió anteriormente 5 utilizando una técnica adaptada de Boyum 6. Los macrófagos en cultivo pueden diferenciarse en M1 o M2 fenotipo después de 6 días de cultivo primaria 7. Análisis de la expresión de proteínas o cambios en las proteínas entre los dos subtipos de macrófagos en virtud de diversos estímulos controlados, tales como la patogenicidad de host o toxinas microbianas, será útil para descifrar la funcionalidad de la pro- y anti-macrófagos inflamatorios. Proteómica son herramientas únicas para la supervisión directa de las proteínas que son específicamente altura o hacia abajo-regulada en los macrófagos humanos cultivados bajo diferentes estímulos. Los tintes fluorescentes han resuelto algunas de las limitaciones de la electroforesis en gel de 2D, tales como una baja sensibilidad y análisis de imagen 8 &lt;<html> / Sup&gt;. Los colorantes que reaccionan con residuos de cisteína han aumentado la sensibilidad de detección en comparación con los reaccionar con residuos de lisina 9. En un estudio anterior, hemos demostrado la utilidad del etiquetado saturación DIGE para el análisis de los escasos 10 muestras en comparación con el teñido de plata clásica electroforesis 2D 11. Esta tecnología es útil para analizar rápidamente modificaciones de la proteína entre los dos subtipos de macrófagos o entre los macrófagos no tratados y tratados del mismo subtipo. Las ventajas de esta técnica proteómica están teniendo acceso a la información de tamaño de la proteína y las modificaciones posteriores a la traducción mediante el análisis del gel 2D 12. Debe tenerse en cuenta que esta no es una técnica de alto rendimiento, lo que limita el número de muestras que se pueden analizar. El desarrollo de ensayos de alto rendimiento basados ​​en espectrometría de masas como revisado recientemente 13 puede mejorar esto. _content &quot;&gt; Aquí presentamos cómo realizar análisis DIGE 2D a partir de la extracción de proteínas de los macrófagos en cultivo a través de los procesos de electroforesis, isoelectroenfoque y SDS-PAGE, así como información sobre la utilidad de software 2D adecuada.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="472">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:C43">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31870-074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBX 10 X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">L-glutamine-200mM-100X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">gentamycin 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">human serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>34005100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ficoll d=1,077</td>
			<td>ATGC</td>
			<td>L6115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Leucosep</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>16760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">&#160;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353846</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IL-4</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>B-61410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>48900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">EDTA MM372,2</td>
			<td>Research Organics&#160;</td>
			<td>3.00E+01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Filter 0,22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPTORE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ur&#233;e</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>108484-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Thiour&#233;e</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">APS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Pharmalytes 3-10</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Acrylamide 40%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Dim&#233;thylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Para realizar el análisis proteómico diferencial apropiado, el procesamiento de las muestras para ser analizadas debe ser verificada. En el ejemplo presentado, la calidad de cultivo celular de los macrófagos se requiere para los aspectos morfológicos y moleculares según lo publicado previamente 5. La diferenciación de los monocitos en macrófagos y la homogeneidad de la cultura fue seguido por microscopía de fase. Figura 1 mostró un ejemplo de cultivos pri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Proteómico de perfiles de los macrófagos por electroforesis 2D

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.5K vistas.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Video: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

El agotamiento y la reconstitución de los macrófagos en ratones

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

Aislamiento de monocitos humanos por doble centrifugación en gradiente y su diferenciación a macrófagos en Bolsos Cultivo Celular recubiertos de teflón

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

El uso de<em&gt; Flexneri Shigella</em&gt; Para estudiar las interacciones Autophagy Citoesqueleto

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

La evaluación de la actividad anti-fúngica de aislados macrófagos alveolares por microscopía confocal

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

La transfección altamente eficiente de humanos THP-1 macrófagos por Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

Cuantificación de Citosólica vs. Vacuolar<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; En macrófagos primarios por permeabilización diferencial

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Caracterización fenotípica de los macrófagos a partir de riñón de rata por Citometría de Flujo

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

SILAC basada en proteómica Caracterización de exosomas del VIH-1 en células infectadas

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Aislamiento, caracterización y purificación de los macrófagos de los tejidos afectados por la inflamación relacionados con la obesidad

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

Análisis de microglia y macrófagos derivados de monocitos del sistema nervioso central por citometría de flujo

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...