This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

이 프로토콜은 우리의 기관 인간 연구 윤리위원회의 지침을 따른다. 건강한 사람의 기증자 버피 코트는 지역 수혈 센터 (릴, 프랑스)에서 얻었다. 버피 코트에서 얻은 샘플은 INSERM 컬렉션 (N ° DC2010-1209)로 선언됩니다. 1. 재료 및 문화 미디어 준비 <ol><li> 1X PBS을 얻었다 멸균 증류수에 10 배의 인산 완충액 식염수 (PBS)에 희석. </li><li> 와 10 % 풀링 된 인간 혈청이없는 겐타 마이신 (40 ㎍ / ㎖) 및 L- 글루타민 (2 mM)을 보충 RPMI 1640 배지를 확인합니다. </li></ol> 단핵구 유래 대 식세포의 2 차 문화 (MDM) <ol><li> 1X PBS와 buffycoat (25 ml)로 희석. 조심스럽게 실온에서 20 분 동안 1,600 XG에 피콜 / leucosep 튜브와 원심 분리기에로드. </li><li> 새로운 튜브로 계면에서 단핵 세포를 수집합니다. 10 ml의 씻을 배는 PBS는 0.1 %의 에틸렌 디아민을 포함 1X1000 XG, 370 XG에 10 분간 각각 160 XG 다음 번 1X PBS 단독 160 XG에 10 분 동안의 연속적인 회 원심 의해 아세트산 (EDTA). </li><li> 혈청 않고 5 ml의 RPMI-1640 배지에서 세포 펠렛을 재현 탁하고 접시 당 1 × 106 세포의 밀도로 35mm 접시에서 세포를 시드. </li><li> 배양기에서 90 분 동안 침전 후 비 부착 세포를 함유하는 상층 액을 제거한다. 1 ml의 PBS로, 단핵구의 3 배를 구성, 부착 세포를 씻으십시오; 그 이전에 혈청 무료 세포에 10 %를 포함하는 새로운 배지 (v / v)의 인간 혈청 1ml를 추가합니다. </li><li> 배양 6 일 후에, 분화 된 대 식세포 대체 (M2)을 수득 재조합 인간 IL-4 (15 ng의 / ㎖)을 첨가 6 일 동안 유지한다. 그리고, M1 식세포를 수득 4 시간 동안 12 일째에 리포 폴리 사카 라이드 (100 NG / ml)로 분화 된 대 식세포를 치료. </li></ol> 2D 전기 영동을위한 M1과 M2 대식 세포 단백질의 3 추출 <ol><li> 세척 macroph나이 25 mM 트리스, 30 mM 트리스 pH를 8, 4 % 3 포함하는 버퍼의 pH 7.4, 스크랩으로 3 회 - [(3- cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio] -1- 프로판 (CHAPS), 2 M 티오 7 M 요소를. </li><li> -20 ° C에서 얼음과 상점에서 5 분 동안 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 적합한 혼합기를 사용하여 세포를 Lyse. </li><li> 상업 브래드 포드 시약을 사용하여 단백질 농도를 결정한다. 사용할 때까지 -20 ° C에서 단백질 100 ㎕ 분주을 저장합니다. </li></ol> 4. Isoelectrofocusing 참고 : 어둠 속에서 모든 라벨링 작업을 수행합니다. <ol><li> 37 ° C에서 1 시간 동안 2 mM 트리스 (2- 카복시 에틸) 포스 핀 (TCEP)에 용해 버퍼와 9 μL로 조정 각각의 샘플 (M1 및 M2 대 식세포)의 5 μg의를 줄입니다. </li><li> 0.8 nM의 / μg의 단백질 농도로 M1 및 M2 추출물의 설프 하이 드릴 - 반응성 염료 추출물 시아닌 3 (Cy3가)을 추가한다. M1로 시아닌 5 (Cy5에)를 첨가하고, M2는 0.8 nM의 / μg의 단백질 농도로 추출하여 부화37 ° C에서 30 분. </li><li> 7 M 우레아, 2 M 티오 우레아, 4 % CHAPS, 130 mM의 디티 오 트레이 톨 (DTT) 및 2 % pharmalytes 함유 시료 완충액의 동일한 부피의 첨가로 반응을 중지. </li><li> 믹스 한 손으로 Cy5에 표지 M2 샘플과 M1 샘플을 Cy3에이 표지와 다른 손에 Cy5에 표지 M1 샘플과 M2 샘플을 Cy3에이 표지. </li><li> 고정화의 pH 구배를 재수 (IPG) 스트립 (240mm, pH를 3-10 선형 구배) 7 M 우레아, 등전점에 2 M 티오 4 % CHAPS 초점을 포함하는 버퍼에 표시된 혼합 된 시료 450 μL와 (IEF) 전지 시스템 어떤 전류를 적용하지 않고 24 시간 동안. </li><li> 3 시간, 3 시간 동안 마지막으로 8,000 V 8000 V에 그라데이션에서 6 시간 동안 1,000 V에 그라데이션에서 다음 3 시간 동안 300 볼트 (V)에서 초점을 수행합니다. </li></ol> 5. 두 번째 차원 참고 : 어둠 속에서 모든 전기 작업을 수행합니다. <ol><li> 평형 완충액에서 IPG 스트립 포함 부화10 분 동안 0.1 mM 트리스 - 염산 (pH를 8), 6 M 우레아, 2 % 소듐 도데 실 설페이트 (/ V w) (SDS), 30 % (v / v) 글리세롤을 보내고. </li><li> 12.5 %의 PAGE 젤에 두 번째 차원 (SDS 폴리 아크릴 아마이드 겔 전기 영동 (PAGE))에 대한 평형 IPG 스트립을 전송하고 아가 로스 로우 - 녹는 밀봉. </li><li> 브로 모 페놀 블루 전면 겔의 바닥에 도달 할 때까지 밤새 300 V이어서 70 V의 정전압 Ettan-Daltsix 시스템을 사용하여 20 ° C에서 전기 영동을 수행. </li></ol> 6. 이미지 인식 및 바이오 인포 매틱스 분석 <ol><li> Cy5에 100 ㎛의 화소 크기로 이미지를 산출하기 위해 Cy3에 대한 580분의 532 nm 내지 670분의 633 나노 미터의 여기 / 방출 파장에서 DIGE 이미 저 스캐너 두 낮은​​ 형광 유리판 사이에 캐스팅 스캔 젤. </li><li> 이전에 (12)을 설명하는대로 상용 소프트웨어와 이미지 분석을 수행합니다. </li><li> 계산하고 각 이미지에 자리 볼륨을 정상화. 소품으로 정규화 된 자리 볼륨을 할당각 지점의 총 가치의 ortion 젤에서 검출. </li><li> 두 그룹 (M1 및 M2) 간의 정규화 스폿 볼륨 값을 비교하여 대 식세포의 각 유형에 대한 단백질 스폿 볼륨의 차이를 분석한다. 변화가 1.5 배 (p &lt;0.05, 일방향 ANOVA 분석) 인 경우 상당한 것으로 스폿 볼륨 사이의 차이를 고려한다. </li></ol>

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There are no declared conflict of interest.

본원에 기재된 프로토콜은 식세포, M1 (염증 유발)와 M2 (소염)의 두 아형의 다양한 자극의 영향을 분석하는 방법을 자세히. 이전에 7을 발표 한 M1과 M2 대 식세포의 차 문화는 단핵구의 분화에서 얻었다. 2D DIGE 겔 전기 영동 과정은를 Cy3 및 Cy5의 형광 용 스캐너 여기 / 발광 파장 두배 겔을 검사하기 위하여 SDS-PAGE 용 isoelectrofocusing 낮은 형광 플레이트 IEF 셀 같은 특수 재?...

대 식세포는 별개의 기능 표현형을 획득 할 수있는 이기종 및 플라스틱 세포이다. 생체 내,이 세포가 미생물 제품, 사이토 카인 등. 1과 마이크로 환경 signalssuch의 큰 다양성에 응답합니다. 시험관, 염증성 표현형 (M1) 대 식세포의 리포 폴리 사카 라이드 (LPS) 및 인터루킨 -4 (IL-4)와 같은 일부 사이토킨에 의해 항 염증 표현형 (M2)에 의해 유도 될 수있다. 또한, 대 식세포는 특정 신호 2에 따라, 반대로 M2 표현형에 활성화 된 M1에서 전환 할 수 있습니다. 표현형에 따라, 대 식세포는 다른 기능을해야합니다. M1 마크로파지는 미생물 또는 종양 세포 (3)를 죽이고, 종양 괴사 인자 α (TNF-α)와 같은 염증성 사이토 카인을 생산하는 세포이다. 반면, M2 식세포 안티 inflammator를 생성함으로써 상처 치유 및 섬유증과 같은 이러한 염증 반응을 방지3,4-을 TGF-β가 같은 Y 요인. 이전 Boyum 6에서 적응 기술을 사용하여 5 바와 같이 건강한 기증자로부터 인간의 말초 혈 단핵 세포를 피콜 밀도 구배 원심 분리에 의해 분리 하였다. 문화의 대 식세포는 차 문화 (7) 6 일 이후 M1 또는 M2 표현형로 분화 할 수있다. 단백질 발현 또는 숙주 병원성 미생물 또는 독소와 같은 다양한 제어되는 자극 하에서 식세포 두 아형 사이 단백질 변화 분석, 프로 및 소염 식세포의 기능을 해독하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 단백질 체학은 특히 업 또는 다양한 자극에 따라 인간 배양 된 대 식세포에서 아래로 조절되어 단백질의 직접 모니터링을위한 독특한 도구입니다. 형광 염료는 낮은 감도 및 이미지 분석 (8) 등의 2 차원 겔 전기 영동의 한계점을 해결 한 &lt;<html> / SUP&gt;. 시스테인 잔기와 반응 염료는 리신 잔기 (9)와 반응에 비해 검출 감도가 증가하고있다. 이전의 연구에서는 고전 실버 염색 2 차원 전기 영동 (11)에 비해 부족한 시료 (10)의 분석을 위해 DIGE 포화 라벨링의 유용성을 입증 하였다. 이 기술은 빠른 속도로 대 식세포의 두 하위 유형 간 또는 동일한 하위 유형에서 치료 및 치료 대식 세포 사이의 단백질 변형을 분석하는 데 도움이됩니다. 이 단백질체 기술의 장점은 2D 겔 (12)을 분석하여 단백질의 크기 및 번역 후 변형의 정보에 대한 액세스를 가지고있다. 이 분석 될 수있는 샘플의 수를 제한하는, 이것이 높은 처리량 기법 아니다 고려되어야한다. 질량 분석을 기반으로 높은 처리량 분석의 개발 검토로는 최근에 13이을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. _content &quot;&gt; 여기에서는 전기 영동 isoelectrofocusing의 과정을 통해 배양 된 대 식세포의 단백질 추출에서 2D DIGE 분석을 수행하는 방법을 제시하고, 적절한 2D 소프트웨어의 유용성에 대한 SDS-PAGE 정보뿐만 아니라.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="472">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:C43">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31870-074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBX 10 X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">L-glutamine-200mM-100X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">gentamycin 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">human serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>34005100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ficoll d=1,077</td>
			<td>ATGC</td>
			<td>L6115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Leucosep</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>16760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">&#160;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353846</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IL-4</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>B-61410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>48900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">EDTA MM372,2</td>
			<td>Research Organics&#160;</td>
			<td>3.00E+01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Filter 0,22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPTORE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ur&#233;e</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>108484-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Thiour&#233;e</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">APS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Pharmalytes 3-10</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Acrylamide 40%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Dim&#233;thylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

적절한 차동 프로테옴 분석을 수행하기 위해, 분석 할 시료의 처리를 확인해야합니다. 이전 5 공표 제시된 예에서, 대 식세포의 세포 배양 품질은 형태학 및 분자 양태 요구된다. 대 식세포에 단핵구의 분화와 문화의 동질성이 위상 현미경으로 하였다. 그림 1은 M1과 M2 대 식세포의 차 문화의 예를 보여 주었다. 도시 된 바와 같이, 우리는 M1 (그림 1A, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

2D 전기 영동에 의한 대 식세포의 프로테옴 프로파일 링

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.5K 조회수.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

비디오: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

마우스의 Macrophages의 고갈과 Reconstitution

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

인간의 두 그라데이션 원심 분리하여 단핵구와 테프론 코팅 세포 배양 가방에서 대 식세포로 분화의 분리

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

사용<em&gt; 시겔 flexneri</em&gt; 자식 작용 - 세포 뼈대의 상호 작용을 연구하는

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

공 초점 현미경으로 고립 된 폐포 대 식세포의 반대로 곰팡이 활동을 평가

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Nucleofection에 의해 인간의 THP-1 대 식세포의 고효율 형질

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

공포 성 대 세포질의 정량화<em&gt; 살모넬라</em&gt; 차동 투과성으로하여 기본 대 식세포에서

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

유동 세포 계측법에 의해 쥐의 신장에서 대 식세포의 표현형 특성

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

HIV-1에 감염된 세포에서 엑소 좀의 SILAC 기반 단백체 특성

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

절연, 특성화 및 비만 관련 염증에 의해 영향을 받는 조직에서 세포의 정화

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

유동 세포 계측법에 의한 중추 신경계에서 유래 된 대장 세포 및 단구 세포 유래 대 식세포의 분석

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...