This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

Le protocole suit les lignes directrices de notre comité des institutions d&#39;éthique de la recherche humaine. Buffy coat partir de donneurs humains sains ont été obtenus à partir de la transfusion sanguine Centre régional (Lille, France). Les échantillons obtenus à partir des couches leucocytaires sont déclarés comme une collection Inserm (n ° DC2010-1209). 1. Matériel et de la culture des médias Préparation <ol><li> Diluer 10x tampon phosphate salin (PBS) dans de l&#39;eau distillée stérile pour obtenir 1x PBS. </li><li> Faire un milieu RPMI 1640 supplémenté avec de la gentamicine (40 ug / ml) et de L-glutamine (2 mM), avec ou sans 10% de sérum humain. </li></ol> 2. Les cultures primaires de macrophages dérivés de monocytes (MDM) <ol><li> Diluer couche leucocytaire (25 ml) avec du PBS 1x. Disposer soigneusement sur un / tube et centrifuger de Leucosep Ficoll à 1600 g pendant 20 minutes, à la température ambiante. </li><li> Recueillir des monocytes à l&#39;interface dans un nouveau tube. Laver 3 fois avec 10 ml de PBS 1X contenant 0,1% d&#39;acide éthylènediamine tétraacide acétique (EDTA) par centrifugations successives à 1.000 xg, 370 xg et 160 xg pendant 10 min chacun, puis une fois dans 1 x PBS seul à 160 xg pendant 10 min. </li><li> Remettre en suspension le culot de cellules dans 5 ml de milieu RPMI-1640 sans sérum et ensemencer les cellules dans des boîtes de 35 mm à une densité de 1 x 10 6 cellules par boîte. </li><li> Après sédimentation pendant 90 minutes dans l&#39;incubateur, jeter le surnageant contenant les cellules non adhérentes. Laver les cellules adhérentes, comprenant des monocytes, 3 fois avec 1 ml de PBS; puis ajouter 1 ml de milieu frais contenant 10% (v / v) de sérum humain à des cellules libres sériques précédemment. </li><li> Après 6 jours de culture, les macrophages différenciés pour donner alternatifs (M2), ajouter recombinant humain de l&#39;IL-4 (15 ng / ml) et maintenir pendant 6 jours. Ensuite, traiter les macrophages différenciés avec un lipopolysaccharide (100 ng / ml) au jour 12 pendant 4 heures pour obtenir les macrophages M1. </li></ol> 3. Extraction de M1 et M2 des macrophages protéines pour électrophorèse 2D <ol><li> Laver macrophtrois fois à l&#39;âge mM de Tris, pH 7,4, et la ferraille dans un tampon contenant 30 mM Tris pH 8, 4% 25 3 - [(3-cholamidopropyl) diméthylammonio] -1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), thiourée 2 M et 7 M d&#39;urée. </li><li> Lyse des cellules en utilisant un mélangeur approprié pour tubes de 1,5 ml à centrifuger pendant 5 min dans la glace et conserver à -20 ° C. </li><li> Déterminer la concentration de protéine en utilisant un réactif de Bradford commercial. Stocker des aliquotes de 100 ul des protéines à -20 ° C jusqu&#39;à utilisation. </li></ol> 4. isoélectrofocalisation REMARQUE: Effectuer toutes les procédures d&#39;étiquetage dans l&#39;obscurité. <ol><li> Réduire 5 pg de chaque échantillon (macrophages M1 et M2) ajusté à 9 ul avec du tampon de lyse avec du Tris 2 mM (2-carboxyéthyl) phosphine (TCEP) pendant 1 heure à 37 ° C. </li><li> Ajouter cyanine 3 (Cy3) extrait de M1 et M2 extrait de colorant réactif sulfhydryle à une concentration de 0,8 nM de protéine / ug. Ajouter cyanine 5 (Cy5) pour M1 et M2 extrait à une concentration de 0,8 nM / pg de protéine et incuberpendant 30 min à 37 ° C. </li><li> Arrêter la réaction avec l&#39;addition d&#39;un volume égal de tampon d&#39;échantillon contenant 7 M d&#39;urée, thiourée 2 M, 4% de CHAPS, 130 mM de dithiothréitol (DTT) et 2% pharmalytes. </li><li> Mix Cy3 marqué échantillons M1 M2 avec des échantillons Cy5 dans une main et marqué au Cy3 échantillons M2 avec des échantillons M1 Cy5 dans une autre main. </li><li> Réhydrater un gradient de pH immobilisé (IPG) bande (240 mm, pH 3-10 gradient linéaire) avec 450 ul d&#39;échantillons mixtes marqués dans un tampon contenant 7 M d&#39;urée, 2 M thiourée et 4% de CHAPS sur une focalisation isoélectrique (IEF) système de pile pendant 24 heures sans appliquer de courant. </li><li> Effectuer concentrer à 300 volts (V) pendant 3 heures, puis à un gradient de 1000 V pendant 6 heures, à un gradient de 8000 V pendant 3 heures et enfin à 8000 V pendant 3 heures. </li></ol> 5. Deuxième Dimension REMARQUE: Effectuer toutes les procédures d&#39;électrophorèse dans l&#39;obscurité. <ol><li> Incuber les bandes IPG dans un tampon d&#39;équilibration contiennenttion de 0,1 mM de Tris-HCl (pH 8), 6 M d&#39;urée, 2% (p / v) de dodécylsulfate de sodium (SDS) et 30% (v / v) de glycerol pendant 10 min. </li><li> Transférer les bandes IPG équilibrée pendant la seconde dimension (électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide-SDS (PAGE)) sur 12,5% de gels de PAGE et d&#39;assurer l&#39;étanchéité avec l&#39;agarose bas point de fusion. </li><li> Effectuer l&#39;électrophorèse à 20 ° C en utilisant un système Ettan-Daltsix à une tension constante de 70 V pendant la nuit, suivie par 300 V jusqu&#39;à ce que le front de bleu de bromophénol atteigne le fond du gel. </li></ol> 6. Acquisition d&#39;image et en bioinformatique analyse <ol><li> Des gels d&#39;analyse exprimés entre les deux plaques de verre à faible fluorescence avec un scanner Imager DIGE aux longueurs d&#39;onde d&#39;excitation / émission de 532/580 nm pour Cy3 et Cy5 633/670 nm pour pour donner des images avec une taille de pixel de 100 um. </li><li> Effectuer l&#39;analyse d&#39;image avec un logiciel commercial comme détaillé précédemment 12. </li><li> Calculer et normaliser des volumes au comptant dans chaque image. Attribuer un volume de place normalisée comme un accessoireortion de la valeur totale de chaque spot détecté dans le gel. </li><li> Analyser les différences de volumes au comptant de protéines pour chaque type de macrophages en comparant la valeur du volume de place normalisée entre les deux groupes (M1 et M2). Considérez la différence entre les volumes au comptant à être importante si le changement est 1,5 fois (p &lt;0,05, à sens unique analyse ANOVA). </li></ol>

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There are no declared conflict of interest.

Le protocole décrit ici en détail une méthode pour analyser l&#39;impact de divers stimuli des deux sous-types de macrophages, M1 (pro-inflammatoire) et M2 (anti-inflammatoire). Des cultures primaires de macrophages M1 et M2 ont été obtenus à partir de la différenciation de monocytes comme précédemment publié 7. La procédure de l&#39;électrophorèse sur gel 2D DIGE nécessite des matériaux et d&#39;équipements spécialisés, tels que les cellules IEF pour plaques iso...

Les macrophages sont des cellules hétérogènes et plastiques qui sont capables d&#39;acquérir des phénotypes fonctionnels distincts. In vivo, ces cellules répondent à une grande variété de micro signalssuch l&#39;environnement comme les produits microbiens, des cytokines, etc. 1. In vitro, le phénotype pro-inflammatoire (M1) de macrophages peut être induite par le lipopolysaccharide (LPS) et le phénotype anti-inflammatoire (M2) par des cytokines telles que l&#39;interleukine-4 (IL-4). En outre, les macrophages peuvent passer d&#39;un M1 à M2 phénotype activé, et inversement, sur des signaux spécifiques 2. En fonction du phénotype, les macrophages ont différentes fonctions. M1 macrophages sont des cellules qui produisent des cytokines pro-inflammatoires, telles que le facteur de nécrose tumorale α (TNF-α), afin de tuer des micro-organismes ou des cellules tumorales 3. En revanche, les macrophages M2 empêcher ces réponse inflammatoire comme dans la cicatrisation des plaies et de la fibrose en produisant des anti-inflammatorfacteurs y tels que TGF-β 3,4. Des cellules mononucléaires de sang périphérique humain provenant de donneurs sains ont été isolées par gradient de densité Ficoll centrifugation comme décrit précédemment en utilisant 5 une technique adaptée de Boyum 6. Macrophages en culture peuvent être différenciées en M1 ou M2 phénotype après 6 jours de culture primaire 7. Analyse de l&#39;expression des protéines ou des changements de protéines entre les deux sous-types de macrophages en vertu de divers stimuli contrôlés, tels que la pathogénicité d&#39;accueil ou les toxines microbiennes, sera utile pour déchiffrer la fonctionnalité du pro- et anti-inflammatoires des macrophages. Protéomique sont des outils uniques pour la surveillance directe de protéines qui sont spécifiquement en amont ou en réglementés dans les macrophages humains cultivés en vertu de divers stimuli. Les colorants fluorescents ont résolu certaines des limitations de l&#39;électrophorèse sur gel 2D, tels que la faible sensibilité et l&#39;analyse d&#39;image 8 &lt;<html> / Sup&gt;. Les colorants qui réagissent avec les résidus de cysteine ​​ont augmenté la sensibilité de détection par rapport à ceux faisant réagir avec des résidus de lysine 9. Dans une étude précédente, nous avons démontré l&#39;utilité de l&#39;étiquetage DIGE de saturation pour l&#39;analyse des échantillons rares 10 par rapport à la coloration à l&#39;argent classique 2D électrophorèse 11. Cette technologie est utile pour analyser rapidement des modifications de protéines entre les deux sous-types de macrophages ou entre macrophages traités et non traités de la même sous-type. Les avantages de cette technique sont protéomique avoir accès à l&#39;information de la taille de la protéine et des modifications post-traductionnelles en analysant le gel 2D 12. Il doit être pris en compte que ce pas est une technique à haut débit, ce qui limite le nombre d&#39;échantillons pouvant être analysés. Le développement de tests à haut débit basés sur la spectrométrie de masse tel que revu récemment 13 peut améliorer cette situation. _content &quot;&gt; Ici, nous présentons comment effectuer l&#39;analyse 2D DIGE de l&#39;extraction de la protéine des macrophages en culture dans les processus de l&#39;électrophorèse, isoélectrofocalisation, et SDS-PAGE ainsi que des informations sur l&#39;utilité des logiciels 2D adéquate.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="472">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:C43">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31870-074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBX 10 X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">L-glutamine-200mM-100X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">gentamycin 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">human serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>34005100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ficoll d=1,077</td>
			<td>ATGC</td>
			<td>L6115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Leucosep</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>16760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">&#160;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353846</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IL-4</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>B-61410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>48900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">EDTA MM372,2</td>
			<td>Research Organics&#160;</td>
			<td>3.00E+01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Filter 0,22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPTORE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ur&#233;e</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>108484-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Thiour&#233;e</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">APS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Pharmalytes 3-10</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Acrylamide 40%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Dim&#233;thylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Pour effectuer l&#39;analyse protéomique différentielle appropriée, le traitement des échantillons à analyser doivent être vérifiées. Dans l&#39;exemple présenté, la qualité de macrophages de culture de cellules est requis pour les aspects morphologiques et moléculaires comme précédemment publiée 5. La différenciation des monocytes en macrophages et l&#39;homogénéité de la culture a été suivie par microscopie de phase. La figure 1 a montré un...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Protéomique profilage des macrophages par électrophorèse 2D

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.5K vues.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Vidéo: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

L&#39;épuisement et la reconstitution des macrophages chez la souris

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is the complex and tightly regulated process during which a nascent phagosome undergoes drastic transformation through well-orchestrated interactions with various cellular organelles and compartments in the cytoplasm. This process, which is essential for the physiological function of phagocytic cells by endowing phagosomes with their lytic and bactericidal properties, culminates in fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes and biogenesis of phagolysosomes which is considered to be the last and critical stage of maturation for phagosomes. In this report, we describe a live cell imaging based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamic process of lysosome to phagosome content delivery, which is a hallmark of phagolysosome biogenesis. This approach uses IgG-coated microbeads as a model for phagocytosis and fluorophore-conjugated dextran molecules as a luminal lysosomal cargo probe, in order to follow the dynamic delivery of lysosmal content to the phagosomes in real time in live macrophages using time-lapse imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here we describe in detail the background, the preparation steps and the step-by-step experimental setup to enable easy and precise deployment of this method in other labs. Our described method is simple, robust, and most importantly, can be easily adapted to study phagosomal interactions and maturation in different systems and under various experimental settings such as use of various phagocytic cells types, loss-of-function experiments, different probes, and phagocytic particles.

Étude de phagolysosome biogenèse dans les macrophages en direct

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

Isolement des monocytes humains par double centrifugation en gradient et leur différenciation en macrophages en téflon de culture cellulaire Sacs

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

Utilisation d&#39;<em&gt; Shigella flexneri</em&gt; Pour étudier les interactions de l&#39;autophagie cytosquelette

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

Évaluation de l&#39;activité anti-fongique isolé macrophages alvéolaires par microscopie confocale

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

La transfection très efficace des droits de THP-1 par les macrophages nucléofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

Quantification des cytosolique vs Vacuolar<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; Dans les macrophages primaires par différentiel Perméabilisation

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Caractérisation phénotypique des macrophages du Rat Kidney par cytométrie de flux

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Isolement, caractérisation et Purification des Macrophages dans les tissus touchés par l’Inflammation associées à l’obésité

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

Analyse de la microglie et des macrophages dérivés de monocytes du système nerveux central par cytométrie de flux

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...