This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

プロトコルは、私たちの機関人間研究倫理委員会のガイドラインに従っています。健康なヒトのドナーからのバフィーコートは、地域輸血センター（リール、フランス）から入手した。軟膜から得られた試​​料は、INSERMコレクション（N°DC2010-1209）として宣言されています。 1.材料と文化メディアの準備<ol><li> 1×PBSを取得するために滅菌蒸留水に10×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で希釈する。 </li><li>とし、10％のプールしたヒト血清を含まないゲンタマイシン（40μg/ ml）を、およびL-グルタミン（2mM）を補充したRPMI 1640培地を加える。 </li></ol>単球由来マクロファージの2.初代培養（MDM） <ol><li> 1×PBSで軟膜（25ml）で希釈する。慎重に、室温で、20分間1600×gでフィコール/ leucosepチューブと遠心分離機にロードします。 </li><li>新しいチューブに界面での単球を収集します。 10mlで3回洗浄をPB​​S、0.1％のエチレンジアミンを含有する1X入れ、1,000×g、370×gで10分間ごとに、160×gで、かつ一旦1×PBS中で、単独で160×gで10分間での連続遠心分離によって酢酸（EDTA）。 </li><li>血清を含まない5ミリリットルRPMI-1640培地中で細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、皿あたり1×10 6細胞の密度で35mm皿中の細胞を播種する。 </li><li>インキュベーター内で90分間沈降した後、非接着細胞を含む上清を捨てる。 、単球からなる、1mlのPBSで3回接着細胞を洗浄。その後、以前に無血清の細胞の10％を含む新鮮培地1ml（v / v）のヒト血清を加える。 </li><li>培養6日後に、代替的な分化したマクロファージ（M2）を得た組換えヒトIL-4（15 ngの/ ml）を追加し、6日間維持する。その後、M1マクロファージを得るために4時間12日目（100 ng / ml）を、リポ多糖で分化したマクロファージを治療する。 </li></ol> 2D電気泳動用のM1およびM2マクロファージタンパク質の3.抽出<ol><li>ウォッシュmacroph年齢25 mMトリス、30 mMトリスpHが8,4％3を含む緩衝液中でpH7.4で、スクラップで三回 - [（3-コールアミドプロピル）ジメチルアンモニオ] -1-プロパンスルホネート（CHAPS）、2 Mチオ尿素および7 M尿素。 </li><li> -20℃で氷とストア内で5分間1.5ミリリットルマイクロチューブに適しミキサーを使用して細胞を溶解する。 </li><li>商業Bradford試薬を用いてタンパク質濃度を決定する。使用するまで-20℃でタンパク質の100μlのアリコートに保管してください。 </li></ol> 4.等電点電気泳動注：暗闇の中で、すべてのラベリングの手順を実行します。 <ol><li> 37℃で1時間、2 mMのトリス（2-カルボキシエチル）ホスフィン（TCEP）を溶解緩衝液で9μlに調整した各サンプル（M1およびM2マクロファージ）を5μgを減らす。 </li><li> 0.8 nMの/μgタンパク質の濃度M1抽出物及びM2のスルフヒドリル反応性染料抽出物、シアニン3（Cy3標識）を加える。 M1にシアニン5（Cy5の）を追加し、M2は0.8 NM /μgタンパク質の濃度で抽出し、インキュベート37℃で30分間インキュベートした。 </li><li> 7 M尿素を含む試料緩衝液の等容量を添加して反応を停止し、2 Mチオ尿素、4％CHAPS、130mMのジチオスレイトール（DTT）および2％pharmalytes。 </li><li>ミックス片手でCy5標識M2サンプルとM1サンプルをCy3標識は標識し、別の手でCy5標識M1サンプルとM2サンプルをCy3標識は標識。 </li><li> 7 M尿素を含むバッファー中の標識混合試料450μlの、等電点電気泳動（IEF）電池システム上の2 Mチオ尿素、4％CHAPSで固定化pH勾配（IPG）ストリップ（240ミリメートル、pHが3-10直線勾配）を再水和任意の電流を印加せずに24時間。 </li><li> 3時間と3時間最終的に8,000 V 8,000 Vまでの勾配で、6時間1,000 Vまでの勾配で、その後3時間300ボルト（V）でフォーカシングを行う、と。 </li></ol> 5.第二次元注：暗闇の中ですべての電気泳動手順を実行します。 <ol><li>平衡化緩衝液でIPGストリップを含んでインキュベート0.1のTris-HCl（pHは8）る、6 M尿素、2％（w / v）のドデシル硫酸ナトリウム（SDS）、および10分間、30％（v / v）グリセロール。 </li><li>平衡化したIPGは12.5％PAGEゲル上に二次元（SDSポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動（PAGE））のためにストリップに移し、低融点アガロースでシールする。 </li><li>ブロモフェノールブルーフロントがゲルの底に到達するまで、一晩300 Vに続く70 Vの定電圧を、Ettan-Daltsixシステムを使用して20℃で電気泳動を行う。 </li></ol> 6.画像取得およびバイオインフォマティクス解析<ol><li>スキャンゲルは、100ミクロンの画素サイズを有する画像を生成するためにCy3およびCy5 580分の532 nmのための670分の633の励起/発光波長でDIGEイメージャスキャナつの低蛍光ガラスプレートの間にキャスト。 </li><li>以前に詳細な12などの商用ソフトウェアと画像解析を実行します。 </li><li>各画像にスポットボリュームを計算し、正規化する。小道具として正規化されたスポット·ボリュームを割り当てるゲルで検出された各スポットの合計値のortion。 </li><li>二つのグループ（M1およびM2）の間の正規化されたスポットのボリューム値を比較することにより、マクロファージの各タイプのタンパク質スポット量の違いを分析する。変化は1.5倍に（p &lt;0.05、一方向ANOVA分析）である場合に有意であると、スポットボリュームの差を考慮する。 </li></ol>

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There are no declared conflict of interest.

本明細書中に記載されるプロトコルは、マクロファージ、M1（炎症誘発性）およびM2（抗炎症性）の2つのサブタイプの種々の刺激の影響を分析するための方法を詳述する。以前に公開され7 M1及びM2マクロファージの初代培養物は、単球の分化から得た。 2D DIGEゲル電気泳動の手順は、Cy3およびCy5の励起/発光波長で2回ゲルを走査するために、SDS-PAGEのために、低蛍?...

マクロファージは、異なる機能の表現型を獲得することができる異種の、プラスチック細胞である。 インビボでの、これらの細胞は、微生物産物、サイトカインなど 1とマイクロ環境signalssuch多種多様に応答する。 インビトロ 、炎症誘発性表現型（M1）マクロファージのリポ多糖（LPS）およびインターロイキン4（IL-4）などのいくつかのサイトカインによる抗炎症性表現型（M2）によって誘導することができる。また、マクロファージは特定の信号2時には逆にM2表現型に活性化したM1から切り替え、することができます。 表現型に依存して、マクロファージは、異なる機能を有することになる。 M1マクロファージは、微生物または腫瘍細胞3を殺すために、例えば、腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α）などの炎症誘発性サイトカインを産生する細胞である。対照的に、M2マクロファージは、抗inflammatorを生成することによって創傷治癒および線維症のように、これらの炎症性反応を防ぐそのようなTGF-β-3,4-としてyの要因。 以前Boyum 6から適合技術を使用して5に記載のように、健康なドナーからのヒト末梢血単核細胞を、Ficoll密度勾配遠心分離によって単離した。培養中のマクロファージは、初代培養7の6日後、M1またはM2表現型に分化させることができる。 タンパク質発現またはそのような宿主または病原微生物毒素などの様々な制御された刺激の下でマクロファージ2つのサブタイプ間のタンパク質の変化の分析は、プロ - および抗炎症性マクロファージの機能を解読するために役立つであろう。 プロテオミクスは、具体的に上方または様々な刺激の下でヒト培養マクロファージにおけるダウンレギュレートされたタンパク質の直接監視のためのユニークなツールです。蛍光色素は、低感度画像解析8 &lt;ように、2Dゲル電気泳動の制限のいくつかを解決した<html> / SUP&gt;。システイン残基と反応染料は、リジン残基9との反応に比べ、検出感度が増加している。以前の研究では、古典的な銀染色した2D電気泳動11に比べて少ない試料10の分析のためのDIGE飽和標識化の有用性を実証した。この技術は、急速にマクロファージの2サブタイプ間または同じサブタイプからの未処理および処理マクロファージ間のタンパク質修飾を分析するのに役立ちます。 このプロテオミクス手法の利点は、2Dゲル12を分析することによって、タンパク質のサイズおよび翻訳後修飾の情報へのアクセスを行っている。これは分析することができるサンプルの数を制限し、高スループット技術ではないことを考慮すべきである。最近13日のように、質量分析に基づくハイスループットアッセイの開発は、これを改善することができる。 _contentは &quot;&gt;ここでは、等電点電気泳動、電気泳動の過程を経て培養されたマクロファージのタンパク質抽出から2D DIGE解析を実行する方法を提示し、SDS-PAGE、ならびに適切な2Dソフトウェアの有用性に関する情報。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="472">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:C43">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31870-074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBX 10 X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">L-glutamine-200mM-100X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">gentamycin 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">human serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>34005100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ficoll d=1,077</td>
			<td>ATGC</td>
			<td>L6115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Leucosep</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>16760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">&#160;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353846</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IL-4</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>B-61410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>48900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">EDTA MM372,2</td>
			<td>Research Organics&#160;</td>
			<td>3.00E+01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Filter 0,22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPTORE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ur&#233;e</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>108484-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Thiour&#233;e</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">APS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Pharmalytes 3-10</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Acrylamide 40%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Dim&#233;thylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

適切な差動プロテオーム解析を実行するために、分析される試料の処理は、検証されるべきである。 示した例では、マクロファージの細胞培養物の品質は、以前に公開された5として形態学的および分子の側面に必要とされる。マクロファージ培養物の均質性への単球の分化は、位相顕微鏡検査を行った。 図1は、M1とM2マクロファージの一次培養物の...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

2D電気泳動によるマクロファージのプロテオームプロファイリング

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.5K ビュー.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

ビデオ: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

マウスのマクロファージの枯渇と再構成

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

免疫・感染学

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

ダブル勾配遠心、テフロンコーティングされた細胞培養バッグ中のマクロファージへの分化によるヒト単球の単離

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

使用<em&gt;フレクスナー赤痢菌</em&gt;オートファジー細胞骨格の相互作用を研究するために

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

共焦点顕微鏡による絶縁型肺胞マクロファージの抗真菌活性を評価する

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

ヌクレオによるヒトTHP-1マクロファージの高効率トランスフェクション

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

液胞対細胞質の定量化<em&gt;サルモネラ</em&gt;差動透過化初代マクロファージで

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

フローサイトメトリーによるラットの腎臓からのマクロファージの表現型の特徴

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

HIV-1感染細胞からのエキソソームのSILACベースのプロテオミクス特性評価

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

肥満に関連する炎症によって影響を受ける組織のマクロファージの精製と性質、分離

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

フローサイトメトリーによる中枢神経系からのミクログリアおよび単球由来マクロファージの解析

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...