This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

Il protocollo segue le linee guida delle nostre istituzioni umana comitato etico di ricerca. Buffy-coat da sani donatori umani sono stati ottenuti dal Regional Blood Transfusion Center (Lille, Francia). I campioni ottenuti dai buffy coats sono dichiarati come una collezione Inserm (n ° DC2010-1209). 1. Materiale e Culture Media Preparazione <ol><li> Diluire 10x tampone fosfato salino (PBS) in acqua distillata sterile per ottenere 1x PBS. </li><li> Effettuare terreno RPMI 1640 supplementato con gentamicina (40 mcg / ml) e L-glutammina (2 mM), con e senza il 10% di siero umano pool. </li></ol> 2. Le colture primarie di macrofagi derivate da monociti (MDM) <ol><li> Diluire buffycoat (25 ml) con 1x PBS. Caricare con attenzione su un Ficoll / provetta leucosep e centrifugare a 1600 xg per 20 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Raccogliere monociti all&#39;interfaccia in un nuovo tubo. Lavare 3x con 10 ml di PBS 1X contenente 0,1% etilendiamminotetraacido acetico (EDTA) per successive centrifugazioni a 1000 xg, 370 xg e 160 xg per 10 minuti ciascuno, e poi una volta in PBS 1x solo a 160 xg per 10 min. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 5 ml di terreno RPMI-1640 senza siero e seminare le cellule su 35 mm piatti ad una densità di 1 x 10 6 cellule per piastra. </li><li> Dopo sedimentazione per 90 min in incubatrice, scartare il surnatante contenente le cellule non aderenti. Lavare le cellule aderenti, composto da monociti, 3x con 1 ml di PBS; quindi aggiungere 1 ml di mezzo fresco contenente 10% (v / v) di siero umano per le celle libere precedenza siero. </li><li> Dopo 6 giorni di coltura, per produrre macrofagi differenziati alternativi (M2), aggiungere umana ricombinante IL-4 (15 ng / ml) e mantenere per 6 giorni. Quindi, il trattamento di macrofagi differenziati con lipopolisaccaride (100 ng / ml) al giorno 12 per 4 ore per ottenere macrofagi M1. </li></ol> 3. Estrazione di M1 e M2 macrofagi proteine ​​per elettroforesi 2D <ol><li> Lavare macrophetà tre volte con 25 mM Tris, pH 7,4, e rottami in tampone contenente 30 mM Tris pH 8, 4% 3 - [(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio] -1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), 2 M tiourea e 7 M urea. </li><li> Lisare le cellule utilizzando un mixer adatto per provette da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga per 5 min in ghiaccio e conservare a -20 ° C. </li><li> Determinare la concentrazione di proteine ​​usando un reagente commerciale Bradford. Conservare aliquote di 100 microlitri di proteine ​​a -20 ° C fino al momento dell&#39;uso. </li></ol> 4. Isoelettrofocalizzazione NOTA: Eseguire tutte le procedure di etichettatura nel buio. <ol><li> Ridurre 5 mg di ciascun campione (M1 e M2 macrofagi) regolato a 9 microlitri di tampone di lisi con 2 mM Tris (2-carbossietil) fosfina (TCEP) per 1 ora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere cianina 3 (Cy3) per estrarre M1 e M2 estratto sulfidrilici colorante reattivo ad una concentrazione di 0,8 nM proteina / mg. Aggiungere cianina 5 (Cy5) M1 e M2 estrae ad una concentrazione di 0,8 nM / mg proteine ​​e incubareper 30 minuti a 37 ° C. </li><li> Arrestare la reazione con l&#39;aggiunta di un volume uguale di tampone campione contenente 7 M urea, 2 M tiourea, 4% CHAPS, 130 mM ditiotreitolo (DTT) e 2% pharmalytes. </li><li> Mix Cy3-marcato campioni M1 con M2 campioni Cy5-etichettati in una mano e Cy3-marcato campioni M2 con campioni M1 Cy5-etichettati in un altro mano. </li><li> Reidratare un gradiente di pH immobilizzato (IPG) striscia (240 mm pH 3-10 gradiente lineare) con 450 ml di campioni misti etichettati in tampone contenente 7 M urea, 2 M tiourea e il 4% CHAPS su un sistema di messa a fuoco isoelettrica delle cellule (IEF) per 24 ore senza applicare alcuna corrente. </li><li> Eseguire focalizzazione a 300 volt (V) per 3 ore, e poi ad un gradiente di 1000 V per 6 ore, con una pendenza a 8000 V per 3 ore e infine a 8000 V per 3 ore. </li></ol> 5. Seconda Dimensione NOTA: Eseguire tutte le procedure di elettroforesi nel buio. <ol><li> Incubare le strisce IPG in tampone per l&#39;equilibrazione contengonoing 0,1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 6 M urea, 2% (w / v) di sodio dodecil solfato (SDS) e 30% (v / v) di glicerolo per 10 min. </li><li> Trasferire le strisce IPG equilibrate per la seconda dimensione (elettroforesi su gel di SDS-poliacrilammide (PAGE)) sul 12,5% gel PAGE e sigillare con basso punto di fusione agarosio. </li><li> Effettuare elettroforesi a 20 ° C utilizzando un sistema Ettan-Daltsix ad una tensione costante di 70 V durante la notte seguita da 300 V fino alla bromofenolo blu anteriore raggiunge il fondo del gel. </li></ol> 6. Acquisizione di immagini e analisi bioinformatica <ol><li> Gel scansione espressi tra le due lastre di vetro a bassa fluorescenza con uno scanner DIGE Imager a lunghezze d&#39;onda di eccitazione / emissione di 532/580 nm per Cy3 e Cy5 633/670 nm per cedere immagini con una dimensione di pixel di 100 micron. </li><li> Eseguire l&#39;analisi delle immagini con software commerciale come precedentemente descritto 12. </li><li> Calcolare e normalizzare i volumi pronti in ogni immagine. Assegnare un volume posto normalizzato come un oggetto di scenaortion del valore totale di ogni punto rilevato nel gel. </li><li> Analizzare le differenze di volumi di campione proteiche per ciascun tipo di macrofagi confrontando il valore del volume posto normalizzato tra i due gruppi (M1 e M2). Si consideri la differenza tra i volumi pronti ad essere significativo se il cambiamento è 1,5 volte (p &lt;0.05, unidirezionale analisi ANOVA). </li></ol>

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There are no declared conflict of interest.

Il protocollo qui descritto dettaglio un metodo per analizzare l&#39;impatto di vari stimoli dei due sottotipi di macrofagi M1 (pro-infiammatori) e M2 (anti-infiammatori). Colture primarie di M1 e M2 macrofagi sono stati ottenuti dalla differenziazione dei monociti come precedentemente pubblicato 7. La procedura di elettroforesi su gel 2D DIGE richiede materiali e delle attrezzature speciali, come le batterie IEF per piatti isoelettrofocalizzazione, a bassa fluorescenza per l&#39;...

I macrofagi sono cellule eterogenee e plastica che sono in grado di acquisire fenotipi funzionali distinti. In vivo, queste cellule rispondono ad una grande varietà di micro signalssuch ambientale come prodotti microbici, citochine, ecc. 1. In vitro, il fenotipo pro-infiammatorio (M1) di macrofagi può essere indotta da lipopolisaccaride (LPS) e il fenotipo antinfiammatorio (M2) da alcune citochine come l&#39;interleuchina-4 (IL-4). Inoltre, i macrofagi possono passare da una M1 M2 fenotipo attivato, e viceversa, sui segnali specifici 2. A seconda del fenotipo, macrofagi avranno diverse funzioni. Macrofagi M1 sono cellule che producono citochine pro-infiammatorie, come il fattore di necrosi tumorale α (TNF-α), per uccidere i microrganismi o cellule tumorali 3. Al contrario, i macrofagi M2 evitare che queste risposta infiammatoria come nella guarigione delle ferite e la fibrosi producendo anti-inflammatorfattori y, come TGF-β 3,4. Cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico umani di donatori sani sono stati isolati da Ficoll centrifugazione in gradiente di densità come descritto in precedenza 5 utilizzando una tecnica adattata da Boyum 6. I macrofagi in coltura possono essere differenziati in M1 o M2 fenotipo dopo 6 giorni di coltura primaria 7. Analisi di espressione della proteina o modifiche proteina tra i due sottotipi di macrofagi sotto vari stimoli controllati, quali patogenicità host o tossine microbiche, sarà utile per decifrare la funzionalità del pro- e macrofagi antinfiammatori. Proteomica sono strumenti unici per il monitoraggio diretto di proteine ​​che sono specificamente up- o down-regolato nei macrofagi in coltura umani sotto vari stimoli. Coloranti fluorescenti hanno risolto alcune delle limitazioni di elettroforesi su gel 2D, come la bassa sensibilità e analisi d&#39;immagine 8 &lt;<html> / Sup&gt;. I coloranti reagiscono con residui di cisteina hanno aumentato la sensibilità di rilevamento rispetto a quelli reagire con residui di lisina 9. In uno studio precedente, abbiamo dimostrato l&#39;utilità di etichettatura saturazione DIGE per l&#39;analisi di campioni scarse 10 rispetto al classico argento macchiato elettroforesi 2D 11. Questa tecnologia è utile per analizzare rapidamente modificazioni proteiche tra i due sottotipi di macrofagi o tra macrofagi non trattati e trattati dallo stesso sottotipo. I vantaggi di questa tecnica proteomica stanno avendo accesso alle informazioni di formato proteine ​​e modificazioni post-traduzionali analizzando il gel 2D 12. Si deve tenere conto che questa non è una tecnica elevata produttività, limitando il numero di campioni che possono essere analizzati. Lo sviluppo di saggi high throughput basato su spettrometria di massa come rivisto recentemente 13 può migliorare questa. _content &quot;&gt; Qui vi presentiamo come eseguire l&#39;analisi 2D DIGE dall&#39;estrazione di proteine ​​di macrofagi in coltura attraverso i processi di elettroforesi, isoelettrofocalizzazione, e SDS-PAGE e informazioni sull&#39;utilità di un adeguato software 2D.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="472">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:C43">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31870-074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBX 10 X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">L-glutamine-200mM-100X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">gentamycin 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">human serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>34005100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ficoll d=1,077</td>
			<td>ATGC</td>
			<td>L6115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Leucosep</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>16760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">&#160;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353846</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IL-4</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>B-61410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>48900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">EDTA MM372,2</td>
			<td>Research Organics&#160;</td>
			<td>3.00E+01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Filter 0,22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPTORE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ur&#233;e</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>108484-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Thiour&#233;e</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">APS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Pharmalytes 3-10</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Acrylamide 40%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Dim&#233;thylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Per eseguire un&#39;adeguata analisi proteomica differenziale, il trattamento dei campioni da analizzare vanno verificate. Nell&#39;esempio presentato, è richiesta la qualità di coltura cellulare di macrofagi per aspetti morfologici e molecolari come precedentemente pubblicato 5. La differenziazione dei monociti in macrofagi e l&#39;omogeneità della cultura è stata seguita da fase microscopio. Figura 1 ha mostrato un esempio di colture primarie di M1 e M2 macr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Proteomica Profiling dei macrofagi da 2D elettroforesi

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.5K Views.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Video: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

Esaurimento e Ricostituzione dei macrofagi nei topi

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

Isolamento di monociti umani con un doppio centrifugazione in gradiente e la loro differenziazione a macrofagi in coltura cellulare Borse teflonato

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

Uso di<em&gt; Shigella flexneri</em&gt; Per studiare le interazioni autofagia-Citoscheletro

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

Valutare l&#39;attività anti-fungina isolato Alveolar macrofagi dal Microscopia confocale

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Trasfezione altamente efficiente di umani THP-1 da macrofagi Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

Quantificazione dei citosolico vs. vacuolare<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; In primarie macrofagi di Permeabilization differenziale

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Caratterizzazione fenotipica dei macrofagi dal rene di ratto mediante citometria di flusso

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

SILAC Based proteomica Caratterizzazione di Esosomi da HIV-1 le cellule infette

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Isolamento, caratterizzazione e purificazione dei macrofagi dai tessuti colpiti da infiammazione obesità

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

Analisi dei Macrofagi Microglia e dei Monociti dal Sistema Nervoso Centrale dalla Citometria del Flusso

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...