This work was supported by an Australian Research Council Grant DP110100642 (to PT) and National Health and Medical Research Council Grants APP1002520 and APP1059426 (to PT and HYG).

NOTA: Todos los experimentos actuales se realizaron de acuerdo con los procedimientos de ética locales de animales de la Universidad de Queensland (aprobado por la Universidad de Queensland, Comité de Ética Biosciences anatómica). 1. Aislamiento Islet <ol><li> Preparación de los reactivos <ol><li> Mezcla de enzimas <ol><li> Para la digestión pancreática, utilizar una mezcla de Liberase y colagenasa tipo IV. Diluir Liberase TL (termolisina bajo) 1 vial de 5 mg con 26 ml de DMEM (Medio Eagle Modificado de Dulbecco). </li><li> Preparar colagenasa tipo IV en tampón de Hank a una concentración de 0,5 mg / ml, complementado con HEPES 5 mM, 0,5 mM CaCl 2, 0,1 mg / ml de DNasa y 1 mg / ml de albúmina de suero bovino. </li><li> Mezclar la TL Liberase y soluciones de colagenasa en una proporción de 4: 1 (por volumen), es decir, 4 ml Liberase TL + 1 ml de colagenasa. Alícuota la mezcla de enzimas de 2,5 ml cada una y se almacena a -20 ° C. NOTA: Los tiempos de incubación del tejido vary un poco entre lotes de enzima (30 seg a 1 min diferencia). Por lo tanto, puede ser necesario un ensayo de lote. </li></ol></li><li> RPMI Aislamiento Medios <ol><li> Disolver un vial de RPMI 1640 en polvo en 1 L de agua a RT y complementar con 2 g de NaHCO 3, 4,02 g de HEPES. </li><li> Combine los medios de aislamiento RPMI en un matraz cónico grande, mezcla con un agitador magnético, se ajusta a pH 7,4 con NaOH, filtro de esterilizar y almacenar a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> RPMI Medios de Cultivo </li><li> Usar medios de cultivo RPMI, con suero bovino fetal al 10% y 1% de antibióticos (es decir, penicilina 100 U / ml, estreptomicina 100 g / ml). </li></ol></li><li> Aislamiento y cultivo Islet <ol><li> Sacrificio de Animales <ol><li> Sacrificar los ratones por dislocación cervical o asfixia de CO 2 de acuerdo a los procedimientos de ética de la institución local. Pulverizar el cuerpo del ratón a fondo con etanol al 70%. </li></ol></li><li> Perfusión de páncreas <ol><li> USE 2 cortes largos lateralmente a través de la piel abdominal y el peritoneo para hacer una solapa en forma de V. Tire de la solapa de la piel hacia arriba para descubrir toda la cavidad abdominal, dejar a un lado el intestino y mantener el hígado en su lugar por un pañuelo de papel doblado para revelar el conducto biliar común (Figuras 1 y 2). Ponga el animal de modo que la cabeza hacia el cirujano y la cola lejos de la cirujano. </li><li> Aplicar una pinza vascular en la ampolla en la pared duodeno para bloquear las enzimas inyectadas de entrar en el duodeno (Figura 1). NOTA: Este es un paso importante, ya que determina si las enzimas inyectadas voy a entrar en el conducto pancreático y perfundir el páncreas o el reflujo de la zona de inyección (más de pinza) o entrar en el duodeno (menores de pinza). </li><li> Canular la vía biliar común con una aguja de calibre 31 cerca de la unión del conducto hepático común y el conducto cístico (Figura 1) y dejar espacio para una segunda inyección si ªe páncreas no para perfundir la primera vez. Lentamente (más de ~ 10 seg) inyectar unos 2 ml de mezcla de enzimas fría en el ratón del conducto biliar común. NOTA: El páncreas se perfundieron rápidamente si la pinza está en la posición correcta. </li><li> Ajuste la posición de la abrazadera si la aguja está dentro del conducto biliar común, pero no puede perfundir el páncreas (es decir., Ascender en la pinza un poco lejos del hígado si sobre sujetado o moverlo un poco al hígado si es menor sujetado). NOTA: La aguja a veces entra en la cápsula que rodea en lugar de la luz del conducto. Un signo útil para comprobar si la aguja está dentro del conducto biliar común es la dilatación del conducto cuando se inyecte. Si el páncreas no para perfundir, una alternativa es la mezcla de enzima podría ser inyectado a múltiples sitios de páncreas con menor rendimiento esperado. La perfusión del sitio izquierda del páncreas (el lóbulo esplénica) es importante para la maximización del rendimiento de los islotes. </li><li> Después de que el páncreas es perfused, eliminar rápidamente el páncreas, lo puso en un vial (~ 20 ml, vidrio) y se incuba durante ~ 19 minutos en un baño de agua 37 ° C. NOTA: El tiempo de incubación puede variar un poco dependiendo de la cepa de ratón y la edad. </li><li> Después del tiempo de incubación, detener el proceso de la digestión mediante la adición de ~ 20 ml de medios de aislamiento frío. Agitar el vial suavemente para interrumpir el páncreas y se vierte a través de un tamiz de té normal (diámetro de poro de 1 mm) en un tubo de 50 ml estéril. Rellenar el tubo con medios de aislamiento y se centrifuga a 400 xg durante 1 min a 4 ° C con freno de apagado. </li><li> Disolver el precipitado en los medios de aislamiento de nuevo y transferir a dos tubos de 15 ml y centrifugar a 400 xg durante 1 min a 4 ° C con freno de apagado. Después de la aspiración del sobrenadante, mezclar los dos gránulos bien con 6 ml de medio de separación de células en gradiente de densidad (Histopaque solución 1,077) por tubo mediante agitación con vórtex o pipeteando arriba y abajo. A continuación, añadir suavemente ~ 6 ml de los medios de aislamiento para el lado del tubo en la parte superior delos medios de separación de gradiente de densidad y centrifugar a 100 xg durante 15 min a 4 ° C con freno off. </li><li> Recoger el sobrenadante en la parte superior (medios de aislamiento), medio e inferior (densidad medios de separación celular gradiente) de la capa 3 en platos separados. Handpick los islotes en estos 3 platos, usando una pipeta en un microscopio de disección. NOTA: La capa media contiene la mayoría de los islotes. Los islotes se reconocen como estructuras compactas de ~ 50 a 500 micras de tamaño (Figura 3). Obtenemos ~ 200 islotes en ratones WT y 300- &lt;100 islotes en ratones db / db. </li></ol></li><li> El cultivo Islet <ol><li> Para ayudar a los islotes se recuperan de la digestión enzimática, grupos culturales de 40 islotes en un 25 cm placa de Petri con 6 ml de RPMI cultura de los medios (10 mM glucosa) a 37 ° C, 5% / 95% de CO 2 / O 2 durante 2 días antes en directo las células beta de imágenes 2-fotón. Cambie el medio de cultivo a diario. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Vivo Cell 2-Photon imágenes <ol><li> Preparación de los reactivos <ol><li> Extracelular Buffer <ol><li> Preparar el tampón extracelular de sodio rico para el ensayo 2-fotón con NaCl 140 mM, 5 mM KCl, 2,5 mM CaCl 2, 1 mM de MgCl 2, 5 mM NaHCO 3 y 10 mM HEPES. </li></ol></li><li> Extracelular Tinte <ol><li> Para el ensayo de 2 fotones, preparar social SRB 8 mM en tampón extracelular, alícuota en pequeños tubos y almacenar a -20 ° C. Diluir el Stock SRB 1:10 en tampón extracelular fresco para obtener una concentración de trabajo de 0,8 mM. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Imágenes de fotones <ol><li> En primer lugar, pre-incubar 2-día islotes cultivados en 3 mM de tampón extracelular de glucosa durante 30 min. NOTA: Nosotros usamos islotes entre 2 y 5 días en cultivo. </li><li> Luego, colocar una lámina de vidrio en la cámara de control térmico montado en la platina del microscopio. Utilice grasa para evitar la filtración de solución. </li><li> Cubra la cámara con 500 l de extracelulartampón ular que contiene 0,8 mM SRB con diferentes concentraciones de glucosa (3 mm, 6 mm, 15 mm y glucosa 20 mM). </li><li> A continuación, colocar el islote pre-incubado en el centro de la cámara y se centran en 3-4 capas de células en el islote donde, en los islotes de roedores, la inmunotinción para la insulina muestra que la mayoría de las células son células beta. NOTA: El SRB será delinear toda la membrana de la célula del islote de forma rápida y el islote está listo para la imagen. </li><li> Utilice un microscopio 2-fotón con un objetivo de inmersión en aceite 60X (NA 1,42) y el software de formación de imágenes (por ejemplo., Scanimage 11). La figura 4 ilustra una disposición típica microscopía. Imagen eventos exocytic utilizando SRB como una membrana impermeable fluorescente marcador extracelular excitados por pulsos láser de femtosegundo a 880 nm, con fluorescencia detectados a 550-650 nm. Anote las respuestas de los islotes a la estimulación. </li><li> Identificar eventos exocytic individuales por la aparición repentina de una pequeña mancha fluorescente (resolución de 10 píxeles /1; m) y confirmar con la fase de rápido aumento de la señal fluorescente sobre una región de interés (~ 0,78 m 2). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Guariguata, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+estimates+of+diabetes+prevalence+for+2013+and+projections+for+2035.">Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035.</a> Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 103, 137-149 (2014).</li><li>Ashcroft, F. M., Rorsman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+mellitus+and+the+beta+cell:+The+last+ten+years.">Diabetes mellitus and the beta cell: The last ten years.</a> Cell. 148, 1160-1171 (2012).</li><li>Weir, G. C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five+stages+of+evolving+beta-cell+dysfunction+during+progression+to+diabetes.">Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 53, S16-S21 (2004).</li><li>Kjorholt, C., Akerfeldt, M. C., Biden, T. J., Laybutt, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+hyperglycemia,+independent+of+plasma+lipid+levels,+is+sufficient+for+the+loss+of+beta-cell+differentiation+and+secretory+function+in+the+db/db+mouse+model+of+diabetes.">Chronic hyperglycemia, independent of plasma lipid levels, is sufficient for the loss of beta-cell differentiation and secretory function in the db/db mouse model of diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 54, 2755-2763 (2005).</li><li>Wang, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+type+2+diabetic+rodent+models.">Spontaneous type 2 diabetic rodent models.</a> Journal of Diabetes Research. , (2013).</li><li>Hummel, K. P., Dickie, M. M., Coleman, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+a+new+mutation+in+mouse.">Diabetes a new mutation in mouse.</a> Science. 153, 1127-1128 (1966).</li><li>Do, O. H., Low, J. T., Gaisano, H. Y., Thorn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+secretory+deficit+in+islets+from+db/db+mice+is+mainly+due+to+a+loss+of+responding+beta+cells.">The secretory deficit in islets from db/db mice is mainly due to a loss of responding beta cells.</a> Diabetologia. 57, 1400-1409 (2014).</li><li>Low, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+principally+regulates+insulin+secretion+in+mouse+islets+by+controlling+the+numbers+of+granule+fusion+events+per+cell.">Glucose principally regulates insulin secretion in mouse islets by controlling the numbers of granule fusion events per cell.</a> Diabetologia. 56, 2629-2637 (2013).</li><li>Takahashi, N., Kishimoto, T., Nemoto, T., Kadowaki, T., Kasai, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fusion+pore+dynamics+and+insulin+granule+exocytosis+in+the+pancreatic+islet.">Fusion pore dynamics and insulin granule exocytosis in the pancreatic islet.</a> Science. 297, 1349-1352 (2002).</li><li>Low, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+secretion+from+beta+cells+in+intact+mouse+islets+is+targeted+towards+the+vasculature.">Insulin secretion from beta cells in intact mouse islets is targeted towards the vasculature.</a> Diabetologia. 57, 1655-1663 (2014).</li><li>Pologruto, T. A., Sabatini, B. L., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ScanImage:+flexible+software+for+operating+laser+scanning+microscopes.">ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 2, 13 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

El factor más crítico en el aislamiento de islotes es la perfusión inicial del páncreas; un bajo perfundido páncreas resultados con un rendimiento de islotes considerablemente menor. Otros factores también afectan a la calidad de aislamiento tales como el tiempo de digestión y el nivel de agitación que podría compensar en parte el nivel de perfusión. Por ejemplo, tendrá que ser incubaron a 37 ° C durante ~ 18 min 30 sec mientras se agitaba suavemente, en un contraste bajo digerido páncreas pueden requerir ~...

El papel de la disfunción de las células beta en la enfermedad ha sido ampliamente reconocida 3,4. Las líneas celulares como el MIN6 e INS-1 son herramientas útiles para entender la biología del comportamiento de las células beta. Sin embargo, el control fisiológico de la secreción de insulina tiene lugar dentro de los islotes de Langerhans. Estos islotes contienen miles de células beta apretadas, así como los vasos sanguíneos y otros tipos de células endocrinas. Este entorno dentro del islote influye en la secreción de insulina y es probable que sea importante en la diabetes. Por lo tanto, para entender el control fisiológico de la secreción de insulina, y la fisiopatología de la enfermedad, es esencial para estudiar islotes intactos. Aislamiento Islet Islotes humanos vivos y, en particular, islotes humanos de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 son difíciles de obtener. Además, islotes humanos tienen limitadas posibilidades de manipulación molecular experimental. Por lo tanto, los investigadores han empleado esdeja de animales y modelos animales de diabetes tipo 2. Uno de estos modelos de la enfermedad es el ratón db / db. Esta es una mutación espontánea que los modelos de la diabetes tipo 2 con una progresión fenotipo que se asemeja mucho a la enfermedad humana 5,6. El protocolo que aquí se presenta para el aislamiento de los islotes de los ratones db / db diabéticos tiene muchos pasos en común con otros grupos con algunas opciones de mejor rendimiento, depuración y mejora la supervivencia de los islotes. Imagen 2 de fotones El ensayo de 2 fotones de células vivas se describe aquí permite a los investigadores para cuantificar el número y evaluar las características de los gránulos individuales que contiene insulina de muchas células del diabético 7 y de tipo salvaje islotes 8,9.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="675">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Liberase TL 5mg</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-5401020001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase type IV-1g</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17104-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Histopaque 1077 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 Medium (10X) 1L</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R1383</td>
			<td>to prepare isolation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 (1X) 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21870-076</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin 100ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal bovine serum 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10099-141</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium)</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11966-025</td>
			<td>to dilute the liberase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Metamorph program</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>to analyze the 2-photon images</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes: pancreatic islet isolation and live-cell 2-photon imaging of intact islets

La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad crónica que afecta a 382 millones de personas en 2013, y se espera que aumente a 592 millones en 2035 1. Durante las últimas 2 décadas, el papel de la disfunción de las células beta en la diabetes tipo 2 se ha establecido claramente 2. Progreso de la investigación ha requerido métodos para el aislamiento de islotes pancreáticos. El protocolo del aislamiento de islotes presenta aquí comparte muchos pasos comunes con protocolos de otros grupos, con algunas modificaciones para mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad de los islotes aislados de tanto el tipo silvestre y db Lepr diabéticos (db / db) ratones. Un método de formación de imágenes 2-fotón de células vivas se presenta entonces que se puede utilizar para investigar el control de la secreción de insulina en islotes.

Rendimiento de los islotes y purificación Para un tipo salvaje ratón normal, se espera que unos 200 islotes. Islotes sanos mirar brillante, forma redonda y tienen un borde liso. Un lote aislamiento digerido sobre-usualmente tiene islotes pequeños y difusos mientras que un lote bajo-digerido tiene menos islotes y células acinares adjunto islotes (Figura 3). Para los ratones db / db diabéticos, el rendimiento de los islotes y la apariencia depende de la progresión de la ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets at JoVE.com

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Lepr<sup&gt; Db</sup&gt; Modelo de ratón de la Diabetes Tipo 2: El aislamiento de los islotes pancreáticos y células en Vivo 2-Photon imágenes de islotes intactos

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

leprdb-mouse-model-type-2-diabetes-pancreatic-islet-isolation-live

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

9.4K vistas.  The University of Queensland. We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Video: Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 diabetic islets from organ donors2. Here we share our protocol for isolating islets from human pancreatic tissue obtained from type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients who have undergone partial pancreatectomy due to different pancreatic diseases (benign or malignant pancreatic tumors, chronic pancreatitis, and common bile duct or duodenal tumors). All patients involved gave their consent to this study, which had also been approved by the local ethics committee. The surgical specimens were immediately delivered to the pathologist who selected soft and healthy appearing pancreatic tissue for islet isolation, retaining the damaged tissue for diagnostic purposes. We found that to isolate more than 1,000 islets, we had to begin with at least 2 g of pancreatic tissue. Also essential to our protocol was to visibly distend the tissue when injecting the enzyme-containing media and subsequently mince it to aid digestion by increasing the surface area.
To extend the applicability of our protocol to include the occasional case in which a large amount (&gt;15g) of human pancreatic tissue is available , we used a Ricordi chamber (50 ml) to digest the tissue. During digestion, we manually shook the Ricordi chamber3 at an intensity that varied by specimen according to its level of tissue fibrosis. A discontinous Ficoll gradient was then used to separate the islets from acinar tissue. We noted that the tissue pellet should be small enough to be homogenously resuspended in Ficoll medium with a density of 1.125 g/ml. After isolation, we cultured the islets under stress free conditions (no shaking or rotation) with 5% CO2 at 37 &deg;C for at least 48 h in order to facilitate their functional recovery. Widespread application of our protocol and its future improvement could enable the timely harvesting of large quantities of human islets from diabetic and clinically matched non-diabetic subjects, greatly advancing type 2 diabetes research.

The supply of type 2 diabetic islets for research is insufficient. Here we share our protocol for isolating islets from patients undergoing partial pancreatectomy. This approach represents a unique venue for obtaining islets from type 2 diabetic and clinically matched non-diabetic subjects in adequate numbers for basic and clinical studies.

El aislamiento de islotes humanos de pacientes parcialmente Pancreatectomized

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 ...

Investigación

Medicina

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg 1-3. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. 
Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region.
The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia4. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&amp;E and IHC stains. 
The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.

This video demonstrates procedures for characterization of human pancreatic islets using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pancreatic sections from head, body, and tail regions are stained by both H&amp;E and IHC to determine islet endocrine composition (insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide), cell replication (Ki67), and inflammatory infiltrates (H&E, CD3). The uncinate region is localized using IHC for pancreatic polypeptide.

Protocolos de tinción de islotes pancreáticos humanos

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

Quantifying Glomerular Permeability of Fluorescent Macromolecules Using 2-Photon Microscopy in Munich Wistar Rats

Kidney diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in the permeability barrier comprised of podocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and a basement membrane working in unison. Data from our laboratory using intravital 2-photon microscopy revealed a more permeable glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) than previously thought under physiologic conditions, with retrieval of filtered albumin occurring in an early subset of cells called proximal tubule cells (PTC)1,2,3.
Previous techniques used to study renal filtration and establishing the characteristic of the filtration barrier involved micropuncture of the lumen of these early tubular segments with sampling of the fluid content and analysis4. These studies determined albumin concentration in the luminal fluid to be virtually non-existent; corresponding closely to what is normally detected in the urine. However, characterization of dextran polymers with defined sizes by this technique revealed those of a size similar to serum albumin had higher levels in the tubular lumen and urine; suggesting increased permeability5.
Herein is a detailed outline of the technique used to directly visualize and quantify glomerular fluorescent albumin permeability in vivo. This method allows for detection of filtered albumin across the filtration barrier into Bowman's space (the initial chamber of urinary filtration); and also allows quantification of albumin reabsorption by proximal tubules and visualization of subsequent albumin transcytosis6. The absence of fluorescent albumin along later tubular segments en route to the bladder highlights the efficiency of the retrieval pathway in the earlier proximal tubule segments. Moreover, when this technique was applied to determine permeability of dextrans having a similar size to albumin virtually identical permeability values were reported2. These observations directly support the need to expand the focus of many proteinuric renal diseases to included alterations in proximal tubule cell reclamation.

A technique utilizing high resolution intavital 2-photon microscopy to directly visualize and quantify gloemrular filtration in surface glomeruli. This method allows for direct determination of permeability characteristics of macromolecules in both normal and diseased states.

Cuantificación de la permeabilidad glomerular de macromoléculas fluorescentes mediante microscopía 2-Photon en Munich Ratas Wistar

Kidney  diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as  serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in ...

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning endocrine cells, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide following glucose stimulation1-9. However in vitro, genesis of insulin producing cells from human fetal ICCs is low10; results reminiscent of recent experiments performed with human embryonic stem cells (hESC), a renewable source of cells that hold great promise as a potential therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. Like ICCs, transplantation of partially differentiated hESC generate glucose responsive, insulin producing cells, but in vitro genesis of insulin producing cells from hESC is much less robust11-17. A complete understanding of the factors that influence the growth and differentiation of endocrine precursor cells will likely require data generated from both ICCs and hESC. While a number of protocols exist to generate insulin producing cells from hESC in vitro11-22, far fewer exist for ICCs10,23,24. Part of that discrepancy likely comes from the difficulty of working with human fetal pancreas. Towards that end, we have continued to build upon existing methods to isolate fetal islets from human pancreases with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 23 weeks, grow the cells as a monolayer or in suspension, and image for cell proliferation, pancreatic markers and human hormones including glucagon and C-peptide. ICCs generated by the protocol described below result in C-peptide release after transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice that are similar to C-peptide levels obtained by transplantation of fresh tissue6. Although the examples presented here focus upon the pancreatic endoderm proliferation and &#946;&#160;cell genesis, the protocol can be employed to study other aspects of pancreatic development, including exocrine, ductal, and other hormone producing cells.

A protocol to isolate, culture, and image islet cell clusters (ICCs) derived from human fetal pancreatic cells is described.&#160; The method details the steps necessary to generate ICCs from tissue, culture as monolayers or in suspension as aggregates, and image for markers of proliferation and pancreatic cell fate decisions.

El aislamiento, la cultura, y de imágenes de Human Fetal pancreáticas grupos de células

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

Dynamic Contrast mejorada de imagen de resonancia magnética de un modelo ortotópico de cáncer pancreático del ratón

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide new expandable sources of beta cells to alleviate the donor scarcity in human islet transplantation as therapy for diabetes. Although recent advances have been made towards this aim, mechanisms that regulate beta cell expansion and differentiation from a stem/progenitor cell remain to be characterized. Here, we describe a protocol for an injury model in the adult mouse pancreas that can function as a tool to study mechanisms of tissue remodeling and beta cell proliferation and differentiation. Partial duct ligation (PDL) is an experimentally induced injury of the rodent pancreas involving surgical ligation of the main pancreatic duct resulting in an obstruction of drainage of exocrine products out of the tail region of the pancreas. The inflicted damage induces acinar atrophy, immune cell infiltration and severe tissue remodeling. We have previously reported the activation of Neurogenin (Ngn) 3 expressing endogenous progenitor-like cells and an increase in beta cell proliferation after PDL. Therefore, PDL provides a basis to study signals involved in beta cell dynamics and the properties of an endocrine progenitor in adult pancreas. Since, it still remains largely unclear, which factors and pathways contribute to beta cell neogenesis and proliferation in PDL, a standardized protocol for PDL will allow for comparison across laboratories.

This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation.

Lesión quirúrgica del páncreas del ratón a través de la ligadura del conducto pancreático como un modelo para el endocrino y exocrino Reprogramación y proliferación

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide ...

Intraportal Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets in Mouse Model

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation site in experimental islet transplantation is the kidney capsule. However, as less is known about the interaction of pancreatic islets with blood constituents, it also makes sense to utilize the portal vein approach in experimental islet transplantation.
This protocol demonstrates an intraportal islet transplantation technique in NMRI nude mice. Streptozotocin (180 mg/kg) is injected intraperitoneally to induce hyperglycemia in recipient mice. They are considered as diabetic at a non-fasting blood glucose level greater than 20 mmol/L. One day prior to transplantation, mouse pancreatic islets are isolated from the donor pancreas by collagenase digestion; a minimum of 350 islets are utilized per diabetic recipient. Depending upon the islet isolation yield, two or more donor mice are utilized per recipient. After overnight culture at 37 &#176;C, islets are administered into the recipient liver via the portal vein. After surgery, the mice are protected in red Makrolon houses and observed until are awake. This protocol maintains glycemic control for 120 days in syngeneic mice and 15 days in allogeneic mice.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a way to achieve normoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. This article focuses on the transplantation technique through the intraportal route to maintain normal glucose levels in diabetic mice.

Intraportal trasplante de islotes pancreáticos en modelo murino

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medición de la contractilidad isométrica de la arteria mesentérica de ratón con cable miografía

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Human Pancreatic Islet Grafting and Contributing Host Cells in the Anterior Eye Chamber

Imaging beta cells is a key step towards understanding islet transplantation. Although different imaging platforms for the recording of beta cell biology have been developed and utilized in vivo, they are limited in terms of allowing single cell resolution and continuous longitudinal recordings. Because of the transparency of the cornea, the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) in mice is well suited to study human and mouse pancreatic islet cell biology. Here is a description of how this approach can be used to perform continuous longitudinal recordings of grafting and revascularization of individual human islet grafts. Human islet grafts are inserted into the ACE, using NOD.(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4-Rag2-/-mice as recipients. This allows for the investigation of the expansion of recipient versus donor cells and the contribution of recipient cells in promoting the encapsulation and vascularization of the graft. Further, a step-by-step approach for image analysis and quantification of the islet volume or segmented vasculature and islet capsule forming recipient cells is outlined.

The goal of this protocol is to continuously monitor the dynamics of the human pancreatic islet engraftment process and the contributing host versus donor cells. This is accomplished by transplanting human islets into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) of an NOD.(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4-Rag2-/-mouse recipient followed by repeated 2-photon imaging.

Longitudinal en Imágenes Vivos y Cuantificación del Injerto de Islotes Pancreáticos Humanos y Células Huésped Contribuyentes en la Cámara Ocular Anterior

Imaging beta cells is a key step towards understanding islet transplantation. Although different imaging platforms for the recording of beta cell biology ...

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes

Applying novel microscopy methods to suitable animal disease models to explore the dynamic physiology of the kidney remains a challenge. Rats with surface glomeruli provide a unique opportunity to investigate physiological and pathophysiological processes using intravital 2-photon microscopy. Quantification of glomerular capillary blood flow and vasoconstriction and dilatation in response to drugs, permeability, and inflammation are just some of the processes that can be studied. In addition, transgenic rats, i.e., podocytes labeled with fluorescent dyes and other molecular biomarker approaches, provide increased resolution to directly monitor and quantify protein-protein interactions and the effects of specific molecular alterations.
In mice, which lack surface glomeruli after four weeks of age, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for several weeks has been used to induce surface glomeruli. As this induction model does not allow for baseline studies, we quantified the effects of UUO on glomerular processes in the UUO model in Munich Wistar Fr&#246;mter (MWF) rats, which have surface glomeruli under physiologic conditions. The UUO model for five weeks or more induced significant alterations to gross renal morphology, the peritubular and glomerular microvasculature, as well as the structure and function of tubular epithelia. Glomerular and peritubular red blood cell (RBC) flow decreased significantly (p &#60; 0.01), probably due to the significant increase in the adherence of white blood cells (WBCs) within glomerular and peritubular capillaries. The glomerular sieving coefficient of albumin increased from 0.015 &#177; 0.002 in untreated MWFs to 0.045 &#177; 0.05 in 5-week-old UUO MWF rats. Twelve weeks of UUO resulted in further increases in surface glomerular density and glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC) for albumin. Fluorescent albumin filtered across the glomeruli was not reabsorbed by the proximal tubules. These data suggest that using UUO to induce surface glomeruli limits the ability to study and interpret normal glomerular processes and disease alterations.

Here, we present a protocol using 2-photon microscopy in Munich Wistar Fromter rats with surface glomeruli to quantifythe effects of prolonged ureteral obstruction on glomerular dynamics and function.

Uso de microscopía de 2 fotones para cuantificar los efectos de la obstrucción ureteral unilateral crónica en los procesos glomerulares

Applying novel microscopy methods to suitable animal disease models to explore the dynamic physiology of the kidney remains a challenge. Rats with surface ...