This research was supported by a grant (AZ: 76202-29-3/11) from the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony (Germany) to Andreas Mojzisch and Jan H&#228;usser.

<ol>
	<li>Jowett, B., Davis, H. W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aristotle's Politics. , (1920).</li><li>Baumeister, R. F., Leary, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+need+to+belong:+desire+for+interpersonal+attachments+as+a+fundamental+human+motivation.">The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.</a> Psychol. Bull. 117 (3), 497-529 (1995).</li><li>Thorsteinsson, E. B., James, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+meta-analysis+of+the+effects+of+experimental+manipulations+of+social+support+during+laboratory+stress.">A meta-analysis of the effects of experimental manipulations of social support during laboratory stress.</a> Psychol. Health. 14 (5), 869-886 (1999).</li><li>Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+social+support+and+physiological+processes:+a+review+with+emphasis+on+underlying+mechanisms+and+implications+for+health.">The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health.</a> Psychol. Bull. 119 (3), 488-531 (1996).</li><li>Frisch, J. U., H&#228;usser, J. A., Mojzisch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Trier+Social+Stress+Test+as+a+paradigm+to+study+how+people+respond+to+threat+in+social+interactions.">The Trier Social Stress Test as a paradigm to study how people respond to threat in social interactions.</a> Front. Psychol. 6 (14), (2015).</li><li>Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K., Hellhammer, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+'Trier+Social+Stress+Test'&#8212;a+tool+for+investigating+psychobiological+stress+response+in+a+laboratory+setting.">The 'Trier Social Stress Test'&#8212;a tool for investigating psychobiological stress response in a laboratory setting.</a> Neuropsychobiology. 28 (1-2), 76-81 (1993).</li><li>Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., Kirschbaum, C., Harmon-Jones, E., Winkielman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ten+years+of+research+with+the+Trier+Social+Stress+Test&#8212;revisited.">Ten years of research with the Trier Social Stress Test&#8212;revisited.</a> Social neuroscience: integrating biological and psychological explanations. , (2007).</li><li>von Dawans, B., Kirschbaum, C., Heinrichs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Trier+Social+Stress+Test+for+Groups+(TSST-G):+a+new+research+tool+for+controlled+simultaneous+social+stress+exposure+in+a+group+format.">The Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G): a new research tool for controlled simultaneous social stress exposure in a group format.</a> Psychoneuroendocrino. 36 (4), 514-522 (2011).</li><li>Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., Worchel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrative+theory+of+intergroup+conflict.">An integrative theory of intergroup conflict.</a> The social psychology of intergroup relations. , (1979).</li><li>Gockel, C., Kerr, N. L., Seok, D. -. H., Harris, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indispensability+and+group+identification+as+sources+of+task+motivation.">Indispensability and group identification as sources of task motivation.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44 (5), 1316-1321 (2008).</li><li>H&#228;usser, J. A., Kattenstroth, M., van Dick, R., Mojzisch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=“We”+are+not+stressed:+social+identity+in+groups+buffers+neuroendocrine+stress+reactions.">“We” are not stressed: social identity in groups buffers neuroendocrine stress reactions.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 48 (4), 973-977 (2012).</li><li>Frisch, J. U., H&#228;usser, J. A., van Dick, R., Mojzisch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+support+work:+the+interplay+between+social+support+and+social+identity.">Making support work: the interplay between social support and social identity.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 55, 154-161 (2014).</li><li>Nuttin, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Narcissism+beyond+Gestalt+and+awareness:+the+name+letter+effect.">Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: the name letter effect.</a> Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 15 (3), 353-361 (1985).</li><li>Jones, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Carvallo, M., Mirenberg, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+I+love+thee?+Let+me+count+the+Js:+implicit+egotism+and+interpersonal+attraction.">How do I love thee? Let me count the Js: implicit egotism and interpersonal attraction.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 87 (5), 665-683 (2004).</li><li>Taylor, S. E., Seeman, T. E., Eisenberger, N. I., Kozanian, T. A., Moore, A. N., Moons, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+supportive+or+an+unsupportive+audience+on+biological+and+psychological+responses+to+stress.">Effects of a supportive or an unsupportive audience on biological and psychological responses to stress.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 98 (1), 47-56 (2010).</li><li>Haslam, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Psychology in organizations: the social identity approach. , (2004).</li><li>Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., W&#252;st, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+do+we+respond+so+differently?+Reviewing+determinants+of+human+salivary+cortisol+responses+to+challenge.">Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge.</a> Psychoneuroendocrino. 34 (1), 2-18 (2009).</li><li>Kudielka, B. M., Gierens, A., Hellhammer, D. H., W&#252;st, S., Schlotz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salivary+cortisol+in+ambulatory+assessment&#8212;some+dos,+some+don&#8217;ts,+and+some+open+questions.">Salivary cortisol in ambulatory assessment&#8212;some dos, some don&#8217;ts, and some open questions.</a> Psychosom. Med. 74 (4), 418-431 (2012).</li><li>Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., Spears, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceived+intragroup+variability+as+a+function+of+group+status+and+identification.">Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 31 (5), 410-436 (1995).</li><li>Birkett, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Trier+Social+Stress+Test+protocol+for+inducing+psychological+stress.">The Trier Social Stress Test protocol for inducing psychological stress.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (56), e3238 (2011).</li><li>Schwabe, L., Haddad, L., Schachinger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HPA+axis+activation+by+a+socially+evaluated+cold-pressor+test.">HPA axis activation by a socially evaluated cold-pressor test.</a> Psychoneuroendocrino. 33 (6), 890-895 (2008).</li><li>Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., McCabe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trust,+reciprocity,+and+social+history.">Trust, reciprocity, and social history.</a> Game Econ. Behav. 10 (1), 122-142 (1995).</li><li>Pruitt, D. G., Lewis, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+integrative+solutions+in+bilateral+negotiation.">Development of integrative solutions in bilateral negotiation.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 31 (4), 621-633 (1975).</li><li>Stasser, G., Titus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pooling+of+unshared+information+in+group+decision+making:+biased+information+sampling+during+discussion.">Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: biased information sampling during discussion.</a> J. Per. Soc. Psychol. 48 (6), 1467-1478 (1985).</li><li>Mojzisch, A., Schulz-Hardt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Knowing+others'+preferences+degrades+the+quality+of+group+decisions.">Knowing others' preferences degrades the quality of group decisions.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 98 (5), 794-808 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Este protocolo describe dos manipulaciones eficaz de (a) la relación entre diferentes protagonistas en el TSST (es decir, entre los participantes en el TSST-G 11 o entre la TSST-comité y el participante 12) y (b) el comportamiento de la TSST- Comité 12. La manipulación propuesta de la identidad social tiene varios puntos fuertes. En primer lugar, se puede implementar fácilmente antes de comenzar el TSST. Por lo tanto, no altera el protocolo est?...

Como animales sociales 1, los seres humanos se esfuerzan por pertenencia 2. Por lo tanto, para los seres humanos el comportamiento de otras personas importantes, así como sus relaciones con ellos son de gran importancia, sobre todo en situaciones desconocidas y desafiantes. Por ejemplo, en situaciones de estrés comportamiento de apoyo de otras personas, así como las relaciones sociales positivas pueden actuar como recursos de gran alcance para hacer frente al estrés 3,4. Estos recursos sociales, sin embargo, interactúan de una manera compleja y, a veces no son tampones de estrés eficaces 5 per se. Con el fin de estudiar las condiciones en que el comportamiento de apoyo y las relaciones sociales tienen un efecto sobre las reacciones de estrés, se introducen dos manipulaciones diferentes que se pueden implementar en el Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) 6,7 o la versión de grupos de la TSST (TSST -G) 8. Ambos son protocolos estándar para inducir altos niveles de estrés psicológico y fisiológico en el laboratorio <sup&gt; 7. La TSST (-G) se enmarca como una entrevista de trabajo simulada, en la que se supone que los participantes de convencer a dos entrevistadores (es decir, el comité de selección) que son el candidato más adecuado para un puesto de trabajo. Además, los participantes tienen que realizar una tarea aritmética mental en frente del comité de selección. Con el fin de aumentar la amenaza social-evaluativa, se les dice a los participantes que un video de ellos se grabará para un análisis de su comportamiento no verbal y un análisis de frecuencia de 6,7 voz. Manipulación de lo social frente a la identidad personal Para manipular las relaciones sociales dentro de la TSST (-G), diferentes técnicas para inducir una identidad social compartida 9 -un sentimiento de &quot;nosotros&quot; -ness entre protagonistas de la TSST / TSST-G se proponen (compare Gockel et al. 10, Häusser et al. 11). En concreto, la manipulación de una sociAl identidad consta de los siguientes pasos: 11,12 (1) Los participantes se colocan en la misma mesa. (2) A lo largo de los participantes experimentales procedimiento se tratan como un grupo. (3) La letra inicial de los nombres de los participantes es manipulado para ser idénticos porque la gente prefiere las letras que constituyen su propio nombre 13. Este efecto nombre de la letra puede estar vinculado a un aumento de la atracción interpersonal 14. (4) la edad y la ocupación de los participantes son manipuladas para ser similar. (5) Los participantes se dan las camisetas del mismo color. (6) Los participantes trabajan solos en una tarea en la que tienen que generar y escribir las ideas para mejorar la calidad de vida en su ciudad (Tarea 1). Sus ideas se ponen en una caja colectiva y se les dice que se analizará el desempeño del grupo. (7) Se les pide a los participantes a pensar en las similitudes (por ejemplo, metas, deseos y hábitos) entre ellos y sus compañeros de grupo (tarea 2). (8) foto de grupo A es taken. Con el fin de inducir una identidad personal, se tienen los siguientes medios: (1) Los participantes están sentados en tres mesas individuales. (2) A lo largo de los participantes experimentales procedimiento se tratan como individuos. (3) La letra inicial de los nombres de los participantes es manipulado para ser diferente. (4) la edad y la ocupación de los participantes son manipuladas para ser diferente. (5) Los participantes reciben camisetas de diferentes colores. (6) Los participantes también trabajan en tareas 1. Sin embargo, sus ideas para mejorar la calidad de vida se ponen en cajas individuales y se hizo hincapié en que se analizará su rendimiento individual. (7) Los participantes deben pensar en las cosas (por ejemplo, metas, deseos y hábitos) que se distinguen de sus compañeros de grupo. (8) se toma Una imagen individual de cada participante. Es importante destacar que, en ambas condiciones de participantes no se les permite interactuar unos con otros en cualquier forma. Además, tenga en cuenta que el Realización de los pasos 3 y 4 requiere el uso de cómplices y por lo tanto puede no ser aplicable en cada diseño del estudio. La manipulación de apoyo versus el comportamiento insolidario Para estudiar los efectos de la (in) el comportamiento de apoyo, una manipulación experimental de la conducta no verbal de los miembros del comité de selección de TSST (comparar Taylor et al. 15) se introduce. Es importante destacar que sólo el comportamiento no verbal del comité se altera: En marcado contraste con la versión estándar de la TSST 6, en el que los miembros del comité están capacitados para comunicarse con el participante de una manera neutral sin respuesta (es decir, los miembros del comité proporcionan hay retroalimentación facial en todos), los miembros del comité de empresa se comporte bien solidariamente o unsupportively. Sin embargo, las declaraciones verbales estandarizados de los miembros del comité y el procedimiento de la TSST no se han modificado. Estos dos manipulati experimentalescomplementos se pueden aplicar de forma independiente el uno del otro, pero también se pueden combinar. En suma, la manipulación de la identidad ha sido probado en nuestro laboratorio en 186 estudiantes sanos masculinos y femeninos y la manipulación de la conducta comisión de 90 estudiantes sanos masculinos y femeninos. En el presente artículo se describe la combinación de ambas manipulaciones como realizada por Frisch et al., 12. Sobre la base del enfoque de la identidad social 16, Frisch et al. 12 la hipótesis de que el apoyo social en una situación estresante sólo será efectiva en las respuestas al estrés tampón, si el prestador y el destinatario de la ayuda comparten una identidad social. Esta hipótesis fue probada usando un 2 (sociales frente a la identidad personal) × 2 (unsupportive comportamiento frente comité de apoyo) entre sujetos diseño. En la primera parte de este experimento, una identidad social compartida (frente a la identidad personal) fue inducida entre los tres participantes. De hecho, sólo había un participante real ylas otras dos personas fueron cómplices que pretendían ser participantes reales en todo el estudio. Los dos cómplices se utilizaron con el fin de asegurar un comportamiento comité estandarizada en la próxima TSST. En esta segunda parte del experimento, la TSST se introdujo a los participantes y se les dijo que uno de ellos tendría que servir como solicitante de empleo y constituya el comité de los otros dos. Los dos cómplices fueron designados como miembros del comité TSST mediante el uso de un dibujo falso del procedimiento de lotes. Durante la TSST, el comportamiento no verbal de los dos miembros del comité fue manipulado y que actuó bien solidariamente o unsupportively. El siguiente protocolo describe el procedimiento de este experimento 12 y las manipulaciones en más detalle.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="841">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>9 T-shirts in 3 colors (i.e., 3 in each color)</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Social/personal identity manipulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 stick-on labels</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Social/personal identity manipulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 boxes (e.g., made of cardboard)</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Social/personal identity manipulation (task 1).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a little pouch&#160;</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bogus lot drawing procedure (entails three lots: two neatly folded lots labeled with with &#8220;committee&#8221; and one crumpled-up lot labeled with &#8220;applicant&#8221;).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 stopwatches</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place them on the table in Room 2 (for the TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 video cameras</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2 (one for allegedly filming the participant, one for filming the behavior of the committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 tripods</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 microphone</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2 (for allegedly recording the speech and the answers of the participant).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 microphone stand</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>several pens</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Furniture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 chairs</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 1 A and B (social/ personal identity manipulation).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 big table</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 1A (social identity manipulation).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 small tables</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 1B (personal identity manipulation).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 big table</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 2 (TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 chairs</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 2 (TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Questionnaires/ instructions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 informed consents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use the&#160; informed consent of your institution (for all participants, i.e., the two confederates and the real participant).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 manipulation checks of identity salience</td>
			<td>Items of Frisch et al. (2014), H&#228;usser et al. (2012) or Doosje et al. (1995)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out after the identity salience manipulation (for all participants, i.e., the two confederates and the real participant).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 &#34;instructions&#34; for the TSST-committee</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out to the committee members (i.e., the confederates) at the end of the bogus lot drawing procedure. These &#34;instructions&#34; are part of the cover story so that the real participant believes that the two confederates are real participants as well and need to be informed about their roles in the TSST. However, since the confederates are of course already familiar with the TSST procedure, it is not important what these instructions actually entail (e.g., as a reminder for the confederates they may entail the exact wording of the verbal instructions of the committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 solutions to the mental arithmetic task</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place them on the table in Room 2 (for the TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 (or 3) manipulation check(s) of committee behavior</td>
			<td>Items of Frisch et al. (2014)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out after the TSST (for the real participant only). (However, in order to keep up the role of the confederates as real participants, a similar questionnaire can be handed out to the confederates asking them how they evaluate their own behavior during the TSST.)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>several sheets of blank paper</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out for task 1, task 2, preparation time of TSST (for the real participant), notes during the TSST (for the TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the social dimension of stress: experimental manipulations of social support and social identity in the trier social stress test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Dos estudios (Häusser et al. 11 y Frisch et al. 12) demostraron la eficacia de la manipulación de identidad en 186 estudiantes sanos (97 mujeres, rango de edad 18 a 35 años, media) edad (M = 22,40 años, desviación estándar (SD ) = 2.83 años). Por otra parte, Frisch et al. 12 puso a prueba la eficacia de la manipulación comportamiento comisión de 90 estudiantes sanos (49 mujeres, rango de edad de 18 a 29, M = 22,00 años,<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test at JoVE.com

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

La dimensión social del estrés: Manipulaciones experimentales de Apoyo Social e Identidad Social en el Trier Social Estrés Prueba

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

the-social-dimension-stress-experimental-manipulations-social-support

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Behavior

Social Psychology

Introduction to Psychology

Foundations of Social Psychology

Unit 1

An Introduction to Psychology

The Social Self

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

13.6K vistas.  University of Hildesheim. Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test). 

Video: The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

El Paradigma Residente intruso: una prueba estandarizada para la agresión, la violencia y el estrés social

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals and humans. However, many animal models of depression were developed in males and are not applicable or effective in studies of postpartum females. Recent studies have reported significant effects of chronic social stress during lactation, an ethologically relevant and effective stressor, on maternal behavior, growth, and behavioral neuroendocrinology. This manuscript will describe this chronic social stress paradigm using repeated exposure of a lactating dam to a novel male intruder, and the assessment of the behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine effects of this model. Chronic social stress (CSS) is a valuable model for studying the effects of stress on the behavior and physiology of the dam as well as her offspring and future generations. The exposure of pups to CSS can also be used as an early life stress that has long term effects on behavior, physiology, and neuroendocrinology.

This article describes the use of chronic resident intruder social stress as an ethologically relevant paradigm to model postpartum depression and anxiety in lactating rodents.

Usando estrés social crónico de Modelo depresión posparto en vacas roedores

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

La Junta Agujero Modificado - Medición de Comportamiento, Cognición e interacción social en ratones y ratas

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

Un modelo de ratón de subcrónica y leve estrés Derrota Social para Entender déficits conductuales y fisiológicos inducidos por el estrés

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

Investigación Experimental Examinar cómo la gente puede hacer frente a la incertidumbre a través de suaves hápticos Sensaciones

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

El examen de recuperación de memoria en la infancia y la niñez Uso de la imitación provocada Paradigma

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

Un intra-sujetos Protocolo experimental para evaluar los efectos de entrada Social sobre EEG infantil

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

The single Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the TSST for groups (TSST-G) are the most used protocols to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. These tests are based on uncontrollability and social-evaluative threat, inducing psychological and physiological consequences (e.g., anxiety, emotional states, salivary cortisol increases). Many quantitative experimental studies have investigated these stress inducers and these consequences. But, as far as we know, this study is the first to provide a qualitative analysis to access the participants' voices so as to understand the dynamics of their experience throughout the TSST and the TSST-G. This paper outlines a mixed methods approach to the TSST. This approach can help to maximize the information that can be gained from the TSST, which researchers often use without looking more closely at what is qualitatively happening psychologically for participants during the stressor itself. In this way, this protocol is an example of mixed methods, showing the added value of using the enactive phenomenological approach to analyze experimental protocols more deeply. This kind of mixed methods is helpful to access the experience, to understand the actor's point of view, and to analyze in-depth the dynamics of cognitive processes like intentions, perceptions, enacted knowledge, and emotion. The discussion section shows the different uses of a mixed methods protocol, exploiting the enactive phenomenological approach to analyze a protocol or to give a cross vision of the same research subject. This section deals with different existing applications, pointing out some critical steps in this mixed methods approach.

Here, we present an original mixed method combining a quantitative and a qualitative approach to examine accurately participants&#39; experiences during the Trier Social Stress Test and the Trier Social Stress Test for groups.

Enfoque fenomenológico enactivo a Trier Social Stress prueba: un punto de vista de métodos mixtos

The single Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the TSST for groups (TSST-G) are the most used protocols to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

Integración de análisis computarizados de redes linguísticas y sociales para capturar capital de recuperación de adicciones en una comunidad en línea

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an important role in addressing current educational challenges. Despite the unlimited learning possibilities that VR may offer, unless users are willing to apply virtual devices to education, the investment of time, money, and effort will be fruitless. It is therefore crucial to assess the educational interest of the first generation of VR users and to identify their current needs. To this end, in this study we designed an online questionnaire and applied it through the SaaS (Software as a service) of a private server. The sample consisted of 117 early VR adopters recruited via a main portal of communication and information technologies in Spain. In order to engage participants, we posted a thread in the main forum, which is dedicated to the advances and potential uses of VR. Once the responses were gathered, we analyzed the relationship between 12 variables (mean contrasts with Snedecor&#39;s F, and contingency analysis with chi-square and Sommer&#39;s d). The results showed that the current profile of a VR user is a male over 35 years old, with university studies, and who has purchased his viewer recently (&#60;1 year). As for the learning and teaching applications that these users were interested in, only 13.7% of the participants in this study use VR for educational purposes, although 28.2% were interested, indicating that perhaps the lack of applications or learning experiences may be hampering the use of VR within education. Almost half of the early adopters surveyed would like to learn using VR technology and are somehow optimistic about the relationship between VR and education, particularly those who are younger.

This article describes the profile of Spanish early adopters of virtual reality and their interests and preferences regarding learning and educational applications for this technology. To this aim, we designed an online questionnaire and interviewed 117 users of the main virtual reality forum on the Internet.

Estudio Exploratoen en línea sobre los usos de aprendizaje de la realidad virtual entre los primeros adoptantes

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an ...