Damos las gracias a J. Vaughen por la lectura crítica del manuscrito. Este trabajo fue apoyado por subvenciones de JSPS KAKENHI Grant Números 26891025, 15H01500 y la Fundación de Ciencias de Takeda Subvención de investigación a YT

1. Cruces de la mosca y inducción del clon <ol><li> Eliminar todas las moscas en el vial 12 h antes de recoger virgen moscas. </li><li> Anestesiar las moscas en el vial inyectando gas CO 2 y colocar moscas en una almohadilla de mosca de CO 2 . </li><li> Transferir de 10 a 20 hembras virgenes y 10 machos de la almohadilla de mosca de CO 2 a un vial nuevo e incubar durante 1 día a 25 ° C. </li><li> Transferir estas moscas en un vial nuevo e incubar durante 12 h a 25 ° C. NOTA: Deseche el primer vial ya que las hembras virgen no ponen suficientes huevos en el primer día. </li><li> Para líneas enhancer-GAL4, retire las moscas adultas e incube el vial a 25 ° C hasta disección. </li><li> Para la inducción de los clones del mosaico mediante el flip-out-GAL4, retire las moscas adultas e incube el vial durante 2-4 días a 25 ° C. El tiempo de incubación antes del choque térmico depende del propósito experimental. Un choque térmico 2 días después de la deposición del huevo (AED) genera clones de mosaico en segundos inmadurosInstar epitelios imaginal. Un shock térmico después de 3 ó 4 días de DEA genera clones de mosaico en epitelios imaginarios diferenciados de instar temprano a mediados del tercer instar. NOTA: Es importante examinar el efecto del tiempo de choque térmico alterado en los fenotipos tumorigénicos. </li><li> Para la inducción de los clones de mosaico mediante flip-out-GAL4, calentar el vial por inmersión en un baño de agua a 37 ° C durante 10 - 45 min seguido de incubación durante 2 - 3 días a 25 ° C. NOTA: La información del tiempo de choque térmico, el tiempo y el tiempo de incubación en cada experimento se muestran en las leyendas de la figura. </li></ol> 2. Disección de las larvas <ol><li> Recoja las larvas de tercer estadio errantes con una pinza de madera o fórceps romos, genotipo por marcadores fluorescentes apropiados ( por ejemplo , EGFP) bajo un microscopio estereoscópico de fluorescencia y colóquelas en un plato de disección con PBS (solución salina tamponada con fosfato). </li><li> Lavar las larvas en PBS pipeteando con pipetas de transferencia de plástico de 2 ml. </li><li>Pellizque el centro de la larva con una pinza y rompa el cuerpo por la mitad con la otra pinza. </li><li> Pellizque el gancho de la boca de la mitad anterior con una pinza y empuje la boca hacia el cuerpo con la otra pinza para girar el cuerpo de adentro hacia afuera. </li><li> Eliminar los materiales innecesarios, como las glándulas salivales o los cuerpos de grasa con fórceps. </li></ol> 3. Fijación y tinción de anticuerpos <ol><li> Transferir la mitad anterior disecada del cuerpo larval (incluyendo los discos imaginarios del ala) a un tubo plástico de 1,5 ml y fijar en 1 mL de solución Fix (formaldehído 4% en PBS) durante 10 min a temperatura ambiente en la oscuridad con rotación suave. PRECAUCIÓN: El formaldehído es tóxico y tiene un potencial carcinógeno. Use guantes y ropa protectora para evitar el contacto con la piel. NOTA: En esta parte, todas las etapas tienen lugar en un nutator a temperatura ambiente en la oscuridad a menos que se indique lo contrario. </li><li> Quite la solución Fix y deséchela. Lave los tejidos con 1 mL de PBT (0.3% TritEn X-100 en PBS) tres veces durante 15 min cada uno. </li><li> Eliminar el PBT y añadir 1 ml de PBTG (0,2% de suero de bóvidos bovinos y 5% de suero normal de cabra en PBT) para bloquear y nutate 1 h a temperatura ambiente o durante la noche a 4ºC. </li><li> Quitar PBTG y añadir la solución de anticuerpo primario diluido apropiadamente con PBTG (véase Tabla de Materiales ) y nutate durante la noche a 4 ° C. </li><li> Eliminar la solución de anticuerpo primario y lavar los tejidos con 1 mL de PBT tres veces durante 15 minutos cada uno. </li><li> Eliminar PBT y añadir una solución de anticuerpo secundaria debidamente diluida con PBTG (1: 400). Nutate durante 2 h a temperatura ambiente o durante una noche a 4 ° C. </li><li> Eliminar la solución de anticuerpos secundarios y lavar los tejidos con 1 mL de PBT dos veces durante 15 minutos cada uno. </li><li> Para teñir F-actina, eliminar PBT y añadir Phalloidin solución diluida adecuadamente en PBS (1:40). A continuación, nutate durante 20 min. Retire la solución de Phalloidin y lave los tejidos con 1 mL de PBT dos veces durante 15 min cada uno. </li><li> Para contra-tinción de ADN nuclear, eliminar PBT y añadir DAPI (4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindole) solución (0,5 μ g / mL de DAPI en PBS). A continuación, nutate 10 min. PRECAUCIÓN: DAPI tiene potencial carcinógeno. Use guantes y ropa protectora para evitar el contacto con la piel. </li><li> Eliminar la solución DAPI y lavar los tejidos con 1 mL de PBT dos veces durante 15 minutos cada uno. </li><li> Enjuagar una vez en 1 mL de PBS durante 10 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Eliminar PBS y añadir 500 μ l de 100% de glicerol como el medio de pre-montaje. </li></ol> 4. Montaje en portaobjetos de microscopio <ol><li> Coloque los tejidos teñidos en una diapositiva de microscopio con una pipeta de transferencia de plástico de 2 ml. </li><li> Transferir los tejidos a gotas de medio de montaje en otra diapositiva de microscopio con fórceps. </li><li> Mantenga presionado el extremo del tejido diseccionado con una pinza y retire los discos antenales del cerebro y los ojos con las otras pinzas. NOTA: Mantenga los cerebros disecados para colocarlos cerca de los discos imaginales del ala. Los cerebros actúan como una plataforma que impide que el cubreobjeto aplaste los discos imaginal del ala. </li><li> Para aislar el ala los discos imaginales mantienen el extremo del tejido disecado con una pinza y rascan suavemente la pared del cuerpo y arrancan los discos con las otras pinzas. NOTA: Si es difícil encontrar discos imaginal del ala, pelar la tráquea desde el lado posterior al lado anterior. Los discos imaginarios del ala se adhieren a la tráquea. </li><li> Cubra suavemente los discos imaginales con un cubreobjetos y selle con esmalte de uñas; Almacenar a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 5. Microscopía confocal <ol><li> Para adquirir imágenes confocales usando un microscopio confocal, fije los parámetros de adquisición de imágenes, incluyendo el rango de longitud de onda de emisión, intensidad láser, ganancia, offset, velocidad de exploración y tamaño de imagen 24 . NOTA: Para el procedimiento detallado de los ajustes de adquisición de imágenes, consulte el manual de instrucciones suministrado por cada fabricante de microscopio. </li><li> Para capturar solo coSecciones nfocal de un disco imaginal del ala entera, utilice un objetivo 20X. </li><li> Adquiera imágenes tridimensionales mediante escaneo de pilas en z con tamaño de paso de 0,5 a 1,0 μm usando lentes de 40X o 60X. NOTA: Para analizar los fenotipos celulares en alta resolución, un tamaño de imagen debe ser mayor de 512 x 512 píxeles. </li></ol> 6. Análisis de imágenes con ImageJ <ol><li> Utilice Fiji, un software de código abierto ImageJ enfocado en el análisis de imágenes biológicas (https://fiji.sc/) 25 , para adquirir y analizar las imágenes confocal de la z-pila. </li><li> Para obtener secciones verticales, abra las imágenes de pila z en ImageJ y seleccione el elemento de menú &quot;Imagen / pilas / Reslice&quot;. NOTA: Tanto el eje XZ como el eje YZ se pueden seleccionar en el menú Reslice. La sección vertical puede obtenerse también en una dirección arbitraria dibujando una línea recta o rectángulo sobre la imagen de la pila z. </li></ol> 7. Diagnóstico de los fenotipos neoplásicos <ol><li> Abrir la vertical(Eje XZ o YZ) obtenidos a partir de un conjunto de imágenes de pila z y analizar fenotipos morfológicos y tinción de anticuerpos. </li><li> Para el diagnóstico de los fenotipos tumorales, se centran principalmente en los siguientes tres puntos: (1) si una masa celular, incluyendo clones knockdown, se desvía de la capa epitelial principal, (2) si la localización subcelular de las proteínas de unión se altera en esta masa celular , Y (3) si el diámetro de esta masa celular es mayor que 4 células. </li><li> Clasificar los fenotipos tumorales de acuerdo con el diagrama de flujo descrito en la Figura 1 . </li></ol>

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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

El sistema GAL4-UAS es una de las herramientas genéticas más potentes para la expresión génica dirigida en Drosophila 26 y facilita en gran medida la inducción y el análisis de células tumorales in vivo 4 . Este sistema permite la generación de clones que tienen knockdown de genes supresores de tumores o sobreexpresión de oncogenes dentro de tejido epitelial de tipo salvaje, una situación muy similar a las etapas iniciales de cáncer humano en d...

Los tejidos epiteliales son sistemas altamente organizados que tienen la notable capacidad homeostática de mantener su organización a través del desarrollo y la renovación celular. Este robusto sistema de auto-organización, sin embargo, se interrumpe progresivamente durante el desarrollo del tumor. Al comienzo del desarrollo del tumor, las células mutantes individuales que surgen de la activación del oncogén o la inactivación del gen supresor del tumor emergen dentro de una capa epitelial. Cuando esta transformada &quot;célula pro-tumor&quot; evade un ambiente supresor, interrumpe la organización epitelial, y comienza la proliferación incontrolada, la tumorigénesis se produce 1 . Durante las últimas décadas, avances tecnológicos sobresalientes en genética y biología molecular han hecho progresos notables en la investigación del cáncer. En particular, los estudios recientes que utilizan los instrumentos de análisis genéticamente mosaico en Drosophila melanogaster , tales como la recombinación mitótica FLP-FRT (recombinante flippase / flase recombinase)ación 2 y flip-out-GAL4-UAS sistemas (secuencia de activación aguas arriba) 3, han contribuido enormemente a una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos genéticos implicados en la formación y metástasis de tumores 4, 5, 6. Los estudios de un grupo de genes supresores de tumores conservados de Drosophila , larvas gigantes letales ( lgl ), discos grandes ( dlg ) y garabatos ( scrib ), resaltaron la relación crítica entre la pérdida de organización epitelial y el desarrollo tumoral, ya que estos genes desempeñan papeles clave En la regulación de la polaridad celular apical-basal y la proliferación celular en los tejidos epiteliales [ 7] . Mientras que los discos imaginarios de Drosophila son normalmente epitelios monocapa, las mutaciones homocigóticas en cualquiera de estos tres genes hacen que las células pierdan estructura y polaridad, no difierenRentizar, sobreproliferar y, finalmente, formar masas amorfas multicapa que se funden con tejidos adyacentes 7 . Del mismo modo, la interrupción de estos genes en los mamíferos está involucrado en el desarrollo de tumores malignos [ 8 , 9] . Los fenotipos neoplásicos exhibidos por los tejidos mutantes han llevado a la clasificación de estos tres genes conservados, genes neoplásicos supresores de tumores (nTSGs) [ 7 , 8] . Sin embargo, cuando homozygous nTSG células mutantes son esporádicos generados en el desarrollo de tipo salvaje discursos imaginales utilizando FLP-FRT mediada por la recombinación mitótica, las células mutantes son eliminados del tejido a través de c-Jun N-terminal quinasa (JNK) -dependiente apoptosis 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , extrusión 15 </suP&gt; , 16 , o el engolfamiento y la fagocitosis por los vecinos [ 17] . En este epitelio genéticamente mosaico, la apoptosis se detecta principalmente en las células mutantes nTSG localizadas en el límite del clon, lo que sugiere que las células normales adyacentes desencadenar la apoptosis de nTSG células mutantes [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 18] . Estudios recientes en células de mamíferos han confirmado que esta eliminación celular dependiente de la competencia de las células pro-tumor es un mecanismo evolutivo conservado epiteliales de autodefensa contra el cáncer 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 . Un reciente estudio en Drosophila imaginal discos, sin embargo, mostró que mosaico nTSG-knockdown clones induce tumores neoplásicos en especificaIc de los discos imaginal de ala 16 . La formación inicial de tumores se encontró siempre en la región periférica de la &quot;bisagra&quot; y nunca se observó en la región central de la &quot;bolsa&quot; del epitelio del disco de ala, lo que sugiere que el potencial tumorigénico de las células knockdown nTSG depende del entorno local. La región de la bolsa central funciona como una &quot;mancha fría del tumor&quot; donde las células pro-tumor no muestran sobrecrecimiento displásico, mientras que la región bisagra periférica se comporta como un &quot;hotspot tumoral&quot; 16 . En las regiones de bolsa &quot;coldspot&quot;, las células de desmontaje de nTSG se deslaminan desde el lado basal y sufren apoptosis. Por el contrario, como &quot;hotspot&quot; bisagra células poseen una red de estructuras robusto citoesqueleto en sus lados basales, nTSG-knockdown células delaminate desde el lado apical del epitelio e iniciar tumorigenic sobrecrecimiento [ 16] . Por lo tanto, el análisis de los fenotipos tumorales en discos imaginal requiereLa susceptibilidad específica de la región a estímulos tumorigénicos. En este sentido, se describe un protocolo para inducir la formación de tumores neoplásicos en el disco Drosophila imaginal discos utilizando el GAL4-UAS- RNAi sistema por el cual nTSG-knockdown células se generan en el epitelio del disco de ala normal. Aunque estos sistemas experimentales son útiles para estudiar las primeras etapas del cáncer, no se ha descrito claramente un método claro de clasificación para evaluar las etapas de progresión tumoral en epitelios discales imaginarios. Por lo tanto, también proponemos un método de diagnóstico para clasificar los fenotipos clonales pro-tumorales inducidos en el epitelio del disco ala en tres categorías: hiperplasia (acumulación de un número excesivo de células de aparición normal con aumento de la proliferación), displasia (tejido premaligno compuesto de anormalmente aparente Células), y neoplasia (tumor benigno o maligno compuesto de células que tienen un aspecto anormal y un patrón de proliferación anormal).

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Wako</td><td>162-19321</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TritonX-100</td><td>Wako</td><td>168-11805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Wako</td><td>064-00406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bovine serum albumin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A7906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>normal goat serum</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G6767</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mounting medium, Vectashield</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D9542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-Dlg 4F3</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>4F3 anti-discs large, RRID:AB_528203</td><td>dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>3A6B4, RRID:AB_579780</td><td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>3B8D12, RRID:AB_579781</td><td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>5H7B11, RRID:AB_579779</td><td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>mouse-anti-&lt;span class=&quot;font13&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font8&quot;&gt;tubulin&lt;/span&gt;</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>AA4.3, RRID:AB_579793</td><td>dilute in PBTG, 1:100</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 546 Phalloidin</td><td>Molecular probes</td><td>A22283</td><td>dilute in PBS, 1:40</td></tr><tr><td>goat anti-mouse IgG antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td><td>Molecular probes</td><td>A11030</td><td>dilute in PBTG, 1:400</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Fly strains&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;sd-Gal4&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#8609</td><td>recombined with &lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font11&quot;&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;upd-Gal4&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#26796</td><td>recombined with &lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font11&quot;&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-lgl-RNAi&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi center</td><td>#51247</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-scrib-RNAi&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi center</td><td>#105412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Ras&lt;span class=&quot;font12&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;V12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#64196</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Yki&lt;span class=&quot;font12&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3SA&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#28817</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;hsFLP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Act&gt;CD2&gt;GAL4 (flip-out GAL4)&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#4780</td><td>recombined with &lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;font11&quot;&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#5428</td><td>X chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-EGFP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#6658</td><td>third chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Dicer2&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#24650</td><td>second chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;UAS-Dicer2&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td>#24651</td><td>third chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;vkg-GFP&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Morin et al. 2001</td><td></td><td>GFP protein trap</td></tr></tbody></table>

induction and diagnosis of tumors in drosophila imaginal disc epithelia

En las primeras etapas del cáncer, las células mutantes transformadas muestran anormalidades citológicas, comienzan un crecimiento excesivo no controlado y alteran progresivamente la organización tisular. Drosophila melanogaster ha surgido como un modelo experimental popular en el sistema de biología del cáncer para estudiar los mecanismos genéticos y celulares de la tumorigénesis. En particular, las herramientas genéticas para los discos imaginarios de Drosophila (desarrollo de epitelios en larvas) permiten la creación de células pro tumorales transformadas dentro de un tejido epitelial normal, situación similar a las etapas iniciales del cáncer humano. Sin embargo, un estudio reciente de tumorigénesis en discos imaginarios de alas de Drosophila demostró que la iniciación tumoral depende de la citoarquitectura intrínseca del tejido y del microambiente local, lo que sugiere que es importante considerar la susceptibilidad específica de la región a los estímulos tumorigénicos en la evaluación de fenotipos tumorales en imaginal Discos Para facilitar el análisis fenotípico del progreso tumoralEn discos imaginal, aquí se describe un protocolo para experimentos genéticos utilizando el sistema GAL4-UAS para inducir tumores neoplásicos en discos imaginal de ala. Además, hemos introducido un método de diagnóstico para clasificar los fenotipos de las lesiones clonales inducidas en el epitelio imaginal, como un método de clasificación clara para discriminar las diversas etapas de la progresión tumoral (como la hiperplasia, displasia o neoplasia) no se había descrito anteriormente. Estos métodos podrían aplicarse ampliamente al análisis clonal de fenotipos tumorales en diversos órganos de Drosophila .

Para demostrar la formación de tumores neoplásicos inducidos experimentalmente por RNAi mediada nTSG-knockdown en Drosophila ala imaginal discos, tres diferentes GAL4 conductores se utilizaron para expresar UAS-RNAi para lgl o scrib : (1) sd-GAL4, que impulsa fuerte UAS expresión en el Bolsa de ala y expresión suave en las regiones de bisagra ( Figura 2 y Figura 3A ); (2)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia at JoVE.com

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

El análisis de clones mosaicos en el epitelio discal imaginario de Drosophila es un poderoso sistema modelo para estudiar los mecanismos genéticos y celulares de la tumorigénesis. Aquí se describe un protocolo para inducir tumores en Drosophila ala imaginal discos utilizando el sistema GAL4-UAS, e introducir un método de diagnóstico para clasificar los tumores fenotipos.

Inducción y diagnóstico de tumores en<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Imaginal Disc Epitelio

In the early stages of cancer, transformed mutant cells show cytological abnormalities, begin uncontrolled overgrowth, and progressively disrupt tissue ...

induction-diagnosis-tumors-drosophila-imaginal-disc

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

14.9K vistas.  SOKENDAI.  El análisis de clones mosaicos en el epitelio discal imaginario de Drosophila es un poderoso sistema modelo para estudiar los mecanismos genéticos y celulares de la tumorigénesis. Aquí se describe un protocolo para inducir tumores en Drosophila ala imaginal discos utilizando el sistema GAL4-UAS, e introducir un método de diagnóstico para clasificar los tumores fenotipos. 

Video: Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific molecular profiles of a tumor may predict responsiveness to therapeutic agents or provide knowledge about prognosis. At our institution a tumor genotyping program was established as part of routine clinical care, screening both hematologic and solid tumors for a wide spectrum of mutations using two next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels: a custom, 33 gene hematological malignancies panel for use with peripheral blood and bone marrow, and a commercially produced solid tumor panel for use with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue that targets 47 genes commonly mutated in cancer. Our workflow includes a pathologist review of the biopsy to ensure there is adequate amount of tumor for the assay followed by customized DNA extraction is performed on the specimen. Quality control of the specimen includes steps for quantity, quality and integrity and only after the extracted DNA passes these metrics an amplicon library is generated and sequenced. The resulting data is analyzed through an in-house bioinformatics pipeline and the variants are reviewed and interpreted for pathogenicity. Here we provide a snapshot of the utility of each panel using two clinical cases to provide insight into how a well-designed NGS workflow can contribute to optimizing clinical outcomes.

This manuscript describes clinical protocols for two next-generation sequencing panels. One panel interrogates hematologic malignancies while the other panel targets genes commonly mutated in solid tumors. Molecular classification of driver mutations in human malignancies offers valuable prognostic and predictive information.

Siguiente Generación de secuenciación para la detección de mutaciones procesable en tumores sólidos y líquidos

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific ...

Investigación

Investigación sobre el cáncer

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

los<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Imaginal modelo de tumor de disco: visualización y cuantificación de la expresión génica y la invasividad tumoral Uso Genético Mosaicos

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

La disección de los discos imaginales de 3er estadio las larvas de Drosophila

Biología

Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We developed an in vitro fully human preclinical model of a co-culture of breast cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation towards osteoclasts. We optimized a model of osteoclastogenesis starting from a sample of peripheral blood collected from healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first separated by density gradient centrifugation, seeded at a high density and induced to differentiate by adding two growth factors (GFs): receptor activator of nuclear factor-&#954;B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF). The cells were left in culture for 14 days and then fixed and analyzed by downstream analysis. In osteolytic bone metastases, one of the effects of cancer cell arrival in bone is the induction of osteoclastogenesis. We thus challenged our model with co-cultures of breast cancer cells to study the differentiation power of cancer cells with respect to GFs. A straightforward way of studying cancer cell-osteoclast interaction is to perform indirect co-cultures based on the use of conditioned medium collected from breast cancer cell cultures and mixed with fresh medium. This mixture is then used to induce osteoclast differentiation. We also optimized a method of direct co-culture in which cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation share the medium and exchange secreted factors. This is a significant improvement over the original indirect co-culture method as researchers can observe the reciprocal interactions of the two cell types and perform downstream analyses for both cancer cells and osteoclasts. This method enables us to study the effect of drugs on the metastatic bone microenvironment and to seed cell lines other than those derived from breast cancer. The model can also be used to study other diseases such as osteoporosis or other bone conditions.

This protocol describes development of an in vitro human preclinical model of osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes cultured with breast cancer cell lines to mimic the cancer cell-osteoclast interaction. The model could be used to further our understanding of bone metastasis formation and improve therapeutic options.

Desarrollo de un modelo humano de preclínico de osteoclastogénesis de monocitos de sangre periférica cultivadas conjuntamente con líneas de células de cáncer de mama

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We ...

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more than 50 histological subtypes of these rare solid tumors have been identified. Thus, due to their extraordinary diversity and low incidence, our understanding of the biology of these tumors is still limited. Patient-derived cultures represent the ideal platform to study STS pathophysiology and pharmacology. We thus developed a human preclinical model of STS starting from tumor specimens harvested from patients undergoing surgical resection. Patient-derived STS cell cultures were obtained from the surgical specimens by collagenase digestion and isolated by filtration. Cells were counted, seeded, and left for 14 days in standard monolayer cultures and then processed by downstream analysis. Before performing molecular or pharmaceutical analyses, the establishment of STS primary cultures was confirmed through the evaluation of cytomorphologic features and, when available, immunohistochemical markers. This method represents a useful tool 1) to study the natural history of these poorly explored malignancies and 2) to test the effects of different drugs in an effort to learn more about their mechanisms of action.

The following protocol focuses on the establishment of a primary culture of patient-derived soft tissue sarcoma (STS). This model could help us to better understand the molecular background and pharmacological profile of these rare malignancies and could represent a starting point for further research aimed at improving STS management.

Establecimiento de un cultivo primario de Sarcoma de tejidos blandos derivados del paciente

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more ...

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila has illuminated our understanding of the genetic basis of normal development and disease for the past several decades and today it continues to contribute immensely to our understanding of complex diseases 1-7. Progression of tumors from a benign to a metastatic state is a complex event 8 and has been modeled in Drosophila to help us better understand the genetic basis of this disease 9. Here I present a simple protocol to genetically induce, observe and then analyze the progression of tumors in Drosophila larvae. The tumor induction technique is based on the MARCM system 10 and exploits the cooperation between an activated oncogene, RasV12 and loss of cell polarity genes (scribbled, discs large and lethal giant larvae) to generate invasive tumors 9. I demonstrate how these tumors can be visualized in the intact larvae and then how these can be dissected out for further analysis. The simplified protocol presented here should make it possible for this technique to be utilized by investigators interested in understanding the role of a gene in tumor invasion.

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

Cooperation between an activated oncogene like RASV12 and mutations in cell polarity genes like scribbled, result in tumor growth in Drosophila where tumor cells also display invasive behaviors. Here a simple protocol for the induction and observation of the benign and invasive tumors is presented.

Un protocolo para la inducción genética y visualización de tumores benignos y invasoras en cefálica Complejos de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila has illuminated our  understanding of the genetic basis of normal development and disease for the  past several decades and today it continues ...

Medicina

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

Imágenes y análisis de la orientación del tejido y la dinámica del crecimiento en el desarrollo de la Drosophila Epithelia durante las etapas pupales

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila pupa inmunohistoquímica Abdomen

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called imaginal discs. These discs give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly. Here we describe a protocol that has been optimized to recover these discs and prepare them for analysis with antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps. This procedure is best suited for thin tissues like imaginal discs, but can be easily modified for use with thicker tissues such as the larval brain and adult ovary. The written protocol and accompanying video will guide the reader/viewer through the dissection of third instar larvae, fixation of tissue, and treatment of imaginal discs with antibodies. The protocol can be used to dissect imaginal discs from younger first and second instar larvae as well. The advantage of this protocol is that it is relatively short and it has been optimized for the high quality preservation of the dissected tissue. Another advantage is that the fixation procedure that is employed works well with the overwhelming number of antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. In our experience, there is a very small number of sensitive antibodies that do not work well with this procedure. In these situations, the remedy appears to be to use an alternate fixation cocktail while continuing to follow the guidelines that we have set forth for the dissection steps and antibody incubations.

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

La disección y la inmunotinción de imaginal discos de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...

Drosophila Larva Imaginal Disc Dissection: A Method to Observe Developing Epithelia

Source: Morimoto, K. and Tamori, Y. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55901/" target="_blank">Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
When staining Drosophila imaginal discs, often a rough dissection is performed where the discs are exposed but remain attached to the body. Once stained, the discs of interest are isolated and mounted. The example protocol demonstrates a procedure for wing imaginal disc dissection and mounting.

Drosophila Disección del disco imaginal de las larvas: un método para observar el desarrollo de los epitelios

Source: Morimoto, K. and Tamori, Y. Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
When staining Drosophila ...

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