우리는 원고를 비판적으로 읽었던 J. Vaughen에게 감사드립니다. 이 연구는 JSPS 가신 교부금 번호 26891025, 15H01500 및 YT에 대한 다케다 과학 재단 연구 보조금의 교부금으로 지원되었습니다

1. 십자가 비행 및 유도 유도 <ol><li> 처녀 파리를 수집하기 전에 유리 병에서 모든 파리를 12 시간 안에 제거하십시오. </li><li> CO 2 가스를 주입하고 파리를 CO 2 플라이 패드 위에 놓아 바이알의 파리를 마취시킵니다. </li><li> CO 2 플라이 패드의 10 - 20 명의 처녀 암컷과 10 명의 수컷을 신선한 유리 병으로 옮기고 25 ° C에서 1 일 동안 품어 라. </li><li> 이들 파리를 신선한 유리 병에 옮기고 25 ° C에서 12 시간 동안 품어 낸다. 참고 : 처녀 암컷은 첫날에 충분한 알을 낳지 않으므로 첫 번째 약병을 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 인핸서 GAL4 라인 들어, 성인 파리를 제거하고 25 분 해부 때까지 바이알을 품어. </li><li> 플립 아웃 GAL4에 의해 모자이크 클론의 유도에 대한 성인 파리를 제거하고 25에서 2 ~ 4 일 동안 유리 병을 품어 ° C. 열 충격 이전의 배양 시간은 실험 목적에 달려있다. 난자 채취 2 일 후 열충격 (AED)은 미성숙 한 두 번째 날에 모자이크 클론을 생성한다상상 상피를 형성한다. 3 또는 4 일 후 열 충격은 분화 된 조기 - 중반 - 셋째 inst 상상 세포에서 모자이크 클론을 생성합니다. 참고 : 종양 생성 성 표현형에 대한 열 충격 타이밍의 변화를 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> 플립 아웃 GAL4에 의한 모자이크 클론의 유도를 위해 25 ℃에서 2-3 일 동안 배양 한 후 10-45 분 동안 37 ℃의 수조에 침지시켜 바이알을 가열 충격을가한다. 참고 : 각 실험에서 열 충격 시간, 시간 및 배양 시간에 대한 정보는 그림 범례에 표시되어 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 애벌레의 해부 <ol><li> 형광 입체 현미경하에 적절한 형광 마커 ( 예 : EGFP)에 의해 나무 막대기 또는 무딘 집게와 genotype 그들 방황 셋째 instar 애벌레를 수집하고 PBS (인산염 완충 식염수)와 해부 접시에 그들을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 2 ML 플라스틱 전송 pipettes와 pipetting하여 PBS에 애벌레를 씻으십시오. </li><li>하나의 집게로 유충의 중심을 꼬집어 다른 집게로 반으로 몸을 찢어. </li><li> 하나의 집게로 앞쪽 절반의 입 갈고리를 집어 넣고 다른 집게로 몸쪽으로 입을 밀어 내면 몸을 밖으로 내 보냅니다. </li><li> 타액선과 같은 불필요한 물질이나 집게로 지방을 제거하십시오. </li></ol> 3. 고정 및 항체 염색 <ol><li> 1.5 ML 플라스틱 튜브에 유충 본문 (상상의 날개 디스크를 포함하여)의 해부 전방 절반을 전송하고 부드럽게 회전과 어둠 속에서 실온에서 10 분 수정 솔루션 (PBS에 4 % 포름 알데히드) 1 ML에 수정. 주의 : 포름 알데히드는 독성이며 발암 가능성이 있습니다. 피부 접촉을 방지하기 위해 보호 장갑 및 의복을 착용하십시오. 참고 :이 부분에서는 다르게 표시되지 않는 한 어두운 곳에서 실온에서 nutator를 사용하여 모든 단계를 수행합니다. </li><li> 수정 솔루션을 제거하고 버립니다. 조직을 1 mL의 PBT (0.3 % TritPBS 중 X-100)로 15 분씩 각각 3 회 세척한다. </li><li> PBT를 제거하고 실온에서 1 시간 동안 또는 4 ℃에서 밤새도록 블로킹하고 절식하기 위해 PBTG (PBT 중 0.2 % 소 혈청 알부민 및 5 % 정상 염소 혈청) 1 mL를 첨가한다. </li><li> PBTG를 제거하고 PBTG로 적절히 희석 한 1 차 항체 용액을 첨가하고 ( 재료 표 참조) 4 ° C에서 밤새 숙고시킨다. </li><li> 1 차 항체 용액을 제거하고 PBT 1 mL로 각각 15 분씩 세 번 세척하십시오. </li><li> PBT를 제거하고 PBTG (1 : 400)로 적절히 희석 한 2 차 항체 용액을 첨가한다. 실온에서 2 시간 동안 또는 4 ℃에서 밤새 누 ate다. </li><li> 2 차 항체 용액을 제거하고 각각 15 분 동안 PBT 1 mL로 조직을 두 번 씻는다. </li><li> F - 굴지를 얼룩이려면, PBT를 제거하고 PBS (1:40)에 적절히 희석 Phalloidin 솔루션을 추가합니다. 그런 다음 20 분 동안 타다. Phalloidin 용액을 제거하고 PBT 1 mL로 각각 15 분씩 두 번 세척하십시오. </li><li> 핵 DNA를 counterstain하려면 PBT를 제거하고 DAPI (4 &#39;, 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole) 솔루션 (PBS에 0.5 μg / ML DAPI)을 추가합니다. 그런 다음 10 분간 타다. 주의 : DAPI는 발암 가능성이 있습니다. 피부 접촉을 방지하기 위해 보호 장갑 및 의복을 착용하십시오. </li><li> DAPI 용액을 제거하고 각각 15 분 동안 PBT 1 mL로 두 번 조직을 씻으십시오. </li><li> 실온에서 10 분 동안 PBS 1 mL에서 한번 씻어 낸다. </li><li> PBS를 제거하고 미리 장착 매체로 100 % 글리세롤 500 μL를 추가합니다. </li></ol> 4. 현미경 슬라이드에 장착 <ol><li> 2 ML 플라스틱 전송 피펫을 사용하여 현미경 슬라이드에 스테인드 조직을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 집게와 다른 현미경 슬라이드에 장착 매체의 방울로 조직을 전송합니다. </li><li> 하나의 집게로 해부 조직의 끝을 잡고 다른 집게로 두뇌와 눈 antennal 디스크를 당겨. 참고 : 해부 된 뇌를 날개의 상상 디스크 근처에 두도록하십시오.. 두뇌는 coverslip가 날개 imaginal 원판을 분쇄하는 것을 막는 플래트 홈으로 작동합니다. </li><li> 날개 imaginal 디스크를 분리하기 위해 하나의 집게로 해부 조직의 끝을 누르고 부드럽게 몸 포획 벽을 긁고 다른 집게로 디스크를 찢습니다. 참고 : 날개가있는 상처 원판을 찾기가 어려우면 후방에서 앞쪽으로 기관을 떼어냅니다. 윙 상상의 원판은 기관에 붙어 있습니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 coverslip과 매니큐어와 인감으로 imaginal 디스크를 커버; 4 ° C에서 보관하십시오. </li></ol> 5. 공 초점 현미경 <ol><li> 발광 파장 범위의 레이저 강도, 게인, 오프셋, 주사 속도와 화상 사이즈 (24)를 포함하는 공 초점 레이저 주사 현미경으로 설정 화상 획득 파라미터를 이용하여 공 초점 화상을 취득. 참고 : 이미지 획득 설정에 대한 자세한 절차는 각 현미경 제조업체에서 제공하는 사용 설명서를 참조하십시오. </li><li> 단일 공동 촬영전체 날개 디스크의 초점이 맞지 않는 부분에 20X 대물 렌즈를 사용하십시오. </li><li> 40X 또는 60X 렌즈를 사용하여 0.5 - 1.0μm의 스텝 크기로 z 스택 스캐닝으로 3 차원 이미지를 획득하십시오. 참고 : 고해상도로 세포 표현형을 분석하려면 이미지 크기가 512 x 512 픽셀보다 커야합니다. </li></ol> 6. ImageJ를 이용한 이미지 분석 <ol><li> 공 촛점 z- 스택 이미지를 수집하고 분석하기 위해 생물 이미지 분석 (https://fiji.sc/) 25 에 초점을 맞춘 오픈 소스 ImageJ 소프트웨어 인 피지를 사용하십시오. </li><li> 수직 섹션을 얻으려면 ImageJ에서 z 스택 이미지를 열고 &quot;Image / Stacks / Reslice&quot;메뉴 항목을 선택하십시오. 참고 : Reslice 메뉴에서 XZ 축 또는 YZ 축을 선택할 수 있습니다. 수직 단면은 z- 스택 이미지에 직선이나 직사각형을 그리면 임의의 방향으로도 얻을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 7. 종양의 진단 <ol><li> 수직을여십시오.하나의 세트의 z- 스택 이미지로부터 얻어진 단면 (XZ 또는 YZ 축)을 분석하고 형태 학적 표현형 및 항체 염색을 분석한다. </li><li> 종양 phenotypes의 진단을 위해, 주로 다음 세 가지 포인트에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다 : (1) 세포 덩어리 (knockdown clones 포함)가 주요 상피층에서 벗어나는 경우, (2) junctional 단백질의 세포 내 위치가이 세포 덩어리에서 변형되면 , 및 (3)이 세포 덩어리의 직경이 4 세포보다 큰 경우. </li><li> 그림 1에 설명 된 순서도에 따라 종양 표현형을 분류합니다. </li></ol>

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S., L&#233;opold, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secreted+peptide+Dilp8+coordinates+Drosophila+tissue+growth+with+developmental+timing.">Secreted peptide Dilp8 coordinates Drosophila tissue growth with developmental timing.</a> Science. 336 (6081), 582-585 (2012).</li><li>Garelli, A., Gontijo, A. M., Miguela, V., Caparros, E., Dominguez, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaginal+discs+secrete+insulin-like+peptide+8+to+mediate+plasticity+of+growth+and+maturation.">Imaginal discs secrete insulin-like peptide 8 to mediate plasticity of growth and maturation.</a> Science. 336 (6081), 579-582 (2012).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

GAL4-UAS 시스템은 초파리 (26) 내의 표적 유전자의 발현을위한 가장 강력한 유전 적 도구이다 크게 생체 4 종양 세포 유도 분석을 용이하게한다. 이 시스템은 변형 된 종양 세포가 정상 상피 세포로 둘러싸인 인간 암의 초기 단계와 매우 유사한 상황 인 야생형 상피 조직 내 종양 억제 유전자의 knockdown 또는 종양 유전자의 과발현을 나타내는 클론의 ?...

상피 조직은 발달 및 세포 회전율을 통해 조직을 유지할 수있는 현저한 항상성을 지닌 고도로 조직화 된 시스템입니다. 그러나이 강력한자가 조직 시스템은 종양 발달 중에 점차적으로 혼란을 겪습니다. 종양 발달 초기에, 종양 유전자 활성화 또는 종양 억제 유전자 불 활성화로 인해 발생하는 개개의 돌연변이 세포가 상피층 내에서 출현한다. 이 형질 전환 된 &quot;종양 세포&quot;가 억제 환경을 피하고, 상피 조직을 파괴하고, 제어되지 않은 증식을 시작할 때, 종양 형성이 발생합니다 1 . 지난 수십 년 동안 유전학 및 분자 생물학 분야의 탁월한 기술 발전은 암 연구에서 눈부신 발전을 이루었습니다. 특히, FLP-FRT (flippase recombinase / flippase recombinase 표적) 유사 분열 재조합과 같은 Drosophila melanogaster 에서 유 전적으로 모자이크 분석 도구를 사용한 최근의 연구2 및 플립 - GAL4 - UAS (업스트림 활성화 시퀀스) 시스템 3 , 종양의 형성과 전이에 관련된 유전자 메커니즘을 이해하는 데 크게 기여했습니다 4 , 5 , 6 . 치명적인 자이언트 애벌레 ( lgl ), 큰 디스크 ( dlg ) 및 낙서 ( scribble )와 같은 보존 된 Drosophila 종양 억제 유전자 그룹에 대한 연구는 상피 조직 손실과 종양 발달 사이의 중요한 관계를 강조했습니다. apical-basal cell의 극성과 상피 조직에서의 세포 증식의 조절 7 . Drosophila imaginal disc는 일반적으로 단층 상피 세포이지만,이 3 가지 유전자 중 homozygous 돌연변이는 세포가 구조와 극성을 잃게하고,overproliferate, rentiate 궁극적 인접 조직 7 융합 다층 비정질 덩어리를 형성한다. 마찬가지로, 포유 동물에서 이들 유전자의 파괴는 악성 종양의 발병과 관련이있다 8 , 9 . 돌연변이 조직에 의해 나타나는 종양 표현형은 보존, 종양 종양 억제 유전자 (nTSGs)와 같은 세 가지 유전자의 분류 7, 8로 이어졌다. 그러나 homozygous nTSG 돌연변이 세포가 FLP-FRT 매개 성의 유사 분열 재조합을 사용하여 야생 형 상상 원판을 개발할 때 산발적으로 생성되면 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 의존성 세포 사멸을 통해 돌연변이 세포가 조직에서 제거됩니다 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 압출 15 </sup&gt; , 16 , 또는 이물질에 의한 황산 화 및 식균 작용 17 . 이 유 전적으로 모자이크 상피 세포에서는 세포 경계가 클로닝 경계에 위치한 nTSG 돌연변이 세포에서 주로 검출되며, 이는 인접한 정상 세포가 nTSG 돌연변이 세포의 세포 사멸을 유발한다는 것을 의미합니다. 10 , 11 , 12 , 18 . 포유 동물 세포에 대한 최근의 연구에 따르면 전구 세포 종양 세포의이 세포 경쟁 의존적 제거가 암에 대한 진화 적으로 보존 된 상피 세포 방어 기작임을 확인했다 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 . 그러나 Drosophila imaginal discs에 대한 최근 연구에서 모자이크 nTSG-knockdown clone은 종양의 종양을 특이 적으로 유도한다는 것을 보여 주었다날개의 상상의 디스크의 IC 영역 16 . 초기 종양 형성은 말초 &quot;힌지&quot;영역에서 항상 발견되었고 날개 디스크 상피의 중앙 &quot;파우치 (pouch)&quot;영역에서는 관찰되지 않았으며, 이는 nTSG- 녹다운 세포의 종양 형성 잠재력이 국소 환경에 의존한다는 것을 암시한다. 중앙 파우치 지역은 전립선 종양 세포가 이형성 과증식을 나타내지 않는 반면 말초 경첩 부위는 &quot;종양 핫스팟&quot; 16 처럼 행동하는 &quot;종양 냉점&quot;으로 기능합니다. &quot;coldspot&quot;파우치 영역에서 nTSG- 녹다운 세포는 기저부로부터 박리되어 세포 사멸을 겪습니다. 대조적으로 &quot;핫스팟&quot;힌지 셀들이 기저 측면에 견고한 골격 구조의 네트워크를 갖고, nTSG-녹다운 세포는 상피의 선단 측으로부터 박리 및 발암 성 과증식 (16)을 시작. 따라서, 상상의 디스크에서 종양 phenotypes의 분석은주의 consin 필요합니다종양 형성 자극에 대한 부위 특이 적 감수성의 저하. 여기, 우리는 정상 날개 디스크 상피에서 nTSG - knockdown 세포가 생성되는 GAL4 - UAS - RNAi 시스템을 활용하여 초파리 날개 imaginal 디스크에 종양 형성을 유도하는 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 이러한 실험 시스템이 암의 초기 단계를 연구하는 데 유용하지만 상상 디스크 상피 세포에서 종양 진행 단계를 평가하는 명확한 분류 방법은 이전에 명확하게 설명되지 않았습니다. 따라서 우리는 또한 날개 원발성 상피 세포에서 유래 된 전 종양의 클론 성 표현형을 3 가지 범주로 분류하는 진단 방법을 제안한다 : 증식 (증가 된 증식으로 정상 출현하는 세포의 과도한 수의 축적), 이형성증 (비정상적으로 나타나는 전암 조직 세포) 및 신 생물 (비정상적인 모양 및 비정상적인 증식 패턴을 갖는 세포로 구성된 양성 또는 악성 종양).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>162-19321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TritonX-100</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-11805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>064-00406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mounting medium, Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse-anti-Dlg 4F3</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3 anti-discs large, RRID:AB_528203</td>
			<td>dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>3A6B4, RRID:AB_579780</td>
			<td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>3B8D12, RRID:AB_579781</td>
			<td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse-anti-MMP1</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>5H7B11, RRID:AB_579779</td>
			<td>3 mixed 1:1:1 and dilute in PBTG, 1:40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse-anti-atubulin</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>AA4.3, RRID:AB_579793</td>
			<td>dilute in PBTG, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 546 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Molecular probes</td>
			<td>A22283</td>
			<td>dilute in PBS, 1:40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-mouse IgG antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td>Molecular probes</td>
			<td>A11030</td>
			<td>dilute in PBTG, 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sd-Gal4</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#8609</td>
			<td>recombined with UAS-EGFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>upd-Gal4</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#26796</td>
			<td>recombined with UAS-EGFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-lgl-RNAi</td>
			<td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi center</td>
			<td>#51247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-scrib-RNAi</td>
			<td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi center</td>
			<td>#105412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-RasV12</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#64196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-Yki3SA</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#28817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hsFLP</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Act&#62;CD2&#62;GAL4 (flip-out GAL4)</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#4780</td>
			<td>recombined with UAS-EGFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-EGFP</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#5428</td>
			<td>X chromosome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-EGFP</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#6658</td>
			<td>third chromosome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-Dicer2</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#24650</td>
			<td>second chromosome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-Dicer2</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>#24651</td>
			<td>third chromosome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vkg-GFP</td>
			<td>Morin et al. 2001</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GFP protein trap</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction and diagnosis of tumors in drosophila imaginal disc epithelia

암의 초기 단계에서, 형질 전환 된 돌연변이 세포는 세포 학적 이상을 보이고 통제되지 않은 과증식을 시작하며 점차적으로 조직 구성을 붕괴시킵니다. Drosophila melanogaster 는 종양 형성의 유전 및 세포 메커니즘을 연구하기 위해 암 생물학에서 대중적인 실험 모델 시스템으로 부상했습니다. 특히 Drosophila imaginal disc (애벌레의 상피 형성)를위한 유전 도구는 인간 상피 세포의 초기 단계와 유사한 상황 인 정상 상피 조직 내에서 형질 전환 된 종양 세포의 생성을 가능하게합니다. 그러나 Drosophila wing imaginal disc의 종양 발생에 관한 최근의 연구에 따르면, 종양 발생은 조직 고유의 세포 구조와 국소 미세 환경에 달려있어 상상적으로 종양 표현형을 평가할 때 종양 형성 자극에 대한 영역 특이성 감수성을 고려하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 알 수있다 디스크. 종양 진행의 표현형 분석을 용이하게하기 위해GAL4-UAS 시스템을 이용하여 날개 상상 디스크에서 종 양성 종양을 유도하는 유전자 실험 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 우리는 상피 성 상피에서 유도 된 클론 병변의 표현형을 분류하기위한 진단 방법을 소개한다. 종양 진행의 다양한 단계 (과형성, 이형성증, 신 생물 등)를 구분하기위한 분명한 분류 방법은 이전에 기술되지 않았다. 이러한 방법은 Drosophila의 여러 기관에서 종양 phenotypes의 클론 분석에 널리 적용 할 수 있습니다.

Drosophila wing imaginal disc에서 RNAi 매개 된 nTSG-knockdown에 의해 실험적으로 유도 된 종 양성 종양을 확인하기 위해 3 가지 다른 GAL4 드라이버를 사용하여 lgl 또는 scrib에 대한 UAS-RNAi 를 발현 시켰다 : (1) sd-GAL4 . 힌지 영역 ( 그림 2 및 그림 3A )에서 날개 파우치 및 마일드 표현. (2) ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia at JoVE.com

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Drosophila imaginal disc epithelia의 모자이크 클론 분석은 종양 형성의 유전 및 세포 메커니즘을 연구하는 강력한 모델 시스템입니다. 여기에서는 GAL4-UAS 시스템을 사용하여 Drosophila wing imaginal discs에서 종양을 유도하는 프로토콜을 설명하고 종양 표현형을 분류하는 진단 방법을 소개합니다.

종양의 유도 및 진단<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 상피 디스크 상피 세포

In the early stages of cancer, transformed mutant cells show cytological abnormalities, begin uncontrolled overgrowth, and progressively disrupt tissue ...

induction-diagnosis-tumors-drosophila-imaginal-disc

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

14.8K 조회수.  SOKENDAI.  Drosophila imaginal disc epithelia의 모자이크 클론 분석은 종양 형성의 유전 및 세포 메커니즘을 연구하는 강력한 모델 시스템입니다. 여기에서는 GAL4-UAS 시스템을 사용하여 Drosophila wing imaginal discs에서 종양을 유도하는 프로토콜을 설명하고 종양 표현형을 분류하는 진단 방법을 소개합니다. 

비디오: Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific molecular profiles of a tumor may predict responsiveness to therapeutic agents or provide knowledge about prognosis. At our institution a tumor genotyping program was established as part of routine clinical care, screening both hematologic and solid tumors for a wide spectrum of mutations using two next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels: a custom, 33 gene hematological malignancies panel for use with peripheral blood and bone marrow, and a commercially produced solid tumor panel for use with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue that targets 47 genes commonly mutated in cancer. Our workflow includes a pathologist review of the biopsy to ensure there is adequate amount of tumor for the assay followed by customized DNA extraction is performed on the specimen. Quality control of the specimen includes steps for quantity, quality and integrity and only after the extracted DNA passes these metrics an amplicon library is generated and sequenced. The resulting data is analyzed through an in-house bioinformatics pipeline and the variants are reviewed and interpreted for pathogenicity. Here we provide a snapshot of the utility of each panel using two clinical cases to provide insight into how a well-designed NGS workflow can contribute to optimizing clinical outcomes.

This manuscript describes clinical protocols for two next-generation sequencing panels. One panel interrogates hematologic malignancies while the other panel targets genes commonly mutated in solid tumors. Molecular classification of driver mutations in human malignancies offers valuable prognostic and predictive information.

고체 및 액체 종양에서 실행 가능한 돌연변이의 검출을위한 차세대 시퀀싱

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific ...

연구

암 연구학

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

그만큼<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 가상적인 디스크 종양 모델 : 유전 모자이크를 사용하여 유전자 발현 및 종양 침윤의 시각화 및 정량화

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We developed an in vitro fully human preclinical model of a co-culture of breast cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation towards osteoclasts. We optimized a model of osteoclastogenesis starting from a sample of peripheral blood collected from healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first separated by density gradient centrifugation, seeded at a high density and induced to differentiate by adding two growth factors (GFs): receptor activator of nuclear factor-&#954;B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF). The cells were left in culture for 14 days and then fixed and analyzed by downstream analysis. In osteolytic bone metastases, one of the effects of cancer cell arrival in bone is the induction of osteoclastogenesis. We thus challenged our model with co-cultures of breast cancer cells to study the differentiation power of cancer cells with respect to GFs. A straightforward way of studying cancer cell-osteoclast interaction is to perform indirect co-cultures based on the use of conditioned medium collected from breast cancer cell cultures and mixed with fresh medium. This mixture is then used to induce osteoclast differentiation. We also optimized a method of direct co-culture in which cancer cells and monocytes undergoing differentiation share the medium and exchange secreted factors. This is a significant improvement over the original indirect co-culture method as researchers can observe the reciprocal interactions of the two cell types and perform downstream analyses for both cancer cells and osteoclasts. This method enables us to study the effect of drugs on the metastatic bone microenvironment and to seed cell lines other than those derived from breast cancer. The model can also be used to study other diseases such as osteoporosis or other bone conditions.

This protocol describes development of an in vitro human preclinical model of osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes cultured with breast cancer cell lines to mimic the cancer cell-osteoclast interaction. The model could be used to further our understanding of bone metastasis formation and improve therapeutic options.

말 초 혈액 Monocytes 유 방 암 세포 라인 공동 경작에서 Osteoclastogenesis의 인간의 전 임상 모델의 개발

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We ...

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more than 50 histological subtypes of these rare solid tumors have been identified. Thus, due to their extraordinary diversity and low incidence, our understanding of the biology of these tumors is still limited. Patient-derived cultures represent the ideal platform to study STS pathophysiology and pharmacology. We thus developed a human preclinical model of STS starting from tumor specimens harvested from patients undergoing surgical resection. Patient-derived STS cell cultures were obtained from the surgical specimens by collagenase digestion and isolated by filtration. Cells were counted, seeded, and left for 14 days in standard monolayer cultures and then processed by downstream analysis. Before performing molecular or pharmaceutical analyses, the establishment of STS primary cultures was confirmed through the evaluation of cytomorphologic features and, when available, immunohistochemical markers. This method represents a useful tool 1) to study the natural history of these poorly explored malignancies and 2) to test the effects of different drugs in an effort to learn more about their mechanisms of action.

The following protocol focuses on the establishment of a primary culture of patient-derived soft tissue sarcoma (STS). This model could help us to better understand the molecular background and pharmacological profile of these rare malignancies and could represent a starting point for further research aimed at improving STS management.

환자에서 파생 된 연 조직 육 종의 기본 문화 설립

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more ...

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for immunotherapies. Recent clinical advances in immunotherapy highlight the need for reproducible methods to accurately and thoroughly characterize the tumor and its associated immune infiltrate. Tumor enzymatic digestion and flow cytometric analysis allow broad characterization of numerous immune cell subsets and phenotypes; however, depth of analysis is often limited by fluorophore restrictions on panel design and the need to acquire large tumor samples to observe rare immune populations of interest. Thus, we have developed an effective and high throughput method for separating and enriching the tumor immune infiltrate from the non-immune tumor components. The described tumor digestion and centrifugal density-based separation technique allows separate characterization of tumor and tumor immune infiltrate fractions and preserves cellular viability, and thus, provides a broad characterization of the tumor immunologic state. This method was used to characterize the extensive spatial immune heterogeneity in solid tumors, which further demonstrates the need for consistent whole tumor immunologic profiling techniques. Overall, this method provides an effective and adaptable technique for the immunologic characterization of subcutaneous solid murine tumors; as such, this tool can be used to better characterize the tumoral immunologic features and in the preclinical evaluation of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

Here we describe a method to separate and enrich components of the tumor immune and non-immune microenvironment in established subcutaneous tumors. This technique allows for the separate analysis of tumor immune infiltrate and non-immune tumor fractions which can permit comprehensive characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment.

농축 및 설립된 피하 Murine 종양에서 종양 면역 및 비 면역 Microenvironments의 특성

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for ...

Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce multiple tissue and organ damage. Despite recent advances and therapeutic approaches, the overall morbidity has remained unsatisfactory especially in patients with underlying parenchymal abnormalities. In the context of aggressive cancer growth and metastasis, surgical I/R is suspected to be the promoter regulating tumor recurrence. This article aims to describe a clinically relevant murine model of liver I/R and colorectal liver metastasis. In doing so, we aim to assist other investigators in establishing and perfecting this model for their routine research practice to better understand the effects of liver I/R on promoting liver metastases.

We describe in detail a clinically relevant colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) tumor model and the influence of liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in tumor growth and metastasis. This model can help to better understand the mechanisms underlying surgery-induced promotion of liver metastatic growth.

허혈 재관류 손상의 설정에서 전이성 간 종양의 뮤린 모델

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce ...

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and recurrent disease. This population can be identified by surface markers, enzymatic activity and a functional profile. These approaches per se are limited, due to phenotypic heterogeneity and CSC plasticity. Here, we update the sphere-forming protocol to obtain CSC spheres from breast and gynecological cancers, assessing functional properties, CSC markers and protein expression. The spheres are obtained with single-cell seeding at low density in suspension culture, using a semi-solid methylcellulose medium to avoid migration and aggregates. This profitable protocol can be used in cancer cell lines but also in primary tumors. The tridimensional non-adherent suspension culture thought to mimic the tumor microenvironment, particularly the CSC-niche, is supplemented with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor to ensure CSC signaling. Aiming for robust identification of CSC, we propose a complementary approach, combining functional and phenotypic evaluation. Sphere-forming capacity, self-renewal and sphere projection area establish CSC functional properties. Additionally, characterization comprises flow cytometry evaluation of the markers, represented by CD44+/CD24- and CD133, and Western blot, considering ALDH. The presented protocol was also optimized for primary tumor samples, following a sample digestion procedure, useful for translational research.

The aim of this methodology is to identify cancer stem cells (CSC) in cancer cell lines and primary human tumor samples with the sphere-forming protocol, in a robust manner, using functional assays and phenotypic characterization with flow cytometry and Western blot.

부인과 및 유방암 종양에서 암 줄기 세포 구체 획득

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and ...

Orthotopic Transplantation of Breast Tumors as Preclinical Models for Breast Cancer

Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response are critical for translational breast cancer research. Immortalized cell lines are easy to grow and genetically modify to study molecular mechanisms, yet the selective pressure from cell culture often leads to genetic and epigenetic alterations over time. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models faithfully recapitulate the heterogeneity and drug response of human breast tumors. PDX models exhibit a relatively short latency after orthotopic transplantation that facilitates the investigation of breast tumor biology and drug response. The transplantable genetically engineered mouse models allow the study of breast tumor immunity. The current protocol describes the method to orthotopically transplant breast tumor fragments into the mammary fat pad followed by drug treatments. These preclinical models provide valuable approaches to investigate breast tumor biology, drug response, biomarker discovery and mechanisms of drug resistance.

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and transplantable genetically engineered mouse models faithfully recapitulate human disease and are preferred models for basic and translational breast cancer research. Here, a method is described to orthotopically transplant breast tumor fragments into the mammary fat pad to study tumor biology and evaluate drug response.

유방암을 위한 전임상 모형으로 유방 종양의 정형소 이식

Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response are critical for translational breast cancer research. ...

Quail Chorioallantoic Membrane - A Tool for Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo is a thin, extraembryonic membrane that functions as a primary respiratory organ. Its properties make it an excellent in vivo experimental model to study angiogenesis, tumor growth, drug delivery systems, or photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). At the same time, this model addresses the requirement for the replacement of experimental animals with a suitable alternative. Ex ovo cultivated embryo allows easy substance application, access, monitoring, and documentation. The most frequently used is chick CAM; however, this article describes the advantages of the Japanese quail CAM as a low-cost and high-throughput model. Another advantage is the shorter embryonic development, which allows higher experimental turnover. The suitability of quail CAM for PDD and PDT of cancer and microbial infections is explored here. As an example, the use of the photosensitizer hypericin in combination with lipoproteins or nanoparticles as a delivery system is described. The damage score from images in white light and changes in fluorescence intensity of the CAM tissue under violet light (405 nm) was determined, together with analysis of histological sections. The quail CAM clearly showed the effect of PDT on the vasculature and tissue. Moreover, changes like capillary hemorrhage, thrombosis, lysis of small vessels, and bleeding of larger vessels could be observed. Japanese quail CAM is a promising in vivo model for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy research, with applications in studies of tumor angiogenesis, as well as antivascular and antimicrobial therapy.

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the avian embryo is a very useful and applicable tool for various areas of research. A special ex ovo model of Japanese quail CAM is suitable for photodynamic treatment investigation.

메추라기 융모막 막 - 광 역학 진단 및 치료를위한 도구

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo is a thin, extraembryonic membrane that functions as a primary respiratory organ. Its properties ...

High-Resolution Ultrasonography for the Analysis of Orthotopic ATC Tumors in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is associated with a poor prognosis and short median survival time, but no effective treatment improves the outcomes significantly. Genetically engineered murine models that mimic ATC&#39;s progression may help researchers to study treatments for this disease. Crossing three different genotypes of mice, a TPO-cre/ERT2; BrafCA/wt; Trp53&#916;ex2-10/&#916;ex2-10&#160;transgenic ATC model was developed. The ATC murine model was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen with overexpression of BrafV600E and deletion of Trp53, and the tumors were generated within about 1 month. High-resolution ultrasound was applied to investigate the tumor initiation and progression, and the dynamic growth curve was obtained by measuring the tumor sizes. Compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scanning, ultrasound has advantages in observing the ATC murine model, such as being noninvasive, portable, in real-time, and without radiation exposure. High-resolution ultrasound is suitable for dynamic and multiple measurements. However, ultrasonographic examination of the thyroid in mice requires relevant anatomical knowledge and experience. This article provides a detailed procedure for utilizing high-resolution ultrasound to scan tumors in the transgenic ATC model. Meanwhile, ultrasonic parameter adjustment, ultrasound scanning skills, anesthesia and recovery of the animals, and other elements that need attention during the process are listed.

The present protocol describes high-frequency ultrasonography for visualizing the entire mouse thyroid gland and monitoring the growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

유전자 조작 마우스 모델에서 동소 ATC 종양 분석을 위한 고해상도 초음파 검사

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is associated with a poor prognosis and short median survival time, but no effective treatment improves the outcomes ...