Name: stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains
Uploaded: 2018-07-10T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue financiado por el Ministerio de ciencia y tecnología concede MOST104-2311-B-010-010-MY3, conceder MOST106-2321-B-010-012, los institutos nacionales de investigación de salud INDH-EX106-10429NI y las áreas de investigación centro Programa Beca de el Ministerio de educación a través del centro de investigación del cerebro, Universidad Nacional de Yang Ming en Taiwán, y Beca Postdoctoral becas MOST106-2811-B-010-031 (S.-Y.C.) y MOST105-2811-B-010-036 MOST106-2811-B-010-030 (H.-Y.K.).

Los protocolos animal aquí descritos han sido aprobados por el cuidado Animal y uso comités Universidad Nacional de Yang Ming.
1. preparación del titular de los cachorros neonatales en el aparato estereotáctica
<ol><li>Hacer la bandeja principal: cortar la parte inferior de un tubo de centrífuga de 1.5 mL (15 mm de largo) en la forma que se adapta a la cabeza de los cachorros neonatales quitando 1/5 de la pared del tubo.</li>
	<li>Tomar una caja de punta de pipeta con el tamaño correcto que encaja con el pedestal del aparato estereotáxicas y quite la cubierta superior. Pegue la cabeza bandeja preparada en el paso 1.1 y un cassette inclusión de tejido sobre la base de punta de bandeja con el pegamento de fusión en caliente. La altura del cassette inclusión de tejido es 7 m m, que se utiliza para apoyar el cuello y el cuerpo del cachorro en la posición fija de la cabeza.</li>
	<li>Lugar la configuración todo en un aparato estándar estereotáxicas.</li>
</ol>2. preparación de agujas de acero inoxidable de inyección de 30G
<ol><li>Limpieza previa de agujas de jeringa de 30 G por sumergiéndolas en cloroformo durante 3 días.</li>
	<li>Utilice pinzas para lenta y cuidadosamente saque la aguja desde el hub de polipropileno en una campana química.</li>
	<li>Lavar las agujas con etanol absoluto por 20 min seguido por enjuagues de etanol 70% por 3 × 10 min en un agitador a 50 rpm. Airee el agujas secas y almacenar las agujas limpias en una caja limpia a temperatura ambiente (RT) hasta su uso.</li>
</ol>3. prepare un adaptador para tubos de microinyección
<ol><li>Conecte la jeringa microliter una aguja 30G con un PE10 polietileno tubo (PE10). Preparar un adaptador de tubo (tubo PE20) PE20 polietileno para tender un puente sobre la aguja y la jeringa microliter. El uso del adaptador es necesario, porque el diámetro del tubo PE10 es mucho más pequeño que el de la aguja de la jeringa microliter de 26G.</li>
	<li>Preparar el tubo de la jeringa microliter: Conecte la aguja 30 G previamente limpiado con 5 cm de tubo PE20 y sellar la Unión con pegamento instantáneo. Este adaptador de tubería es reutilizable. Nota: Si la aguja de la jeringa de microinyección es 30G, la preparación (paso 3.1) y (paso 3.3) el uso de este adaptador no es necesario.</li>
	<li>Conecte el adaptador de tubo (preparado en el paso 3.1) con una jeringa microliter (10 μl).</li>
	<li>Conecte un extremo del PE10 el tubo (no más de 60 cm) en la aguja de 30G del adaptador de tubo PE20. Monte una nueva aguja 30G en el otro extremo del tubo PE10.</li>
</ol>4. Cargue el tubo de la microinyección con virus, colorante y agua destilada esterilizada
<ol><li>Retire el émbolo de la jeringa microliter. Utilizar una jeringa de 25G para cargar la jeringa microliter y su tubo de PE conectado con agua destilada esterilizada para remover el aire de la tubería.</li>
	<li>Coloque el émbolo de la jeringa microliter y empuje el émbolo hasta 2 μl de agua destilada se queda en el barril. No deje que el volumen de ser inferior a 2 μl de agua destilada.</li>
	<li>Montar con cuidado la jeringa microliter en la bomba de jeringa de tasa de flujo micro.</li>
	<li>Pipeta de pequeñas cantidades de tinte de 0,1% de verde rápido (preparado en solución salina 0.9% y filtrar con filtro de 0.22 μm) y los líquidos de virus a un trozo de parafilm.</li>
	<li>Retirar una pequeña cantidad de aire para hacer una burbuja de aire visible en el cruce entre la aguja 30G y tubo PE10 seguido de carga 0,7 μl del filtrado verde rápido en el tubo para probar el flujo de fluidos en la tubería de microinyección.</li>
	<li>Retirar otra pequeña cantidad de aire para hacer una segunda burbuja de aire seguida por la carga de los líquidos de virus en el tubo de microinyección.</li>
	<li>Coloque y fije la aguja de 30G microinyección en el brazo del aparato estereotáxicas.</li>
</ol>5. anestesia de ratones neonatales por hipotermia
<ol><li>Colocar el cachorro en una manga de guante de látex y sumergirlo en hielo hasta el cuello durante 5 minutos.</li>
	<li>El sujetador de pies de cría con pinzas para asegurarse de que no hay respuesta de retirada de sus pies.</li>
	<li>Pon el cachorro con la manga del guante de látex en la bandeja principal y algunos hielo picado alrededor de la manga de látex para mantener fría para la anestesia de la hipotermia.</li>
	<li>Aplique ungüento veterinario en los ojos del cachorro para prevenir sequedad mientras que bajo anestesia si es posible.</li>
</ol>6. microinyección
<ol><li>Preparan cirugía estéril frotando el instrumento estereotáxicas con etanol al 70%. Esterilizar el instrumental quirúrgico por inmersión en etanol al 70%.</li>
	<li>Frote la cabeza del cachorro con etanol al 70%. Ubicar el lambda de la señal en el cráneo y la lambda de la marca con un rotulador. Apunte la punta de la aguja a la lambda y fijar el antero-posterior (AP) y medial-lateral (ML) coordenadas como cero.</li>
	<li>Mueva el brazo de inyección al sitio de destino según las coordenadas X e Y del sitio de destino. Para el estriado de día postnatal (P) 2 crías, las coordenadas son: AP, +2,4 mm anterior a la lambda; ML, ±1. 0 mm lateral de la línea media; dorsal-ventral (DV), mm −1.7 del cráneo. Marque la posición de tinte verde rápido en PE10 tubo con una pluma.</li>
	<li>Bajar la aguja 30G lentamente a penetrar a través de la piel y el cráneo y luego traer hasta la punta de la aguja hasta que se detenga en la superficie del cráneo. Establecer la coordenada DV como cero.</li>
	<li>Haga descender la aguja 30G lentamente hasta llegar a la coordenada de la DV del sitio de destino. Espere 1 minuto permitir que el parénquima reasumir su forma normal. Ejecute el programa de la microinyección (100 nL/min).</li>
	<li>Asegúrese de que la marca de tinte verde rápido se está moviendo en el tubo de PE para que el líquido del virus es inyectado en el cerebro.</li>
	<li>Esperar 1 minuto después de la terminación de la microinyección y luego lenta y progresivamente lleve la aguja a la altura del 1/2 de profundidad DV dentro de los 30 s. Después de 30 s, retirar lentamente la aguja de la cabeza del cachorro.</li>
	<li>Repita el paso 6.2 a 6.7 hasta que se completen las microinyecciones de todos los sitios específicos.</li>
</ol>7. post quirúrgico recuperación del cachorro
<ol><li>El cachorro por 20 min en una incubadora de 33 ° C de calentamiento. Comprobar la recuperación de la cría de la hipotermia anestesia cada 5 min hasta que el cachorro ha recuperado la conciencia suficiente para mantener el recumbency esternal.</li>
	<li>Regresar el cachorro a la presa después de que el cachorro se recupera completamente.</li>
</ol>

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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

En el presente estudio, se demuestra un método simple y confiable estereotáctica para inyectar virus AAV en el cuerpo estriado del cerebro de ratón neonatal. Microinyectados virus AAV-eGFP-Cre en el estriado de los ratones de reportero Ai14 en P2 y luego analiza la expresión del gen reportero en P14. Encontramos que AAV transduced células GFP-positivas en el cuerpo estriado a nivel rostrocaudal. Por otra parte, casi todas las células GFP-positivas Co expresan el gen reportero tdTomato en células estriatales, lo qu...

Los estudios modernos de la estructura y función del cerebro requieren manipulación genética de genes específicos en células neuronales. Para probar las funciones de diferentes genes, ratones transgénicos con alelos del mutante, incluyendo nocaut y knock-in alelos se han generado habitualmente. Neurocirugía estereotáctica para roedores adultos es un método estándar para entregar localmente los medicamentos, virus, marcadores y otros reactivos a regiones específicas del cerebro de roedores1,2. Aplicación de la cirugía estereotáctica cerebral en ratones transgénicos permite manipular genéticamente las funciones de los genes y la actividad neuronal en poblaciones neuronales específicas del cerebro del ratón. La manipulación de tipo específico de célula proporciona un enfoque poderoso para descifrar las funciones neuronales en complejos circuitos neuronales del cerebro3,4,5.
Desarrollo neuronal del sistema nervioso comienza en las primeras etapas embrionarias, y continúan con los procesos de desarrollo después del nacimiento hasta el periodo juvenil. Maduración postnatal del sistema nervioso incluye el cableado sináptico precisa de circuitos neurales, que es esencial para las funciones fisiológicas y cognitivas del cerebro6. Por lo tanto, estudiar eventos del desarrollo que ocurren en tiempo neonatal es importante no sólo para comprender el desarrollo neural normal, pero también puede proporcionar penetraciones en la patogenesia de Neurodesarrollo y trastornos neuropsiquiátricos7 ,8. Aunque los métodos de cirugía estereotáctica cerebral de roedores adultos son fácilmente disponibles2,9, algunos protocolos están disponibles en internet para cirugía estereotáctica cerebral en ratones neonatales10,11. De hecho, microinyecciones estereotáxicas de reactivos en el cerebro de crías de ratón neonatal son difíciles, porque la cabeza del cachorro neonatal es demasiado frágil para ser fijado en el aparato estándar estereotáxicas. Sin embargo, la aplicación de cirugía estereotáctica cerebral en ratones transgénicos es factible para ratones neonatales12. Aquí, describimos un método simple con una instalación casera para realizar cirugía estereotáctica cerebral en crías de ratón recién nacido. Nos demuestran que esta técnica permite eliminar condicional floxed genes microinjecting recombinase de AAV-expresión Cre ADN en el cuerpo estriado de reportero gene ratones y condicional de ratones transgénicos floxed. Esta técnica también es aplicable para entregar los reactivos en el neonatal estriado de los ratones de tipo salvaje.

<table><tbody><tr><td>30G PrecisionGlide Needle</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 305106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>JT Baker</td><td>9180-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton MICROLITER Syringe</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>80300</td><td>30G needle fit for PE10 tube; 26G needle needs a PE20 adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE20</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE10</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Flow Rate Syringe Pump</td><td>Longer Precision Pump Co.</td><td>TJ-2A (Controller) and L0107-2A (Drive Unit)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25G syringe</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 302105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast green</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F-7252</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Stereotaxic Instruments</td><td>RWD Life Science</td><td>68037</td><td>Without using 68030 Mouse/Neonatal Rat Adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-FOXP2 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab16046</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal to FOXP2, 1:4,000</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-RFP antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab65856</td><td>Mouse monoclonal to RFP, 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>BX63 microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX63</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 880 confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit conjugated Alexa fluor594</td><td>Jackson lmmunoReserch Laboratories Inc.</td><td>111-585-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-9-PV1848</td><td>Lot # CS0987, 5.506x10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.chicken actin-eGFP</td><td>AAV core, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan</td><td>N/A</td><td>1x10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/ml)</td></tr><tr><td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>007914</td><td>Ai14</td></tr><tr><td>B6(Cg)-Foxp2tm1.1Sfis/CfreJ</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>026259</td><td>Foxp2&lt;sup&gt;fl/fl&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;cellgro</td><td>21-030-CVR</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains

Muchos genes se expresan en el cerebro embrionario y algunos de ellos se expresan continuamente en el cerebro después del nacimiento. Para tales genes persistentemente expresadas, pueden funcionan para regular el proceso de desarrollo o función fisiológica en el cerebro neonatal. Para investigar las funciones neurobiológicas de genes específicos en el cerebro, es esencial para desactivar genes en el cerebro. Aquí, describimos un método simple de estereotáctica para inactivar genes en el cuerpo estriado de los ratones transgénicos en ventanas de tiempo neonatal. AAV-eGFP-Cre virus fueron microinyectados en el estriado de los ratones de gen reportero Ai14 en día postnatal (P) 2 de cirugía estereotáctica cerebral. La expresión del gen reportero tdTomato fue detectada en P14 estriado, sugiriendo un éxito Cre-loxP mediada por recombinación de ADN en las células AAV-transduced estriada. Más validamos esta técnica por microinjecting virus AAV-eGFP-Cre en ratones P2Foxp2fl/fl . Etiquetado doble de GFP y Foxp2 demostró que las células GFP-positivas carecían de Foxp2 immunoreactivity en P9 estriado, lo que sugiere la pérdida de la proteína Foxp2 en AAV-eGFP-Cre transduced estriado células. Tomados en conjunto, estos resultados demuestran una canceladura genética efectiva por los virus de AAV-eGFP-Cre stereotaxically microinyectados en poblaciones neuronales específicas en el cerebro neonatal de ratones transgénicos floxed. En conclusión, nuestra técnica estereotáctica proporciona una plataforma fácil y simple para la manipulación genética en el cerebro de ratón neonatal. La técnica no sólo permite eliminar genes en regiones específicas del cerebro neonatal, pero también puede ser utilizado para inyectar drogas farmacológicas, trazadores neuronales, optogenetics genéticamente modificados y chemogenetics proteínas, indicadores de la actividad neuronal y otros reactivos en el cuerpo estriado del cerebro de ratón neonatal.

Para el primer conjunto del experimento, nos microinyectados 200 nL de AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40 virus (AAV-eGFP-Cre, dilución 1/10 en tampón fosfato salino de Dulbecco) que expresan el recombinase de Cre DNA fundido con GFP en P2 estriado de los ratones Ai14. Los ratones Ai14 expresan el gen reportero de tdTomato sobre eliminación Cre-mediada del loxP flanqueado (floxed) cassette STOP (figura 2F). Los cerebros fueron cosechados en P14 de immuno...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Cirugía estereotáctica para manipulación genética en las células estriatales de cerebro de ratón Neonatal

Se describe un protocolo de cirugía estereotáctica con un dispositivo casero hecho de cabeza fija de reactivos microinjecting en el cuerpo estriado del cerebro de ratón neonatal. Esta técnica permite la manipulación genética en las células neuronales de regiones específicas del cerebro de ratón neonatal.

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

stereotaxic-surgery-for-genetic-manipulation-striatal-cells-neonatal

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.8K vistas.  National Yang-Ming University. Se describe un protocolo de cirugía estereotáctica con un dispositivo casero hecho de cabeza fija de reactivos microinjecting en el cuerpo estriado del cerebro de ratón neonatal. Esta técnica permite la manipulación genética en las células neuronales de regiones específicas del cerebro de ratón neonatal.

Video: Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Estable y eficiente modificación genética de células en el ratón adulto V-SVZ para el análisis de neural de células madre Autónoma y los efectos no autónomos

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the function of various brain regions for behavior or other experimental outcomes is to implement a localized ablation of function. In humans, patient populations with localized brain lesions are often studied for deficits, in hopes of revealing the underlying function of the damaged area. In rodents, one can experimentally induce lesions of specific brain regions.
Lesion can be accomplished in several ways. Electrolytic lesions can cause localized damage but will damage a variety of cell types as well as traversing fibers from other brain regions that happen to be near the lesion site. Inducible genetic techniques using cell-type specific promoters may also enable site-specific targeting. These techniques are complex and not always practical depending on the target brain area. Excitotoxic lesion using stereotaxic surgery, by contrast, is one of the most reliable and practical methods of lesioning excitatory neurons without damaging local glial cells or traversing fibers.
Here, we present a protocol for stereotaxic infusion of the excitotoxin, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), into the basolateral amygdala complex. Using anatomical indications, we apply stereotaxic coordinates to determine the location of our target brain region and lower an injection needle in place just above the target. We then infuse our excitotoxin into the brain, resulting in excitotoxic death of nearby neurons. While our experimental subject of choice is a rat, the same methods can be applied to other mammals, with the appropriate adjustments in equipment and coordinates.
This method can be used on a variety of brain regions, including the basolateral amygdala1-6, other amygdala nuclei6, 7, hippocampus8, entorhinal cortex9 and prefrontal cortex10. It can also be used to infuse biological compounds such as viral vectors1, 11. The basic stereotaxic technique could also be adapted for implantation of more permanent osmotic pumps, allowing more prolonged exposure to a compound of interest.

Targeted ablation of specific brain region(s) by infusion of an excitotoxin using stereotaxic coordinates is described. This technique could also be adapted for infusion of other chemicals into the rat brain.

La cirugía estereotáxica para la lesión excitotóxica de áreas específicas del cerebro en la rata adulta

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

Neurociencias

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

La expansión de las células madre embrionarias y adultas neurales por<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; La electroporación o inyección estereotáxica Viral

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Inyección estereotáxica de un vector viral para la manipulación genética condicional en la médula espinal de ratón

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

La manipulación genética del ratón en desarrollo a través de Hipotálamo<em&gt; En el útero</em&gt; La electroporación

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Inyección Viral Intracerebroventricular de Neonatología del ratón Cerebro de transducción neuronal persistente y generalizada

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Específica Striatum Cortex, hipocampo, Thalamus-, hipotálamo, núcleo-septal lateral y<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Electroporación en el ratón C57BL / 6

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain regions still presents a challenge, particularly when targeting brain structures along the midline. These challenges include avoiding of the superior sagittal sinus and third ventricle and the ability to consistently target selective and discrete brain nuclei. In addition, more advanced neuroscience techniques (e.g., optogenetics, fiber photometry, and two-photon imaging) rely on targeted implantation of significant hardware to the brain, and spatial limitations are a common hindrance. Presented here is a modifiable protocol for stereotactic targeting of rodent brain structures using an angled coronal approach. It can be adapted to 1) mouse or rat models, 2) various neuroscience techniques, and 3) multiple brain regions. As a representative example, it includes the calculation of stereotactic coordinates for targeting of the mouse hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) for an optogenetic inhibition experiment. This procedure begins with the bilateral microinjection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a light-sensitive chloride channel (SwiChR++) to a Cre-dependent mouse model, followed by the angled bilateral implantation of fiberoptic cannulae. Using this approach, findings show that activation of a subset of VMN neurons is required for intact glucose counterregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Described here is a stereotactic procedure that can target challenging and difficult-to-reach brain regions (due to spatial limitations) using an angled coronal approach. This protocol is adaptable to both mouse and rat models and can be applied to diverse neuroscientific applications, including cannula implantation and microinjections of viral constructs.

Enfoque estereotáctico en ángulo adaptable para técnicas versátiles de neurociencia

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain ...

Stereotaxic Intracranial Delivery of Chemicals, Proteins or Viral Vectors to Study Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Affected brain areas display intraneuronal fibrillar inclusions consisting mainly of alpha-synuclein (asyn) proteins. No animal model thus far has recapitulated all characteristics of this disease. Here, we describe the use of stereotaxic injection to deliver chemicals, proteins, or viral vectors intracranially in order to mimic various aspects of PD. These methods are well-established and widely used throughout the PD field. Stereotaxic injections are incredibly flexible; they can be adjusted in concentration, age of animal used for injection, brain area targeted and in animal species used. Combinations of substances allow for rapid variations to assess treatments or alter severity of the pathology or behavioral deficits. By injecting toxins into the brain, we can mimic inflammation and/or a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in substantial motor phenotypes. Viral vectors can be used to transduce cells to mimic genetic or mechanistic aspects. Preformed fibrillar asyn injections best recapitulate the progressive phenotype over an extended period of time. Once these methods are established, it can be economical to generate a new model compared to creating a new transgenic line. However, this method is labor intensive as it requires 30 minutes to four hours per animal depending on the model used. Each animal will have a slightly different targeting and therefore create a diverse cohort which on one hand can be challenging to interpret results from; on the other hand, help mimic a more realistic diversity found in patients. Mistargeted animals can be identified using behavioral or imaging readouts, or only after being sacrificed leading to smallercohort size after the study has already been concluded. Overall, this method is a rudimentary but effective way to assess a diverse set of PD aspects.

We describe how to successfully inject solutions into specific brain areas of rodents using a stereotaxic frame. This survival surgery is a well-established method used to mimic various aspects of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target deep structures within the brain through the use of a stereotaxic atlas, which provides the 3D coordinates of each area with respect to anatomical landmarks on the skull. After the skull is exposed, anesthetized animals are mounted on a specialized instrument known as a stereotaxic frame, which enables the precise placement of experimental tools at the defined coordinates. Stereotaxic surgery is a versatile approach that can be used to generate lesions, manipulate gene expression, or deliver experimental agents to the brain.This video-article provides a general overview of the principles behind stereotaxic surgery, including instructions for using a stereotaxic atlas and the stereotaxic frame, and an introduction to reading the Vernier scale for measurement of probe movements. The subsequent discussion outlines the steps required to perform the surgical procedure. Lastly, a broad range of technical applications are presented, such as the insertion of electrical probes to measure brain activity and genetic manipulation of brain tissue.

Cirugía estereotáxica en roedores

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target ...

Cirugía estereotáctica para manipulación genética en las células estriatales de cerebro de ratón Neonatal

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