Name: detection of protein ubiquitination sites by peptide enrichment and mass spectrometry
Uploaded: 2020-03-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Protein Ubiquitination Sites by Peptide Enrichment and Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

This work is part of the project &#34;Proteins at Work&#34;, a program of the Netherlands Proteomics Centre financed by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) as part of the National Roadmap Large-Scale Research Facilities (project number 184.032.201).

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (EDC) of Erasmus MC.
1. Sample preparation
<ol>
	<li>Cultured cells
	<ol>
		<li>Select a cell line of interest (e.g., HeLa or osteosarcoma [U2OS] cells) and grow the cells in Dulbecco&#39;s Minimal Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 units/mL penicillin/streptomycin.</li>
		<li>For quantitative proteomics experiments, culture cells in DMEM l...

<ol>
	<li>Clague, M. J., Urb&#233;, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitin:+Same+molecule,+different+degradation+pathways.">Ubiquitin: Same molecule, different degradation pathways.</a> Cell. 143, 682-685 (2010).</li><li>Ciechanover, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ubiquitin-proteasome+proteolytic+pathway.">The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway.</a> Cell. 79 (1), 13-21 (1995).</li><li>Ohtake, F., Tsuchiya, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JB+special+review+-+Recent+topics+in+ubiquitin-proteasome+system+and+autophagy:+The+emerging+complexity+of+ubiquitin+architecture.">JB special review - Recent topics in ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy: The emerging complexity of ubiquitin architecture.</a> Journal of Biochemistry. 161 (2), 125-133 (2017).</li><li>Bergink, S., Jentsch, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+ubiquitin+and+SUMO+modifications+in+DNA+repair.">Principles of ubiquitin and SUMO modifications in DNA repair.</a> Nature. 458 (7237), 461-467 (2009).</li><li>Komander, D., Rape, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Ubiquitin+Code.">The Ubiquitin Code.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 81 (1), 203-229 (2012).</li><li>Michel, M. A., Swatek, K. N., Hospenthal, M. K., Komander, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitin+Linkage-Specific+Affimers+Reveal+Insights+into+K6-Linked+Ubiquitin+Signaling.">Ubiquitin Linkage-Specific Affimers Reveal Insights into K6-Linked Ubiquitin Signaling.</a> Molecular Cell. 68 (1), 233-246 (2017).</li><li>Swatek, K. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+ubiquitin+chain+architecture+using+Ub-clipping.">Insights into ubiquitin chain architecture using Ub-clipping.</a> Nature. 572, 533-537 (2019).</li><li>Peng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+proteomics+approach+to+understanding+protein+ubiquitination.">A proteomics approach to understanding protein ubiquitination.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 21 (8), 921-926 (2003).</li><li>Wagner, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+Analyses+Reveal+Divergent+Ubiquitylation+Site+Patterns+in+Murine+Tissues.">Proteomic Analyses Reveal Divergent Ubiquitylation Site Patterns in Murine Tissues.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 11 (12), 1578-1585 (2012).</li><li>Iesmantavicius, V., Weinert, B. T., Choudhary, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convergence+of+Ubiquitylation+and+Phosphorylation+Signaling+in+Rapamycin-treated+Yeast+Cells.">Convergence of Ubiquitylation and Phosphorylation Signaling in Rapamycin-treated Yeast Cells.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 13 (8), 1979-1992 (2014).</li><li>Elia, A. E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Proteomic+Atlas+of+Ubiquitination+and+Acetylation+in+the+DNA+Damage+Response.">Quantitative Proteomic Atlas of Ubiquitination and Acetylation in the DNA Damage Response.</a> Molecular Cell. 59 (5), 867-881 (2015).</li><li>Wagner, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Proteome-wide,+Quantitative+Survey+of+In+Vivo+Ubiquitylation+Sites+Reveals+Widespread+Regulatory+Roles.">A Proteome-wide, Quantitative Survey of In Vivo Ubiquitylation Sites Reveals Widespread Regulatory Roles.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 10 (10), M111.013284 (2011).</li><li>Udeshi, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+Quantification+of+in+vivo+Changes+in+Protein+Ubiquitination+following+Proteasome+and+Deubiquitinase+Inhibition.">Methods for Quantification of in vivo Changes in Protein Ubiquitination following Proteasome and Deubiquitinase Inhibition.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 11, 148-159 (2012).</li><li>Sap, K. A., Bezstarosti, K., Dekkers, D. H., Voets, O., Demmers, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+proteomics+reveals+extensive+remodeling+of+the+ubiquitinome+after+perturbation+of+the+proteasome+by+dsRNA+mediated+subunit+knockdown.">Quantitative proteomics reveals extensive remodeling of the ubiquitinome after perturbation of the proteasome by dsRNA mediated subunit knockdown.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. 16 (8), 2848-2862 (2017).</li><li>Xu, G., Paige, J. S., Jaffrey, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+lysine+ubiquitination+by+ubiquitin+remnant+immunoaffinity+profiling.">Global analysis of lysine ubiquitination by ubiquitin remnant immunoaffinity profiling.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 28 (8), 868-873 (2010).</li><li>Kim, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+and+quantitative+assessment+of+the+ubiquitin-modified+proteome.">Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquitin-modified proteome.</a> Molecular Cell. 44 (2), 325-340 (2011).</li><li>Wakabayashi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphoproteome+analysis+of+formalin-fixed+and+paraffin-embedded+tissue+sections+mounted+on+microscope+slides.">Phosphoproteome analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections mounted on microscope slides.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. 13 (2), 915-924 (2014).</li><li>Cox, J., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MaxQuant+enables+high+peptide+identification+rates,+individualized+p.p.b.-range+mass+accuracies+and+proteome-wide+protein+quantification.">MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 26 (12), 1367-1372 (2008).</li><li>Tyanova, S., Temu, T., Cox, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MaxQuant+computational+platform+for+mass+spectrometry-based+shotgun+proteomics.">The MaxQuant computational platform for mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (12), 2301-2319 (2016).</li><li>Tyanova, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Perseus+computational+platform+for+comprehensive+analysis+of+(prote)omics+data.">The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data.</a> Nature Methods. 13 (June), 731-740 (2016).</li><li>Rose, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Multiplexed+Quantitative+Mass+Spectrometry+Analysis+of+Ubiquitylomes.">Highly Multiplexed Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Ubiquitylomes.</a> Cell Systems. 3 (4), 395-403 (2016).</li><li>Kaiser, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+standard+absolute+quantification+(PSAQ)+method+for+the+measurement+of+cellular+ubiquitin+pools.">Protein standard absolute quantification (PSAQ) method for the measurement of cellular ubiquitin pools.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (8), 691-696 (2011).</li><li>Van Der Wal, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+ubiquitylation+site+detection+by+Orbitrap+mass+spectrometry.">Improvement of ubiquitylation site detection by Orbitrap mass spectrometry.</a> Journal of Proteomics. (July), (2017).</li><li>Nielsen, M. 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The protocol described here was applied to samples from various biological sources, such as cultured cells and in vivo tissue. In all cases we identified thousands of diGly peptides, provided that the total protein input amount was at least 1 mg. The enrichment using specific antibodies is highly efficient, given that only at most 100-150 very low abundant diGly peptides were identified from whole cell lysates if no enrichment procedures for ubiquitinated proteins or diGly peptides were applied. Obviously, sensitive mass...

The conjugation of ubiquitin to proteins marks them for degradation by the proteasome and is a crucial process in proteostasis. The C-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin forms an isopeptide bond with the lysine &#949;-amino group of the target protein1,2. In addition, ubiquitin can be attached to other ubiquitin modules, resulting in the formation of homogeneous (i.e., K48 or K11) or branched (i.e., heterogeneous or mixed) polyubiquitin structures1,3. The most well-known function of ubiquitin is its role in proteasomal degradation, mediated by K48-linked polyubiquitin. However, it has become clear that both mono- as well as polyubiquitination also play roles in many processes that are independent of degradation by the proteasome. For instance, K63-linked chains have nondegradative roles in intracellular trafficking, lysosomal degradation, kinase signaling, and the DNA damage response4,5. The other six linkage types are less abundant and their roles are still largely enigmatic, although first indications about their functions in the cell are emerging, largely because of the development of novel tools to enable linkage-specific detection6,7.
Mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool for proteome analyses and nowadays thousands of different proteins from virtually any biological source can be identified in a single experiment. An additional layer of complexity is presented by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins (e.g., phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination) which can modulate protein activity. Large-scale identification of PTM-bearing proteins has also been made possible by developments in the mass spectrometry field. The relatively low stoichiometry of peptides bearing PTMs compared to their unmodified counterparts presents a technical challenge and biochemical enrichment steps are generally necessary prior to the mass spectrometry analysis. Over the past two decades, several different specific enrichment methods have been developed for the analysis of PTMs.
Because of the multifaceted roles of protein ubiquitination in the cell, there is a great demand for the development of analytical methods for the detection of ubiquitination sites on proteins8. The application of mass spectrometric methods has led to an explosion of the number of identified ubiquitination sites in fruit fly, mouse, human, and yeast proteins9,10,11,12,13,14. A major step was presented by the development of immunoprecipitation based enrichment strategies at the peptide level using antibodies directed against the K-&#949;-GG remnant motif (also referred to as &#39;diglycine&#39; or &#39;diGly&#39;). These diGly peptides are produced upon digestion of ubiquitinated proteins using trypsin as the protease15,16.
Here, we present an optimized workflow to enrich for diGly peptides using immunopurification and subsequent detection by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Using a combination of several modifications of existing workflows, especially in the sample preparation and mass spectrometry stages, we can now routinely identify more than 23,000 diGly peptides from a single sample of HeLa cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor and ~10,000 from untreated HeLa cells. We have applied this protocol to lysates from both unlabeled and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) labeled HeLa cells as well as to endogenous samples such as brain tissue.
This workflow presents a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools for the analysis of ubiquitination sites in order to uncover the deep ubiquitinome. The following protocol describes all steps of the workflow in detail.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,4-Dithioerythritol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M Empore C18 Octadecyl disks</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td>66883-U</td>
			<td>product discontinued at Supelco; CDS Analytical is the new manufacturer (https://www.cdsanalytical.com/empore)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium formate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>70221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bortezomib</td>
			<td>UBPbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSH130 resin, 3.5 &#956;m, 130 &#197;</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34869</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EASY-nanoLC 1200</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GF/F filter plug</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1825-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysine, Arginine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysine-8 (13C6;15N2), Arginine-10 (13C6;15N4)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysyl Endopeptidase(LysC)</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>129-02541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoLC oven</td>
			<td>MPI design, MS Wil GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher / Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLRP-S (300 &#197;, 50 &#181;m) polymeric reversed phase particles</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>PL1412-2K01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTMScan Ubiquitin Remnant Motif (K-&#949;-GG) Kit</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>5562</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sep-Pak tC18 6 cc Vac Cartridge</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT036790</td>
			<td>Remove the tC18 material from the cartridge before filling the cartridge with PLRP-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin, TPCK Treated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>20233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of protein ubiquitination sites by peptide enrichment and mass spectrometry

The posttranslational modification of proteins by the small protein ubiquitin is involved in many cellular events. After tryptic digestion of ubiquitinated proteins, peptides with a diglycine remnant conjugated to the epsilon amino group of lysine (&#39;K-&#949;-diglycine&#39; or simply &#39;diGly&#39;) can be used to track back the original modification site. Efficient immunopurification of diGly peptides combined with sensitive detection by mass spectrometry has resulted in a huge increase in the number of ubiquitination sites identified up to date. We have made several improvements to this workflow, including offline high pH reverse-phase fractionation of peptides prior to the enrichment procedure, and the inclusion of more advanced peptide fragmentation settings in the ion routing multipole. Also, more efficient cleanup of the sample using a filter-based plug in order to retain the antibody beads results in a greater specificity for diGly peptides. These improvements result in the routine detection of more than 23,000 diGly peptides from human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) cell lysates upon proteasome inhibition in the cell. We show the efficacy of this strategy for in-depth analysis of the ubiquitinome profiles of several different cell types and of in vivo samples, such as brain tissue. This study presents an original addition to the toolbox for protein ubiquitination analysis to uncover the deep cellular ubiquitinome.

Ubiquitinated proteins leave a 114.04 Da diglycine remnant on the target lysine residue when the proteins are digested with trypsin. The mass difference caused by this motif was used to unambiguously recognize the site of ubiquitination in a mass spectrometry experiment. The strategy that we describe here is a state-of-the-art method for the enrichment and subsequent identification of diGly peptides by nanoflow LC-MS/MS (Figure 1A). In this s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Protein Ubiquitination Sites by Peptide Enrichment and Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination Sites by Peptide Enrichment and Mass Spectrometry

We present a method for the purification, detection, and identification of diGly peptides that originate from ubiquitinated proteins from complex biological samples. The presented method is reproducible, robust, and outperforms published methods with respect to the level of depth of the ubiquitinome analysis.

The posttranslational modification of proteins by the small protein ubiquitin is involved in many cellular events. After tryptic digestion of ...

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