Name: labelling and visualization of mitochondrial genome expression products in baker's yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae
Uploaded: 2021-04-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at JoVE.com

This research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant number 18-29-07002. P.K. was supported by State Assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, grant number AAAA-A16-116021660073-5. M.V.P. was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, grant number 075-15-2019-1659 (Program of Kurchatov Center of Genome Research). The work was partly done on the equipment purchased in the frame of the Moscow State University Program of Development. I.C., S.L., and M.V.B. were additionally supported by Moscow State University grant &#8220;Leading Scientific School Noah&#8217;s Ark&#8221;.

1. Yeast culture preparation
<ol>
	<li>Streak yeast from the frozen stock cultures on fresh plates with the appropriate medium. Put the plates in a culture incubator at 30 &#176;C for 24&#8211;48 h. 
	NOTE: Let the temperature-sensitive mutants grow at the permissive temperature.</li>
	<li>Inoculate yeast cultures in 2 mL of YPGal medium (2% peptone, 1% yeast extract, 2% galactose) from the fresh streak in 15 mL tubes and incubate them overnight agitating at 200 rpm at 30 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Measure the optical den...

<ol>
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Investigations of gene expression occupy a central part in modern life sciences. Numerous methods providing insights into this complex process have been developed. Here, we described the method allowing to access protein biosynthesis in baker&#39;s yeast S. cerevisiae mitochondria. It is usually applied to compare translation efficiencies of the mRNAs in mitochondria of mutant yeast strain versus wild type to access the consequences of the studied mutation. This is one of the basic experiments the researchers co...

Mitochondria are the organelles deeply involved in the metabolism of a eukaryotic cell. Their electron transfer chain supplies the cell with ATP, the main energetic currency used in multiple biochemical pathways. Besides, they are involved in apoptosis, fatty acid and heme synthesis, and other processes. Dysfunction of mitochondria is a well-known source of human disease1. It can result from mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial genes encoding structural or regulatory components of the organelles2. Baker&#8217;s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model organism for studying mitochondrial gene expression due to several reasons. First, their genome is completely sequenced3, well-annotated, and a big sum of data is already available in literature thanks to the long history of investigations carried out with this organism. Second, the manipulations with their nuclear genome are relatively fast and easy because of their fast growth rate and highly efficient homologous recombination system. Third, baker&#8217;s yeast S. cerevisiae is one of the few organisms for which the manipulations with mitochondrial genomes are developed. Finally, baker&#39;s yeast is an aerobe-anaerobe facultative organism, which allows isolation and study of respiratory defective mutants, since they can grow in media containing fermentable carbon sources.
We describe the method to study mitochondrial gene expression of baker&#8217;s yeast S. cerevisiae at the translational level4. Its main principle comes from several observations. First, the yeast mitochondrial genome encodes only eight proteins: three subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p), three subunits of the ATP synthase (Atp6p, Atp8p, and Atp9p), a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase enzyme, cytochrome b (Cytb), and mitochondrial ribosomal protein Var1p5. This number is small, and all of them can be separated by electrophoresis on a single gel in the appropriate conditions. Second, mitochondrial ribosomes belong to the prokaryotic class rather than eukaryotic6, and therefore, the sensitivity to antibiotics is different for yeast cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomes. It allows the inhibition of cytoplasmic translation with cycloheximide, providing the conditions when the labeled amino acid (35S-methionine) is incorporated only in mitochondrial translation products. As a result, the experiment gives information about the rate of amino acid incorporation in mitochondrial proteins synthesized de novo, reflecting the overall efficiency of mitochondrial translation for each of the eight products

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriological agar</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5306&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biowave Cell Density Meter CO8000</td>
			<td>BIOCHROM US BE</td>
			<td>80-3000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BRAND standard disposable cuvettes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z330361</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>288306&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1988&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Galactose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5388&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital block heater</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88870001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasyTag L-[35S]-Methionine, 500&#181;Ci (18.5MBq), Stabilized Aqueous Solution</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEG709A500UC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Centrifuge 5425</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>13-864-457</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE Storage Phosphor Screens</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>GE29-0171-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-methionine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9625&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-Tetramethylethylenediamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N&#8242;-Methylenebisacrylamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>New Brunswick Innova 44/44R Shaker Incubator</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone from meat, bacteriological</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>91249&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7626&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce 660nm Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>22662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerPac Basic Power Supply</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1645050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protean II xi cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1651802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin dihydrochloride from Streptomyces alboniger</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>221465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Storm 865 phosphor imager</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>93352&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Heated Gel Dryer</td>
			<td>Cleaver Scientific</td>
			<td>CSL-GDVH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y1625&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

labelling and visualization of mitochondrial genome expression products in baker's yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A mitochondrial genome of baker&#8217;s yeast encodes eight proteins: three subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p), three subunits of the ATP synthase (Atp6p, Atp8p, and Atp9p), a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase enzyme, cytochrome b (Cytb), and mitochondrial ribosomal protein Var1p. The purpose of the method described here is to specifically label these proteins with 35S methionine, separate them by electrophoresis and visualize the signals as discrete bands on the screen. The procedure involves several steps. First, yeast cells are cultured in a galactose-containing medium until they reach the late logarithmic growth stage. Next, cycloheximide treatment blocks cytoplasmic translation and allows 35S methionine incorporation only in mitochondrial translation products. Then, all proteins are extracted from yeast cells and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the gel is dried and incubated with the storage phosphor screen. The screen is scanned on a phosphorimager revealing the bands. The method can be applied to compare the biosynthesis rate of a single polypeptide in the mitochondria of a mutant yeast strain versus the wild type, which is useful for studying mitochondrial gene expression defects. This protocol gives valuable information about the translation rate of all yeast mitochondrial mRNAs. However, it requires several controls and additional experiments to make proper conclusions.

Following the protocol described above, we assigned mitochondrial translation products from two S. cerevisiae strains: the wild type (WT) and a mutant bearing deletion of the AIM23 gene (AIM23&#916;), encoding mitochondrial translation initiation factor 3 (Table 1)8. Mitochondrial translation products were radioactively labeled and separated in SDS-PAAG9. The samples were collected every 2.5 min before saturation to build a time course (<strong ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker&#8217;s yeast mitochondrial genome encodes eight polypeptides. The goal of the current protocol is to label all of them and subsequently visualize them as separate bands.

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A ...

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