Chapter 12
Aldehydes and Ketones
Structures des aldéhydes et des cétones
Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a ...
Nomenclature IUPAC des aldéhydes
Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic ...
Nomenclature IUPAC des cétones
Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing “e” in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with ...
Noms communs des aldéhydes et des cétones
Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC nomenclature.
Common ...
Spectroscopie IR et UV-Vis des aldéhydes et des cétones
Infrared spectroscopy, also known as vibrational spectroscopy, is mainly used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups in molecules. In ...
Spectroscopie RMN et spectrométrie de masse des aldéhydes et des cétones
In aldehydes, the hydrogen atom connected to the carbonyl carbon helps distinguish aldehydes from other carbonyl compounds using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. ...
Préparation d’aldéhydes et de cétones à partir d’alcools, d’alcènes et d’alcynes
Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for ...
Préparation d’aldéhydes et de cétones à partir de nitriles et d’acides carboxyliques
Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a controlled ...
Préparation d’aldéhydes et de cétones à partir de dérivés d’acide carboxylique
Aldehydes are more reactive than carboxylic acids and hence, can get over-reduced to alcohol in the presence of strong reducing agents. Therefore, ...
Addition nucléophile au groupe carbonyle : mécanisme général
The carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde or ketone is the site of a nucleophilic attack due to its electron-deficient nature. Depending on the strength of the ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec l’eau : formation d’hydrates
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec alcools : formation hémiacétal
Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound ...
Groupes protecteurs des aldéhydes et des cétones : Introduction
Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired ...
Les acétals et les thioacétals en tant que groupes protecteurs des aldéhydes et des cétones
Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec HCN : Présentation de la formation de cyanhydrine
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec HCN : mécanisme de formation de la cyanhydrine
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes ...
Aldéhydes et cétones en alcènes : aperçu de la réaction de Wittig
The Wittig reaction is the conversion of carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, or the Wittig reagent. ...
Aldéhydes et cétones en alcènes : mécanisme de réaction de Wittig
The Wittig reaction, which converts aldehydes or ketones to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, proceeds through a nucleophilic addition‒elimination ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec amines : formation d’Imine et d’Enamine Vue d’ensemble
Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec amines : mécanisme de formation de l’Imine
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps ...
Aldéhydes et cétones avec amines : mécanisme de formation de l’énamine
Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation ...
Aldéhydes et cétones en alcanes : réduction de Wolff-Kishner
Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a ...
Oxydations des aldéhydes et des cétones en acides carboxyliques
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily ...
Réactions des aldéhydes et des cétones : oxydation de Baeyer-Villiger
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often ...
Tautomérisme céto-énol : mécanisme
The keto and enol forms are known as tautomers and they constantly interconvert (or tautomerize) between the two forms under acid or base catalyzed ...
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