Scalp Acupuncture Synchronizing Dual Task Gait for Enhancing Prefrontal Cortex Response

Résumé

This protocol demonstrates the standardized procedure of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task. This can provide an important reference for the clinical exploration of the new and effective non-drug treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine.

Résumé

Studies have shown that motor-cognitive dual task can greatly improve motor/cognitive function. However, the therapeutic effect of motor-cognitive dual task is still limited. How to improve dual-task performance is the key to solving this problem. Scalp acupuncture is a non-drug intervention method of traditional Chinese medicine to treat brain-derived diseases by acupuncturing the corresponding projection area of cerebral cortex function on the scalp. Studies have shown that scalp acupuncture helps improve neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction and plays a neuroprotective function in central nervous system diseases. However, no relevant studies have discussed the synergistic gain effect of motor-cognitive dual task and scalp acupuncture. Therefore, this protocol aims to demonstrate the standardized operation of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task and compares the differences between these two tasks in healthy subjects through a randomized cross-over trial. This protocol initially revealed the possible influence mechanism of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task on cognitive performance, gait control, and cortical brain function, which can provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for clinical exploration of new and effective non-drug treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine.

Introduction

Motor-cognitive dual task refers to the synchronous execution of a motor task and a cognitive task, requiring the synchronous participation of both motor and cognitive systems^1,2. Studies have shown that compared with a single motor task/cognitive task, a motor-cognitive dual task can greatly improve motor/cognitive function^3,4. Anson et al.⁵ randomly divided 20 Parkinson's patients into a single-task group (gait and cognitive training in sequence) and a dual-task group (gait and cognitive training synchronously) for an 8-week rehabilitation training. The results showed that both groups could significantly reduce the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor subscale score. Still, the dual-task group had a greater decrease, and the improvement of motor performance could last at least for 4 weeks. Shah et al.⁶ randomly divided 224 elderly community members into a physical exercise group, a computer cognitive training group, a motor-cognitive training group, and a blank control group for a 16-week rehabilitation training. All subjects received positron emission computed tomography scans before and after training. The results found that compared with the other three groups, the motor-cognitive training group had improved verbal memory function and significantly increased brain glucose metabolism in the left sensorimotor cortex. Moreover, higher brain glucose metabolism in this brain region was positively correlated with improved verbal memory, suggesting that a specific combination of motor-cognitive training can improve cognition and increase brain glucose metabolism. In addition, in terms of movement, the motor-cognitive dual task can improve balance function and reduce the risk of falls^7,8. Amanda et al.⁹ randomly divided 21 Parkinson's patients into single-task and dual-task groups for an 8-week rehabilitation training. The results showed that both groups could significantly improve clinical scores of motor function, but only the dual-task group significantly reduced falls by 60%.

However, the motor-cognitive dual task is a behavioral intervention, andalthough clinical studies have shown that its therapeutic efficacy is better than that of a single motor task/cognitive task, the therapeutic effect of the motor-cognitive dual task is still limited. Therefore, improving dual task performance is the key to solving this problem. At present, relevant studies have proved that combined central interventions on the basis of motor-cognitive dual tasks can improve motor-cognitive dual task performance^10,11,12,13. Common central interventions include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)¹¹. However, tDCS or TMS cannot be performed synchronously with motor-cognitive dual tasks. It can only be performed before and after dual tasks, and instruments are relatively expensive, leading to limited clinical promotion. Therefore, the key to improving dual-task performance is to find an alternative intervention that can be performed synchronously with dual-task and has a therapeutic effect similar to that of combined tDCS or TMS at a reasonable price. The study found that scalp acupuncture had an immediate effect similar to that of tDCS to some extent. Zhang et al.¹⁴ explored the short-term performance differences between tDCS and scalp acupuncture in working memory and included 44 college students in a randomized crossover experiment design. The results showed no statistical difference in the accuracy (ACC) or response time of tDCS and scalp acupuncture before or after intervention in the 0-back task and 1-back task. It is suggested that the therapeutic effect of scalp acupuncture on cognitive function is similar to that of tDCS.

Scalp acupuncture is a non-drug intervention method of traditional Chinese medicine to treat brain-derived diseases by acupuncturing the corresponding projection area of cerebral cortex function on the scalp. Scalp acupuncture is one of the stroke treatments recommended by the World Health Organization and has been shown to improve cognitive function in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI)¹⁵. Studies have shown that scalp acupuncture helps improve neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction and plays a neuroprotective function in central nervous system diseases¹⁶. Chen et al.¹⁵ randomly assigned 56 patients with PSCI to a treatment group (receiving scalp acupuncture in addition to medication) or control group (receiving medication only) for a period of 4 weeks. The results of the study found that the application of scalp acupuncture in addition to medication significantly improved cognitive function and increased brain hemoglobin levels compared to patients who received medication only. Xiong et al.¹⁷ randomly divided 70 patients with post-stroke cognitive dysfunction into a scalp acupuncture group (scalp acupuncture + cognitive training) and a control group (sham scalp acupuncture + cognitive training) for 12 weeks of rehabilitation training. The results found that Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scores in the scalp acupuncture group were significantly higher than those in the control group, suggesting that scalp acupuncture combined with cognitive training can improve stroke patients' cognitive and motor functions.

However, no relevant studies have discussed the synergistic gain effect of motor-cognitive dual task and scalp acupuncture. Therefore, this protocol aims to include 39 healthy subjects to demonstrate the standardized operation of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task and compares the differences between these two tasks in healthy subjects through a randomized cross-over trial. The Gaitrite gait analysis system and functional Near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) are utilized to explore the synergistic gain effect of scalp acupuncture on synchronous dual tasks. This protocol seeks to uncover the mechanism behind how scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task affects gait control and cortical brain function, providing a novel idea and theoretical basis for clinical exploration of new effective non-drug therapies.

Protocole

This project was approved by the Medical Ethics Association of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (approval No. KY01-2023-11-02) on December 05, 2023. The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: NO. ChiCTR2400079574) on January 06, 2024. All participants signed the informed consent form.

1. Recruitment

1. Inclusion criteria
   1. Recruit healthy subjects aged 20-35 years.
   2. Recruit healthy subjects with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) ≥ 26¹⁸.
   3. Recruit healthy subjects without a history of mental illness.
   4. Recruit healthy subjects without aphasia.
   5. Recruit healthy subjects without obvious organ function injury.
   6. Recruit healthy subjects with voluntarily signed informed consent.
2. Exclusion criteria
   1. Exclude subjects with diseases affecting gait, such as hemiplegia, Parkinson's disease, fractures, knee lesions, and lower limb joint injuries.
   2. Exclude subjects with a history of mental illness or antipsychotic drug use.
   3. Exclude women during pregnancy and lactation.

2. Baseline information collection

1. Randomly divide the subject into healthy group-1 (n = 19) and healthy group-2 (n = 20).
2. Collect the baseline characteristic data for both groups, including sex, age, height, weight, bilateral leg length, and MoCA score.

3. Intervention stage

NOTE: Inform the subjects of the relevant experimental procedures, purposes, and precautions to ensure the experiment's smooth conduct and quality.

1. Healthy Group 1
   1. Motor-cognitive dual task
      1. Ask the subject to stand at the beginning of the footpath and listen to the computer's and the researcher's instructions.
         NOTE: The footpath is from the Gaitrite gait analysis system. The system is a 4.6 m long electronic footpath that connects to the serial port of a Windows XP computer. The footpath is 1/8 inch thick and contains 16,128 sensors sandwiched between the thin vinyl top cover and the rubber bottom, with an effective sensor area of 0.61 m wide and 3.66 m long. The footpath is portable and can be rolled up when the experiment is over, saving space.
      2. Let the subject remain standing when hearing the "stand" prompt from the computer. This process lasts for 30 s.
      3. Let the subject walk along the footpath at a natural and comfortable pace when the subject hears "random number -7" from the researcher, and dictate the result of continuously subtracting seven from the "random number" (for example, the researcher says "385-7", the subject replies "385 minus 7 equals 378, another minus 7 equals 371, another minus 7 equals 364, and so on"). This process lasts for 30 seconds. Record the results of the cognitive task and calculate the total number of calculations, the correct number, and the ACC.
         NOTE: The random number is any integer >300.
      4. Let the subject stop counting when hearing "continue walking" from the computer and continue walking for 30 s.
      5. Repeat 3.1.1.3-3.1.1.4 to complete the "random number -7" cognitive task three times.
      6. Let the subject stop walking when hearing "end". The experiment is over.
   2. Scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task
      NOTE: The "Scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task" will be performed after a 1 week washout. The tasks "Motor cognitive dual task" and "Scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor cognitive dual task" were performed separately, with a one-week washout period in between. The experiment was a randomized cross-over trial in which the same individual received different interventions at different stages. The washout period is the second stage of treatment after the effect of the first stage has completely disappeared. The washout period prevents the therapeutic effects of the first stage from affecting the second stage, making the experimental results more accurate.
      1. Choose Baihui¹⁹, Shenting²⁰, and Sishencong²¹ as the key acupoints (Figure 1).
         NOTE: Baihui and Shenting acupoints are vital meridian, Sishencong belongs to extraordinary points; acupuncture at these points can regulate body's "Yang", awake the brain, calm the spirit, and improve cognitive function^19,20,21. Baihui Point is located in the middle of the head hairline , straight up 5 inches (16.7 cm), about the middle point of the connection between the two ear tips, the intersection point between the middle line of the head and the bilateral ear tips. Acupuncture at Baihui Point can improve memory loss, dizziness, headache, heart palpitation, and other symptoms¹⁹. Shenting Point is located in the middle of the head hairline 0.5 inches (1.7 cm), located on the middle line of the head, 1.7 cm above the midpoint of the front hairline. Acupuncture at the Shenting Point can be used to treat headache, dizziness, insomnia, nasal deep, rhinitis, epilepsy, memory loss, schizophrenia, and other symptoms²⁰. Sishencong is a group of four acupoints located 1 inch (3.3 cm) in front, behind, left, and right of Baihui Point on the top of the head, a total of four acupoints. Each point is arranged around the Baihui point, and each point is about 1 inch (3.3 cm) away from the Baihui point. Acupuncture at Sishencong can be used to treat headache, insomnia, vertigo, neurasthenia, forgetfulness, and other symptoms²¹.
      2. Disinfect the skin of the acupuncture point with alcohol and disinfect it in a circle from the center to the outside.
      3. Take a 1.5 inch needle (5 cm) and place it 15° from the skin under the cap aponeurosis. Insert the needle to a depth of 1 inch (3.3 cm), twist it to "Deqi" for 1 min, and leave the needle.
         NOTE: When Shenting, front Shencong, and Baihui enter the scalp, the tip of the needle is forward, and the tip of the left and right Shencong and the back Shencong are toward Baihui. The follow-up procedure is the same as 3.1.1.1-3.1.1.6. "Deqi" is a unique compound sensation that is interpreted as the flow of "qi" or "life energy.""Deqi" can be manifested as pain, soreness, swelling, heaviness, warmth, dull pain, numbness, etc²².
2. Healthy Group 2
   NOTE: The intervention order in Healthy Group 2 was the opposite of that in Healthy Group 1.
   1. Scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task
      1. Perform the experimental procedure as described in step 3.1.2.
   2. Motor-cognitive dual task
      1. Perform the experimental procedure as described in step 3.1.1.

4. Assessment

1. Gait analysis system
   ​Ensure that the researcher masters the equipment operation skills in advance, including Gaitrite's working principle, scope of application, subject requirements, and experimental operation specifications, and be familiar with precautions, such as ensuring the safety of subjects while walking and preventing the risk of falling.
   1. Subject preparation
      1. Prepare suitable experimental clothes for the subject and fold the pant leg above the subject's ankle joint to avoid interference with the collection of gait parameters.
      2. Measure the length of the subject's left and right legs.
         NOTE: The subject stands with his legs shoulder-width apart, and the vertical distance between the subject's left or right leg rotors and the ground is taken as the leg length.
      3. Ask the subjects to stand at the beginning of the footpath and listen to the computer's and the researcher's instructions.
   2. Software operation
      1. Open the software Gaitrite, click the New Subject button, and enter the basic information of the subject (name, gender, age, height, weight, left and right leg length).
      2. Click the New Test button to create a test task.
   3. Gait parameter acquisition
      1. Ask the subject to stand at the beginning of the footpath and explain how the experiment proceeds.
         NOTE: The subjects need to walk from one side of the footpath to the other, and the starting and end points should be outside the footpath as a trial. A total of 3-4 trials will be carried out.
      2. Click the Start Walk button to synchronize gait data collection.
         NOTE: The Start Walk button needs to be pressed before each trial begins. The gait data of the subjects during "Motor-cognitive dual task" and "Scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task" were collected, respectively. The specific gait data include Ambulation Time, Step Time, Step Length, Step/Extremity, Cycle_Time, Stride Length, Heel-Heel Base Support, Angle of Toe, StrideVelocity, Stride Velocity, Left: Right Foot Step Time Ratio, Left: Right Foot Step Length Ratio, Left: Right Foot Cycle Time Ratio, Functional Amb. Profile, Velocity Normalized using Leg Length, Swing Percent of Cycle, Swing Time, Swing_Time, Stance Percent of Cycle, Stance Time, Single Support percent of Cycle, Single Support Time, Double Support percent of Cycle, Double Support Time, Heel Off On Time, Heel Off On Percent, Double Support Load Time, Double Support Load Percent Gait Cycle, Double Support Unload Time, Double Support Unload Percent Gait Cycle.
      3. Click the Save button to save the data. Each subject will have gait data for two walking tasks.
2. Synchronizing the fNIRS brain function assessment
   1. Regions of interest selection
      1. Set sources and detectors according to the 10-20 system. Place a total of 10 sources and 12 detectors. Set the protocol to monitor the following 6 areas of Interest (ROIs), including the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the dorsolateral promoter cortex (PMC), and the dorsolateral primary motor cortex (M1).
         NOTE: The DLPFC is mainly responsible for cognitive, emotional, and sensory processing; PMC involves motion planning; M1 is in charge of movement execution^23,24,25,26.
   2. Researcher preparation
      1. Ensure that the researchers are trained to master fNIRS equipment operation skillsand be familiar with experimental operation procedures and precautions to ensure accurate and true data collection results.
   3. Subject preparation
      1. Wear an fNIRS cap on the subject.
      2. Ensure that the Cz point is correctly positioned.
         NOTE: The Cz point on the fNIRS cap is located at the fourth point on the midline of the cap from the forehead to the occipital lobe. The Cz point on the subject's head is located at the intersection of the nasal root and the occipital processor the intersection of the upper ear fossa (ear cone).
      3. Adjust the position of the fNIRS cap so that the Cz point on the subject's head coincides with the Cz point on the cap.
      4. Tighten the straps on both sides of the ear cap according to the size of the subject's skull so that the subject's ears protrude through the gap.
      5. Put a portable fNIRS backpack on the subject and ensure that the backpack does not affect the subject's normal walking.
      6. Turn on the power button on the fNIRS backpack when the subject is ready for the task.
      7. Ask the subject to stand at the start of the footpath and listen to the computer and the researcher.
   4. Software preparation
      1. Open the Nirsmart software, select the experiment paradigm, and input the subject information and remarks (name, gender, age, task type).
      2. Click on Pre-acquisition to test the signal source quality of all brain channels. Suppose the signal source quality is not optimal (the channel in the brain area is marked green to indicate that the signal source quality is optimal). In that case, adjust the hair of the subject by pushing it away with a hair stringer.
      3. Click the Automatic Gain button to complete the acquisition when the signal source quality of all brain channels is optimal.
   5. fNIRS brain function data acquisition
      1. Ask the subject to stand at the start of the footpath. Synchronously collect brain function data by clicking the fNIRS Start button.
         NOTE: The fNIRS brain function is synchronized with the Gaitrite gait analysis system for data acquisition. Both these systems are used simultaneously when the subject performs the tasks mentioned in section 3.
      2. Click the fNIRS End button to save the data when the experiment is over.

5. Statistical analysis

1. Use statistical analysis software to analyze all data. Test the normality of the measurement data by Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Represent data with normal distribution as mean ± standard deviation and with non-normal distribution as median (interquartile distance).
2. For the data conforming to the normal distribution, use the paired sample T-test to compare the influence of the two intervention methods on the results.
3. Compare the data that do not conform to a normal distribution using the rank sum test. Use the χ² test to compare the adoption rate or composition ratio of the data. Consider P < 0.05 as statistically significant.

Résultats

This protocol used a randomized controlled crossover design, recruiting 39 healthy subjects aged 20 to 35, including 14 males and 25 females. These participants were randomly assigned into Health Group 1 (n = 19) and Health Group 2 (n = 20). Baseline data for both groups were gathered (Table 1). No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding gender, age, height, weight, length of left and right legs, and MoCA assessment scores (all P > 0.05).

Discussion

Previous studies have not seen combining scalp acupuncture with the motor-cognitive dual task". This protocol explored the synergistic gain effect of synchronous motor-cognitive dual task combined with scalp acupuncture. It examined the therapeutic differences between scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task. Scalp acupuncture operation is the key technology of this protocol. Baihui Point, Shenting Point, and Sishencong are selected as crucial acupoints. Baihui Point and...

matériels

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Disposable acupuncture needles	Huan Qiu, China	N/A	Scalp acupuncture
GAITRite	CIR Systems Inc, America	https://www.gaitrite.com/	Gaitrite gait analysis system
NirSmart-500	Hui Chuang, China	N/A	fNIRS