Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Eva Hadzimova, Pierre Mattar et Christopher Kovach pour leur travail initial dans l&#39;établissement en matière de technologie d&#39;électroporation in utero dans le laboratoire de CS. Ce travail a été financé par un Institut canadien de recherche en santé du Canada (IRSC) subvention (44 094 MOP) et Fighting Blindness IRSC / Fondation (FFB) Subvention d&#39;équipe émergente (00933-000) pour CS et une enfance de l&#39;Alberta Hospital Research Foundation Grant à DMK. RD a été soutenue par une bourse des IRSC Hope Canada, RC est soutenu par une bourse d&#39;études FFB et LML a été soutenu par une subvention de formation des IRSC en génétique et développement de l&#39;enfant.

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	<li>Saito, T., Nakatsuji, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+embryonic+mouse+brain+using+in+vivo+electroporation.">Efficient gene transfer into the embryonic mouse brain using in vivo electroporation.</a> Dev Biol. 240, 237-246 (2001).</li><li>Takahashi, M., Sato, K., Nomura, T., Osumi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manipulating+gene+expressions+by+electroporation+in+the+developing+brain+of+mammalian+embryos.">Manipulating gene expressions by electroporation in the developing brain of mammalian embryos.</a> Differentiation. 70, 155-162 (2002).</li><li>Langevin, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validating+in+utero+electroporation+for+the+rapid+analysis+of+gene+regulatory+elements+in+the+murine+telencephalon.+Dev+Dyn+236.">Validating in utero electroporation for the rapid analysis of gene regulatory elements in the murine telencephalon. Dev Dyn 236.</a> , 1273-1286 (2007).</li><li>Mattar, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+helix-loop-helix+transcription+factors+cooperate+to+specify+a+cortical+projection+neuron+identity.">Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors cooperate to specify a cortical projection neuron identity.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 28, 1456-1469 (2008).</li><li>Nakamura, H., Katahira, T., Sato, T., Watanabe, Y., Funahashi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain-+and+loss-of-function+in+chick+embryos+by+electroporation.">Gain- and loss-of-function in chick embryos by electroporation.</a> Mech Dev. 121, 1137-1143 (2004).</li><li>Gaiano, N., Kohtz, J. D., Turnbull, D. H., Fishell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+rapid+gain-of-function+studies+in+the+mouse+embryonic+nervous+system.">A method for rapid gain-of-function studies in the mouse embryonic nervous system.</a> Nat Neurosci. 2, 812-819 (1999).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+and+RNA+interference+in+the+rodent+retina+in+vivo+and+in+vitro.">Electroporation and RNA interference in the rodent retina in vivo and in vitro.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 16-22 (2004).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Rebsam, A., Mason, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+and+ex+vivo+electroporation+for+gene+expression+in+mouse+retinal+ganglion+cells.">In utero and ex vivo electroporation for gene expression in mouse retinal ganglion cells.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2009).</li><li>Garcia-Frigola, C., Carreres, M. I., Vegar, C., Herrera, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+delivery+into+mouse+retinal+ganglion+cells+by+in+utero+electroporation.">Gene delivery into mouse retinal ganglion cells by in utero electroporation.</a> BMC Dev Biol. 7, 103-103 (2007).</li><li>Kataoka, A., Shimogori, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fgf8+controls+regional+identity+in+the+developing+thalamus.">Fgf8 controls regional identity in the developing thalamus.</a> Development. 135, 2873-2881 (2008).</li><li>Vue, T. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+signaling+controls+thalamic+progenitor+identity+and+nuclei+specification+in+mice.">Sonic hedgehog signaling controls thalamic progenitor identity and nuclei specification in mice.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 4484-4497 (2009).</li><li>Tsuchiya, R., Takahashi, K., Liu, F. C., Takahashi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+axonal+projections+from+mammillary+bodies+in+Pax6+mutant+mice:+possible+roles+of+Netrin-1+and+Slit+2+in+mammillary+projections.">Aberrant axonal projections from mammillary bodies in Pax6 mutant mice: possible roles of Netrin-1 and Slit 2 in mammillary projections.</a> J Neurosci Res. 87, 1620-1633 (2009).</li><li>Buffo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+pattern+of+the+transcription+factor+Olig2+in+response+to+brain+injuries:+implications+for+neuronal+repair.">Expression pattern of the transcription factor Olig2 in response to brain injuries: implications for neuronal repair.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102, 18183-18188 (2005).</li></ol>

In utero électroporation peut être utilisée pour analyser une grande variété de processus de développement. Par exemple, la transfection de gènes rapporteurs tels que la GFP, mCherry ou la phosphatase alcaline peut être utilisé pour effectuer le traçage et la lignée des expériences de la migration neuronale. Alternativement, la recombinase Cre peut être transitoirement exprimé d&#39;éliminer sélectivement un allèle floxés dans un espace et / ou temporellement contrôlée manière. Par ailleurs...

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efficient gene delivery into multiple cns territories using in utero electroporation

La capacité de manipuler l&#39;expression des gènes est la pierre angulaire de la journée embryologie moderne expérimentale, ce qui conduit à l&#39;élucidation des multiples voies de développement. Plusieurs puissants et bien établis technologies transgéniques sont disponibles pour manipuler les niveaux de l&#39;expression des gènes chez la souris, permettant la génération des deux perte et le gain de fonction des modèles. Cependant, la génération de souris transgéniques est à la fois coûteux et fastidieux. D&#39;autres méthodes de manipulation génétique ont donc été largement sollicités. In utero électroporation est une méthode de transfert de gènes dans les embryons de souris 1,2 que nous avons réussi à adapter 3,4 vivre. Il est largement basé sur le succès de l&#39;électroporation in ovo dans les technologies qui sont couramment utilisés dans chiches 5. Brièvement, l&#39;ADN est injecté dans les ventricules du cerveau ouverte développement et l&#39;application d&#39;un courant électrique provoque la formation de pores transitoires dans les membranes cellulaires, permettant l&#39;absorption de l&#39;ADN dans la cellule. Dans nos mains, les embryons peuvent être efficacement électroporées dès le jour embryonnaire (E) 11,5, tandis que le ciblage des jeunes embryons exigerait une guidée par échographie protocole de micro-injection, comme décrit précédemment 6. Inversement, E15.5 est la dernière étape, nous pouvons facilement électroporation, en raison de l&#39;apparition de la pariétale et la différenciation des os frontal, ce qui entrave la microinjection dans le cerveau. En revanche, la rétine est accessible par la fin de l&#39;embryogenèse. Les embryons peuvent être recueillies à aucun moment pendant toute la période embryonnaire ou postnatale précoce. L&#39;injection d&#39;un journaliste de la construction facilite l&#39;identification des cellules transfectées. À ce jour, électroporation in utero a été plus largement utilisé pour l&#39;analyse du développement du néocortex 1,2,3,4. Des études plus récentes ont ciblé la rétine et le thalamus embryonnaire 7,8,9 10,11,12. Ici, nous présentons une modification dans le protocole d&#39;électroporation in utero qui peut être facilement adaptée pour cibler les différents domaines du système nerveux central embryonnaire. Nous fournir la preuve que en utilisant cette technique, nous pouvons cibler le télencéphale embryonnaire, diencéphale et la rétine. Les résultats représentatifs sont présentés, montrant d&#39;abord l&#39;utilisation de cette technique pour introduire des constructions d&#39;expression d&#39;ADN dans les ventricules latéraux, nous permettant de suivre la maturation progénitrices, la différenciation et la migration dans le télencéphale embryonnaire. Nous montrons également que cette technique peut être utilisée pour cibler l&#39;ADN dans les territoires environnants diencéphalique le ventricule 3 ème, permettant les routes migratoires de différencier les neurones en noyaux diencéphalique à surveiller. Enfin, nous montrons que l&#39;utilisation de micromanipulateurs nous permet d&#39;introduire précisément constructions d&#39;ADN dans les zones cibles légères, y compris l&#39;espace sous-rétinien, nous permettant d&#39;analyser les effets de la manipulation de l&#39;expression des gènes sur le développement de la rétine.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation at JoVE.com

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Électroporation in utero permet la livraison rapide dans un gène spatialement et temporellement contrôlée manière le développement du système nerveux central (SNC). Nous décrivons ici un très adaptables dans le protocole d&#39;électroporation in utero qui peut être utilisé pour livrer des constructions d&#39;expression dans de multiples domaines du SNC embryonnaire, y compris le télencéphale, diencéphale et la rétine.

Livraison efficace de gènes dans les Territoires du SNC multiples à l&#39;aide In Utero L&#39;électroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

efficient-gene-delivery-into-multiple-cns-territories-using-utero

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

19.7K vues.  University of Calgary. Électroporation in utero permet la livraison rapide dans un gène spatialement et temporellement contrôlée manière le développement du système nerveux central (SNC). Nous décrivons ici un très adaptables dans le protocole d'électroporation in utero qui peut être utilisé pour livrer des constructions d'expression dans de multiples domaines du SNC embryonnaire, y compris le télencéphale, diencéphale et la rétine.

Vidéo: Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. However, because the uterine wall is opaque during early embryogenesis, the ability to target specific parts of the embryo for microinjection is greatly limited. Fortunately, high-frequency ultrasound imaging permits the generation of images that can be used in real time to guide a microinjection needle into the embryonic region of interest. Here we describe the use of such imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the ventricular system of the mouse forebrain at embryonic day (E) 9.5. This method uses a laparotomy to permit access to the uterine horns, and a specially designed plate that permits host embryos to be bathed in saline while they are imaged and injected. Successful surgeries often result in most or all of the injected embryos surviving to any subsequent time point of interest (embryonically or postnatally). The principles described here can be used with slight modifications to perform injections into the amnionic fluid of E8.5 embryos (thereby permitting infection along the anterior posterior extent of the neural tube, which has not yet closed), or into the ventricular system of the brain at E10.5/11.5. Furthermore, at mid-neurogenic ages (~E13.5), ultrasound imaging can be used direct injection into specific brain regions for viral infection or cell transplantation. The use of ultrasound imaging to guide in utero injections in mice is a very powerful technique that permits the molecular and cellular manipulation of mouse embryos in ways that would otherwise be exceptionally difficult if not impossible.

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. Here we describe the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the mouse brain at embryonic day (E) 9.5.

Guidée par échographie microinjection dans le cerveau antérieur souris In Utero À E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect neuronal process outgrowth, shRNA or cDNA constructs can be introduced into primary neurons via chemical transfection or viral transduction. However, with primary cortical cells, a heterogeneous pool of cell types (glutamatergic neurons from different layers, inhibitory neurons, glial cells) are transfected using these methods. The use of in utero electroporation to introduce DNA constructs in the embryonic rodent cortex allows for certain subsets of cells to be targeted: while electroporation of early embryonic cortex targets deep layers of the cortex, electroporation at late embryonic timepoints targets more superficial layers. Further, differential placement of electrodes across the heads of individual embryos results in the targeting of dorsal-medial versus ventral-lateral regions of the cortex. Following electroporation, transfected cells can be dissected out, dissociated, and plated in vitro for quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth. Here, we provide a step-by-step method to quantitatively measure neuronal process outgrowth in subsets of cortical cells.
The basic protocol for in utero electroporation has been described in detail in two other JoVE articles from the Kriegstein lab 1, 2. We will provide an overview of our protocol for in utero electroporation, focusing on the most important details, followed by a description of our protocol that applies in utero electroporation to the study of gene function in neuronal process outgrowth.

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero electroporation is a valuable method for transfecting neuronal progenitor cells in vivo. Depending upon the placement of the electrodes and the developmental timepoint of electroporation, certain subsets of cortical cells can be targeted. Targeted cells can then be analyzed in vivo or in vitro for effects of genetic alteration.

In utero électroporation suivie par la culture neuronale primaire pour étudier la fonction des gènes dans un sous-ensemble des neurones corticaux

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

Gene Delivery to Postnatal Rat Brain by Non-ventricular Plasmid Injection and Electroporation

Creation of transgenic animals is a standard approach in studying functions of a gene of interest in vivo. However, many knockout or transgenic animals are not viable in those cases where the modified gene is expressed or deleted in the whole organism. Moreover, a variety of compensatory mechanisms often make it difficult to interpret the results. The compensatory effects can be alleviated by either timing the gene expression or limiting the amount of transfected cells.
The method of postnatal non-ventricular microinjection and in vivo electroporation allows targeted delivery of genes, siRNA or dye molecules directly to a small region of interest in the newborn rodent brain. In contrast to conventional ventricular injection technique, this method allows transfection of non-migratory cell types. Animals transfected by means of the method described here can be used, for example, for two-photon in vivo imaging or in electrophysiological experiments on acute brain slices.

This protocol describes a non-viral method of delivery of genetic constructs to a certain area of living rodent brain. The method consists of plasmid preparation, micropipette fabrication, neonatal rat pup surgery, microinjection of the construct, and in vivo electroporation.

Livraison de gènes au cerveau de rat postnatal par des non-ventriculaire injection Plasmide et électroporation

Creation of transgenic animals is a standard approach in studying functions of a gene of interest in vivo. However, many knockout or transgenic animals ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

Souris dans Utero électroporation: contrôlé Transefection Gene spatio-temporelle

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

Visualisation et la manipulation génétique des dendrites et des épines dans le cortex cérébral et l&#39;hippocampe de souris à l&#39;aide<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Électroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. 
 For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. 
 Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. 
 Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at &ge;6 months after birth.
 We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Genes can be manipulated during development of the cortex or the hippocampus of the rat via in utero electroporation (IUE) at E16, to enable fast and targeted modifications in neuronal connectivity for later studies of behavior or neuropathology in adult animals. Postnatal in vivo imaging for control of IUE success is performed by bioluminescence of activating co-transfected luciferase.

Génération de rats transgéniques par voie topique<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; L&#39;électroporation et<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Bioluminescence dépistage

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

Manipulation génétique de la souris en développement à travers l&#39;hypothalamus<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Électroporation

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous substances into the brain. These exogenous substances may induce injurious impact or constitute therapeutic strategy. The most common delivery methods of exogenous substances into the brain are based on systemic deliveries, such as subcutaneous or intravenous routes. Although commonly used, these approaches have several limitations, including low delivery efficacy into the brain. In contrast, surgical methods that locally deliver substances into the CNS are more specific and prevent the uptake of the exogenous substances by other organs. Several surgical methods for CNS delivery are available; however, they tend to be very traumatic. Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances into the brain via the internal carotid artery, with minimal trauma and no interference with normal CNS functionality.

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

Souris microchirurgie Infusion Technique pour ciblée Substance Livraison dans le SNC<i&gt; via</i&gt; L&#39;artère carotide interne

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation is a rapid and powerful approach to study the process of radial migration in the cerebral cortex of developing mouse embryos. It has helped to describe the different steps of radial migration and characterize the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. To directly and dynamically analyze migrating neurons they have to be traced over time. This protocol describes a workflow that combines in utero electroporation with organotypic slice culture and time-lapse confocal imaging, which allows for a direct examination and dynamic analysis of radially migrating cortical neurons. Furthermore, detailed characterization of migrating neurons, such as migration speed, speed profiles, as well as radial orientation changes, is possible. The method can easily be adapted to perform functional analyses of genes of interest in radially migrating cortical neurons by loss and gain of function as well as rescue experiments. Time-lapse imaging of migrating neurons is a state-of-the-art technique that once established is a potent tool to study the development of the cerebral cortex in mouse models of neuronal migration disorders.

Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation

This protocol provides instructions for direct observation of radially migrating cortical neurons. In utero electroporation, organotypic slice culture, and time-lapse confocal imaging are combined to directly and dynamically study the effects of overexpression or downregulation of genes of interest in migrating neurons and to analyze their differentiation during development.

L&#39;imagerie confocale temporelle des neurones migrateurs dans la culture de tranches organotypiques du cerveau embryonnaire de souris en utilisant<em&gt; Dans Utero</em&gt; Electroporation

In utero electroporation is a rapid and powerful approach to study the process of radial migration in the cerebral cortex of developing mouse embryos. It ...

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

Cell-autonomous neuronal functions of genes can be revealed by causing loss or gain of function of a gene in a small and sparse population of neurons. To do so requires generating a mosaic in which neurons with loss or gain of function of a gene are surrounded by genetically unperturbed tissue. Here, we combine the Cre-lox recombination system with in utero electroporation in order to generate mosaic brain tissue that can be used to study the cell-autonomous function of genes in neurons. DNA constructs (available through repositories), coding for a fluorescent label and Cre recombinase, are introduced into developing cortical neurons containing genes flanked with loxP sites in the brains of mouse embryos using in utero electroporation. Additionally, we describe various adaptations to the in utero electroporation method that increase survivability and reproducibility. This method also involves establishing a titer for Cre-mediated recombination in a sparse or dense population of neurons. Histological preparations of labeled brain tissue do not require (but can be adapted to) immunohistochemistry. The constructs used guarantee that fluorescently labeled neurons carry the gene for Cre recombinase. Histological preparations allow morphological analysis of neurons through confocal imaging of dendritic and axonal arbors and dendritic spines. Because loss or gain of function is achieved in sparse mosaic tissue, this method permits the study of cell-autonomous necessity and sufficiency of gene products in vivo.

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

Cell-autonomous functions of genes in the brain can be studied by inducing loss or gain of function in sparse populations of cells. Here, we describe in utero electroporation to deliver Cre recombinase into sparse populations of developing cortical neurons with floxed genes to cause loss of function in vivo.

Induisant la recombinaison Cre-lox dans le Cortex cérébral par l’intermédiaire de In Utero électroporation de souris

Cell-autonomous neuronal functions of genes can be revealed by causing loss or gain of function of a gene in a small and sparse population of neurons. To ...