Nous remercions le Dr Noah Weisleder pour la lecture et l&#39;édition de ce manuscrit. Ce travail a été soutenu par des subventions de recherche de la Fondation UMDNJ 62-09 à ZP, l&#39;American Heart Association SDG2630086 à XZ, 0535555N à MB, et National Institutes of Health RC2AR058962-01 à MB.

<ol>
	<li>Parekh, A. B., Putney, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Store-operated+calcium+channels.">Store-operated calcium channels.</a> Physiol. Rev. 85, 757-810 (2005).</li><li>Ma, J., Pan, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrograde+activation+of+store-operated+calcium+channel.">Retrograde activation of store-operated calcium channel.</a> Cell Calcium. 33, 375-384 (2003).</li><li>Feske, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ORAI1+and+STIM1+deficiency+in+human+and+mice:+roles+of+store-operated+Ca2++entry+in+the+immune+system+and+beyond.">ORAI1 and STIM1 deficiency in human and mice: roles of store-operated Ca2+ entry in the immune system and beyond.</a> Immunol. Rev. 231, 189-209 (2009).</li><li>Parekh, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Store-operated+CRAC+channels:+function+in+health+and+disease.">Store-operated CRAC channels: function in health and disease.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9, 399-410 (2010).</li><li>Pan, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysfunction+of+store-operated+calcium+channel+in+muscle+cells+lacking+mg29.">Dysfunction of store-operated calcium channel in muscle cells lacking mg29.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 379-383 (2002).</li><li>Shin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+retrograde+signal+from+calsequestrin+for+the+regulation+of+store-operated+Ca2++entry+in+skeletal+muscle.">A retrograde signal from calsequestrin for the regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry in skeletal muscle.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3286-3292 (2003).</li><li>Ma, J., Pan, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Junctional+membrane+structure+and+store+operated+calcium+entry+in+muscle+cells.">Junctional membrane structure and store operated calcium entry in muscle cells.</a> Front Biosci. 8, d242-d255 (2003).</li><li>Pan, Z., Damron, D., Nieminen, A. L., Bhat, M. B., Ma, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depletion+of+intracellular+Ca2++by+caffeine+and+ryanodine+induces+apoptosis+of+chinese+hamster+ovary+cells+transfected+with+ryanodine+receptor.">Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ by caffeine and ryanodine induces apoptosis of chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with ryanodine receptor.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 275, 19978-19984 (2000).</li><li>Hirata, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncoupling+store-operated+Ca2++entry+and+altered+Ca2++release+from+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+through+silencing+of+junctophilin+genes.">Uncoupling store-operated Ca2+ entry and altered Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum through silencing of junctophilin genes.</a> Biophys. J. 90, 4418-4427 (2006).</li><li>Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+resistance+to+fatigue+and+altered+calcium+handling+properties+of+sarcalumenin+knockout+mice.">Enhanced resistance to fatigue and altered calcium handling properties of sarcalumenin knockout mice.</a> Physiol. Genomics. 23, 72-78 (2005).</li><li>Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azumolene+inhibits+a+component+of+store-operated+calcium+entry+coupled+to+the+skeletal+muscle+ryanodine+receptor.">Azumolene inhibits a component of store-operated calcium entry coupled to the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 281, 33477-33486 (2006).</li><li>Launikonis, B. S., Barnes, M., Stephenson, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+coupling+between+skeletal+muscle+store-operated+Ca2++entry+and+the+inositol+trisphosphate+receptor.">Identification of the coupling between skeletal muscle store-operated Ca2+ entry and the inositol trisphosphate receptor.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 2941-2944 (2003).</li><li>Shuttleworth, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+relationships+between+Ca2++store+mobilization+and+Ca2++entry+in+an+exocrine+cell.">Temporal relationships between Ca2+ store mobilization and Ca2+ entry in an exocrine cell.</a> Cell. Calcium. 15, 457-466 (1994).</li></ol>

Pas de conflits d&#39;intérêt déclarés.

Bien que les longueurs d&#39;onde d&#39;excitation pour le Ca 2 +-contraignant et Ca 2 + libre Fura-2 sont de 340 nm et 380 nm, respectivement, la meilleure gamme de rapport dynamique de Fura-2 pour le Ca 2 + mesure de la concentration peut se produire à des longueurs d&#39;onde autres dans un particulier Système de microscope. De tels changements de longueur d&#39;onde sont généralement dues à des changements dans le chemin optique avec l&#39;addition des différents composants optiques. Dans cette étude, les longueurs d&#39;onde d&#39;excitation pour Fura-2 ont été déterminées comme 350 nm et 390 nm en effectuant une analyse spectrale de la fluorescence Fura-2. Le intracellulaire de Ca 2 + dans les résultats du cytosol à partir d&#39;un bilan de plusieurs sources, y compris intracellulaire de Ca 2 +, Ca 2 + extracellulaire entrée, ainsi que le Ca 2 + mécanisme d&#39;exclusion à la membrane du RE et du plasma. Pour isoler le unidirectionnelle SOC-médiation Ca 2 + afflux de Ca 2 + intracellulaire de libération et de Ca 2 + extrusion, le Mn 2 + dosage trempe peut être utilisé. Mn 2 + est connu pour être capable de pénétrer dans les cellules par l&#39;intermédiaire SOCE mais est imperméable à l&#39;extrusion de membrane de surface ou de l&#39;absorption ER par Ca 2 + pompes. Par conséquent, extinction de la fluorescence représente une mesure de unidirectionnel Mn 2 + dans des cellules de flux qui estime le degré d&#39;activation de SOCE. Mn 2 + dosage trempe est effectuée au point isobestique, à longueur d&#39;onde telle Fura-2 intensité de fluorescence est indépendante de la concentration de Ca 2 +. Le point isobestique pour chaque système doit être déterminé par balayage du spectre. En variante, Mn 2 + trempe peut être enregistrée par fluorescence ajusté à des deux longueurs d&#39;onde de telle sorte que la valeur finale est indépendante de la concentration de Ca 2 + 13. Pour obtenir de l&#39;information spatiale et temporelle de l&#39;activité de SOCE dans les muscles squelettiques, nous avons employé une méthode à double colorant, ce qui permet MeasureMe simultanéent de l&#39;activité SOCE et Ca 2 + contenu dans peau de mammifères adultes fibres musculaires EDL. La corrélation entre les variations de Ca 2 + contenu et SOCE activité peut être tracée pour indiquer le seuil et la sensibilité de l&#39;activation SOCE à l&#39;appauvrissement de la Ca SR de stockage de 2 +. La solution TT-chargement est optimisé pour de plus charger les T-tubules avec le Ca 2 + et pour l&#39;amorçage des T-tubules et la solution SR-chargement est destiné à promouvoir maximale Ca 2 + et de chargement en outre de charger les T-tubules avec ~ 500 pM Ca 2 +. FCCP est inclus dans la solution TT / SR-chargement, et la solution d&#39;appauvrissement SR pour éliminer les effets de la mitochondrie.

Table des réactifs spécifiques et des équipements: <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom du réactif </td><td> Entreprise </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td><td> Commentaires </td></tr><tr><td> RPMI 1640 </td><td> Mediatech </td><td> 10-040-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ham F-12 </td><td> Mediatech </td><td> 10-080-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Mediatech </td><td> 10-013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vaisselle à fond de verre </td><td> MatTek </td><td> P35G-1.5-14-C </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fura-2 AM </td><td> Invitrogen (Molecular Probes) </td><td> F1221 </td><td> -20 ° C, l&#39;étanchéité, à l&#39;abri de la lumière, dissous dans le DMSO </td></tr><tr><td> Fluo-5N AM </td><td> Invitrogen (Molecular Probes) </td><td> F14204 </td><td> -20 ° C, joint étanche à l&#39;abri de light </td></tr><tr><td> Rhod-5N </td><td> Invitrogen (Molecular Probes) </td><td> R14207 </td><td> -20 ° C, l&#39;étanchéité, à l&#39;abri de la lumière </td></tr><tr><td> Quartz Cuvette </td><td> Cellules Starna </td><td> 3-Q-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> thapsigargine </td><td> Tocris </td><td> 1138 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 2-Aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) </td><td> Tocris </td><td> 1224 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> N-benzyl-p-toluène sulfonamide (BTS) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 435600 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Collagénase de type I </td><td> Sigma </td><td> C0130 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Equipement: <ol><li> Un spectrofluorimètre (Photon Technology International, NJ): au xénon lampe à arc, contrôlé par ordinateur à grande vitesse monochromateur à accès aléatoire, basée sur la cuvette des émissions monochromateur, Nikon TE-200 Microscope inversé à fluorescencee, S Fluor objectif d&#39;huile 40x/1.30, détecteurs de PMT. </li><li> Microscope confocal à balayage laser (BioRad Radiance2100): laser à l&#39;argon 453/477/488/514, laser HeNe 543 nm, Nikon TE2000 microscope inversé, objectif 60X (NA 1.4, huile). </li><li> Un stéréomicroscope avec une puissance&gt; 100 grossissement (Zeiss Stemi SV11 Apo). </li></ol>

fluorescence-based measurement of store-operated calcium entry in live cells: from cultured cancer cell to skeletal muscle fiber

Magasin exploité Ca 2 + entrée (SOCE), plus tôt appelé capacitif Ca 2 + entrée, est un mécanisme étroitement régulé pour afflux de Ca 2 + extracellulaire dans les cellules pour reconstituer appauvri réticulum endoplasmique (RE) ou réticulum sarcoplasmique (SR) de Ca 2 + magasins 1,2. Depuis le Ca 2 + est un messager ubiquitaire seconde, il n&#39;est pas surprenant de voir que SOCE joue un rôle important dans une variété de processus cellulaires, y compris la prolifération, l&#39;apoptose de transcription du gène, et la motilité. En raison de sa grande fréquence dans presque tous les types cellulaires, y compris les cellules épithéliales et des muscles squelettiques, cette voie a suscité un grand intérêt 3,4. Cependant, l&#39;hétérogénéité des caractéristiques Socés dans différents types de cellules et la fonction physiologique ne sont pas encore clairement 5-7. Les propriétés fonctionnelles des canaux de SOCE peut être révélée par les études de patch-clamp, tandis qu&#39;un vaste corpus de connaissances sur les thivoie s a été acquise par basées sur la fluorescence intracellulaire de Ca 2 + des mesures en raison de sa commodité et de faisabilité pour criblage à haut débit. L&#39;objectif de ce rapport est de résumer quelques basées sur la fluorescence des méthodes pour mesurer l&#39;activation de SOCE dans les cellules, les cellules en suspension monocouches et les fibres musculaires 5,8-10. Le plus couramment utilisé de ces méthodes de fluorescence est de contrôler directement la dynamique de la concentration intracellulaire de Ca 2 + en utilisant le ratio de F et F 340nm 380nm (510nm pour les émissions de longueur d&#39;onde) de la ratiométrique Ca 2 + indicateur de Fura-2. Pour isoler l&#39;activité de SOCE unidirectionnelle de concentration intracellulaire de Ca 2 + et la libération de Ca 2 + extrusion, un Mn 2 + test trempe est fréquemment utilisé. Mn 2 + est connu pour être capable de pénétrer dans les cellules par l&#39;intermédiaire SOCE tandis qu&#39;il est imperméable à des processus de surface de membrane d&#39;extrusion ou d&#39;absorption ER par Ca 2 + pompes en raison de sa savoir très forte affinitéh Fura-2. En conséquence, l&#39;extinction de la Fura-2 fluorescence induite par l&#39;entrée de Mn 2 + extracellulaire dans les cellules représente une mesure de l&#39;activité de SOCE 9. Mesure ratiométrique et les dosages Mn +2 trempe peut être effectuée sur un spectrofluorimètre cuvette à base dans un mode population de cellules ou dans un système de microscope à base de visualiser les cellules uniques. L&#39;avantage des mesures de cellules uniques est que les cellules individuelles soumises à des manipulations génétiques peuvent être sélectionnées en utilisant la GFP ou journalistes de la DP, ce qui permet des études dans des cellules génétiquement modifiées ou muté. Les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles de SOCE dans le muscle squelettique structurellement spécialisée peut être réalisé dans les fibres musculaires à la peau par le suivi de la fluorescence simultanément de deux faible teneur en Ca 2 + affinité indicateurs ciblés dans des compartiments spécifiques de la fibre musculaire, comme Fluo-5N dans le SR et Rhod- 5N dans le sens transversal tubules 9,11,12.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber at JoVE.com

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

L&#39;étendue de magasin exploité Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</supEntry&gt; (SOCE) peut être contrôlée à l&#39;aide fluorescente Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; Indicateurs. Mn<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; Trempe de tests indicateurs SOCE dans des cellules cultivées et les fibres musculaires squelettiques tels. Une technique permettant la résolution spatiale et temporelle des SOCE par imagerie confocale de fibres musculaires mécaniquement décortiqués est également décrite.

Basées sur la fluorescence de mesure de l&#39;entrée du calcium magasin fonctionnant dans des cellules vivantes: à partir de cellules cancéreuses en culture de fibre musculaire squelettique

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

fluorescence-based-measurement-store-operated-calcium-entry-live

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

21.0K vues.  Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. L'étendue de magasin exploité Ca 2 + (SOCE) peut être contrôlée à l'aide fluorescente Ca 2 + Indicateurs. Mn 2 + Trempe de tests indicateurs SOCE dans des cellules cultivées et les fibres musculaires squelettiques tels. Une technique permettant la résolution spatiale et temporelle des SOCE par imagerie confocale de fibres musculaires mécaniquement décortiqués est également décrite.

Vidéo: Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and regulate a number of signaling cascades2,3. Past and current researchers have isolated mitochondria from rat and mice tissues such as liver, brain and heart4,5. In recent years, many researchers have focused on studying mitochondrial function from skeletal muscles.
Here, we describe a method that we have used successfully for the isolation of mitochondria from skeletal muscles 6. Our procedure requires that all buffers and reagents are made fresh and need about 250-500 mg of skeletal muscle. We studied mitochondria isolated from rat and mouse gastrocnemius and diaphragm, and rat extraocular muscles. Mitochondrial protein concentration is measured with the Bradford assay. It is important that mitochondrial samples be kept ice-cold during preparation and that functional studies be performed within a relatively short time (~1 hr). Mitochondrial respiration is measured using polarography with a Clark-type electrode (Oxygraph system) at 37&deg;C7. Calibration of the oxygen electrode is a key step in this protocol and it must be performed daily. Isolated mitochondria (150 &mu;g) are added to 0.5 ml of experimental buffer (EB). State 2 respiration starts with addition of glutamate (5mM) and malate (2.5 mM). Then, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (150 &mu;M) is added to start state 3. Oligomycin (1 &mu;M), an ATPase synthase blocker, is used to estimate state 4. Lastly, carbonyl cyanide p-[trifluoromethoxy]-phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP, 0.2 &mu;M) is added to measurestate 5, or uncoupled respiration 6. The respiratory control ratio (RCR), the ratio of state 3 to state 4, is calculated after each experiment. An RCR &ge;4 is considered as evidence of a viable mitochondria preparation.
In summary, we present a method for the isolation of viable mitochondria from skeletal muscles that can be used in biochemical (e.g., enzyme activity, immunodetection, proteomics) and functional studies (mitochondrial respiration).

This protocol describes a procedure to study the respiration of mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscles. This method was adapted from Scorrano et al. (2007). The mitochondrial isolation procedure requires about 2 hours. The mitochondrial respiration can be completed in about 1 hour.

Isolement mitochondriale du muscle squelettique

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and ...

Recherche

Biologie

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing in a "satellite cell position" between the myofiber plasma membrane and the laminin-rich basement membrane that ensheaths it, are self-renewing cells that are solely committed to the myogenic lineage1,2. We have recently described a second class of vessel associated progenitors that can generate myofibroblasts and white adipocytes, which responds to damage by efficiently entering proliferation and provides trophic support to myogenic cells during tissue regeneration3,4. One of the most trusted assays to determine the developmental and regenerative potential of a given cell population relies on their isolation and transplantation5-7. To this end we have optimized protocols for their purification by flow cytometry from enzymatically dissociated muscle, which we will outline in this article. The populations obtained using this method will contain either myogenic or fibro/adipogenic colony forming cells: no other cell types are capable of expanding in vitro or surviving in vivo delivery. However, when these populations are used immediately after the sort for molecular analysis (e.g qRT-PCR) one must keep in mind that the freshly sorted subsets may contain other contaminant cells that lack the ability of forming colonies or engrafting recipients.

Method for the enzymatic dissociation, surface labeling and purification by flow cytometry of fibro/adipogenic and myogenic progenitors from murine skeletal muscle.

Purification des progéniteurs du muscle squelettique

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

Isolement et culture des fibres musculaires individuelles et de leurs cellules satellites du muscle squelettique adulte

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

Évaluation de calcium Sparks dans intactes les fibres musculaires squelettiques

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

Isolement des vaisseaux sanguins dérivés multipotentes précurseurs du muscle squelettique humain

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall health. A significant portion of intracellular Ca2+ content is found within the SR stores in VSMCs. As the only intracellular organelle with a close association to the surrounding extracellular space through plasma membrane-SR junctions, the SR can be considered to constitute the first line of response to any irregularity in Ca2+ transients, or stress experienced by the cell. Among its many functions, one of the most important is its role in the transmission of Ca2+-regulated signals throughout the cell to induce further cell-wide reactions downstream. The more common use of cytoplasmic Ca2+ indicators in this regard is overall insufficient for research into the highly dynamic changes to the intraluminal SR Ca2+ store that have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the direct and clear measurement of luminal SR Ca2+. This tool is useful for investigation into the nuanced changes in SR Ca2+ that have significant subsequent effects on the normal function and health of the cell. Fluctuations in SR Ca2+ content specifically can provide us with a significant amount of information pertaining to cellular responses to disease or stress conditions experienced by the cell. In this method, a modified version of a SR-targeted Ca2+ indicator, D1SR, is used to detect Ca2+ fluctuations in response to the introduction of agents to cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Following incubation with the D1SR indicator, confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based imaging are used to directly observe changes to intraluminal SR Ca2+ levels under control conditions and with the addition of agonist agents that function to induce intracellular Ca2+ movement.

Currently, most available calcium indicators are used to quantify cytoplasmic calcium transients as indirect measures of calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured smooth muscle cells. This protocol describes the use of a specific FRET-based indicator that allows direct measurement of calcium signals within the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.

Imagerie confocale à base de FRET mesure des fluctuations de calcium à l&#39;intérieur du réticulum sarcoplasmique de Cultured cellules musculaires lisses Utilisation

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall ...

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Apart from their essential role in generating ATP, mitochondria also act as local calcium (Ca2+) buffers to tightly regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration. To do this, mitochondria utilize the electrochemical potential across their inner membrane (&#916;&#936;m) to sequester Ca2+. The influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondria stimulates three rate-limiting dehydrogenases of the citric acid cycle, increasing electron transfer through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. This stimulation maintains &#916;&#936;m, which is temporarily dissipated as the positive calcium ions cross the mitochondrial inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix.
We describe here a method for simultaneously measuring mitochondria Ca2+ uptake and &#916;&#936;m in live cells using confocal microscopy. By permeabilizing the cells, mitochondrial Ca2+ can be measured using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4, AM, with measurement of &#916;&#936;m using the fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester, perchlorate (TMRM). The benefit of this system is that there is very little spectral overlap between the fluorescent dyes, allowing accurate measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ and &#916;&#936;m simultaneously. Using the sequential addition of Ca2+ aliquots, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can be monitored, and the concentration at which Ca2+ induces mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and the loss of &#916;&#936;m determined.

Mitochondria can utilize the electrochemical potential across their inner membrane (&#916;&#936;m) to sequester calcium (Ca2+), allowing them to shape cytosolic Ca2+ signaling within the cell. We describe a method for simultaneously measuring mitochondria Ca2+ uptake and &#916;&#936;m in live cells using fluorescent dyes and confocal microscopy.

Mesure simultanée de mitochondrial Calcium et mitochondrial potentiel membranaire dans des cellules vivantes par microscopie à fluorescence

Apart from their essential role in generating ATP, mitochondria also act as local calcium (Ca2+) buffers to tightly regulate intracellular Ca2+ ...

Live-cell Imaging of Fungal Cells to Investigate Modes of Entry and Subcellular Localization of Antifungal Plant Defensins

Small cysteine-rich defensins are one of the largest groups of host defense peptides present in all plants. Many plant defensins exhibit potent in vitro antifungal activity against a broad-spectrum of fungal pathogens and therefore have the potential to be used as antifungal agents in transgenic crops. In order to harness the full potential of plant defensins for diseases control, it is crucial to elucidate their mechanisms of action (MOA). With the advent of advanced microscopy techniques, live-cell imaging has become a powerful tool for understanding the dynamics of the antifungal MOA of plant defensins. Here, a confocal microscopy based live-cell imaging method is described using two fluorescently labeled plant defensins (MtDef4 and MtDef5) in combination with vital fluorescent dyes. This technique enables real-time visualization and analysis of the dynamic events of MtDef4 and MtDef5 internalization into fungal cells. Importantly, this assay generates a wealth of information including internalization kinetics, mode of entry and subcellular localization of these peptides. Along with other cell biological tools, these methods have provided critical insights into the dynamics and complexity of the MOA of these peptides. These tools can also be used to compare the MOA of these peptides against different fungi.

Plant defensins play an important role in plant defense against pathogens. For effective use of these antifungal peptides as antifungal agents, understanding their modes of action (MOA) is critical. Here, a live-cell imaging method is described to study critical aspects of the MOA of these peptides.

Imagerie de cellules vivantes des cellules fongiques d’enquêter sur les Modes d’entrée et de la localisation sous-cellulaire des défensines plante antifongique

Small cysteine-rich defensins are one of the largest groups of host defense peptides present in all plants. Many plant defensins exhibit potent in vitro ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

Isolement de myocytes auriculaires et ventriculaires murins de haute qualité pour des mesures simultanées des transitoires Ca2+ et du courant calcique de type L

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...

Live Imaging of Microtubule Dynamics in Glioblastoma Cells Invading the Zebrafish Brain

With a dismal median survival time in real populations-between 6 to 15 months-glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating malignant brain tumor. Treatment failure is mainly due to the invasiveness of GBM cells, which speaks for the need for a better understanding of GBM motile properties. To investigate the molecular mechanism supporting GBM invasion, new physiological models enabling in-depth characterization of protein dynamics during invasion are required. These observations would pave the way to the discovery of novel targets to block tumor infiltration and improve patient outcomes. This paper reports how an orthotopic xenograft of GBM cells in the zebrafish brain permits subcellular intravital live imaging. Focusing on microtubules (MTs), we describe a procedure for MT labeling in GBM cells, microinjecting GBM cells in the transparent brain of 3 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae, intravital imaging of MTs in the disseminating xenografts, altering MT dynamics to assess their role during GBM invasion, and analyzing the acquired data.

We report a technique permitting live imaging of microtubule dynamics in glioblastoma (GBM) cells invading a vertebrate brain tissue. Coupling the orthotopic injection of fluorescently tagged GBM cells into a transparent zebrafish brain with high-resolution intravital imaging allows the measurement of cytoskeleton dynamics during in situ cancer invasion.

Imagerie en direct de la dynamique des microtubules dans les cellules de glioblastome envahissant le cerveau du poisson zèbre

With a dismal median survival time in real populations-between 6 to 15 months-glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating malignant brain tumor. Treatment ...