1. Cerveau mitochondrial Isolation (Adapté de Brown MR et al. 9) <ol><li> Sacrifier le rat en utilisant des méthodes approuvées par le Comité d&#39;utilisation Institutional Animal Care et (IACUC). </li><li> Couper la tête de l&#39;animal par décapitation, couper la peau et exposer le crâne. </li><li> Ouvrez le crâne doucement en coupant avec des ciseaux ou rongeur. Retirez le cerveau. </li><li> Hacher finement le cerveau sans cervelet dans le tampon d&#39;isolement (voir tableau 1) et de le transférer à un ml en verre / téflon homogénéisation 5 (voir la liste de l&#39;équipement). </li><li> Homogénéiser les tissus doucement 10 fois (sans bulles), environ 5 min. </li><li> Centrifuger à 1500 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C dans une centrifugeuse de paillasse. </li><li> Enregistrer le surnageant (mitochondrial et synaptosomes) et jeter le culot (matières nucléaires et débris cellulaires). Centrifuger à 16000 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C dans une centrifugeuse de paillasse. </li><li> Jetersurnageant et remettre en suspension le culot dans 500 ul de tampon d&#39;isolement. Perturber synaptosomes avec un navire de la perturbation de la cellule (voir la liste de l&#39;équipement). Appliquer une pression de 1200 psi pendant 10 minutes, suivie d&#39;une décompression rapide. </li><li> Couche du mélange sur Ficoll gradients (voir tableau 2), lieu SW-50.1 rotor et centrifuger à 126.500 g pendant 20 min à 4 ° C dans une ultracentrifugation (voir la liste de l&#39;équipement). Le culot est les mitochondries purifiées, la couche entre les différentes densités de Ficoll est synaptosomes sans perturbation. </li><li> Lavez granulés par centrifugation dans un tampon d&#39;isolement à 16.000 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C dans une centrifugeuse de paillasse. </li></ol> 2. Submitochondriales vésicules (SMV) Isolation (Adapté de Chan et al. 10) <ol><li> Re-suspendre mitochondries dans 200 tampon d&#39;isolement ul combiné avec un volume égal de digitonine à 1% et laisser reposer sur la glace pendant 15 min. </li><li> Ajouter plus Buff Isolationer et centrifuger à 16000 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C dans une centrifugeuse de paillasse. Pour ce faire, deux fois. </li><li> Re-suspendre le culot dans 200 ul de tampon d&#39;isolement et ajouter 2 pi de 10% Lubrol PX (C12E9). Mélanger et laisser reposer sur la glace pendant 15 min. </li><li> mélange de la couche tampon sur d&#39;isolation, lieu SW-50.1 rotor et centrifuger à 182 000 xg à 4 ° C pendant 1 heure. </li><li> Laver le culot final par centrifugation dans une centrifugeuse bureau haut dans le tampon d&#39;isolement à 16.000 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C. </li></ol> 3. L&#39;enregistrement électrophysiologique <ol><li> Un dispositif typique électrophysiologique comprend un amplificateur, un ordinateur de type PC équipé d&#39;une interface de convertisseur analogique-numérique Digidata 1440A en conjonction avec le logiciel pClamp10.0, manipulateurs, un microscope, une table d&#39;isolation de vibration, cage de Faraday. </li><li> Tubes capillaires de verre borosilicate sont insérés dans un Flaming / Brown Micropipette Extracteur modèle P-87. Un programme pipette extracteur est optimisé pourgénérer des pipettes avec résistances entre 80 à 100 MQ. </li><li> SMVS sont placés dans une solution physiologique intracellulaire (ATP est ajoutée au moment approprié au cours de l&#39;enregistrement) (tableau 3). pipettes de patch-clamp sont remplis avec la même solution (pas ATP). Les enregistrements sont effectués en formant un joint giga-ohms sur SMVS à la température ambiante. Les vésicules sont visualisées par microscopie à contraste de phase avec un microscope inversé Nikon ou Zeiss. </li><li> Le potentiel de la membrane est maintenu à des tensions allant de -100 mV à +100 mV pour des périodes de 10 secondes. Les enregistrements sont filtrés à 5 kHz en utilisant le circuit de l&#39;amplificateur. Niveau de bruit électrique ou non-spécifique parasite de moins de 1 pA sont souhaitables pour l&#39;enregistrement réussi. </li><li> Les données sont analysées avec le logiciel Clampfit 10.0 par exemple pour déterminer la fréquence et l&#39;amplitude des événements à un seul canal. La dépendance de tension est déterminée en traçant une relation courant-tension. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cheng, W. C., Berman, S. B., Ivanovska, I., Jonas, E. A., Lee, S. J., Chen, Y., Kaczmarek, L. K., Pineda, F., Hardwick, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+factors+with+dual+roles+in+death+and+survival.">Mitochondrial factors with dual roles in death and survival.</a> Oncogene. 25, 4697-4705 (2006).</li><li>Duchen, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria+and+calcium+in+health+and+disease.">Mitochondria and calcium in health and disease.</a> Cell Calcium. 44, 1-5 (2008).</li><li>Lemasters, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+mitochondrial+membrane+permeability+in+pathogenesis,+autophagy+and+control+of+metabolism.">Modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in pathogenesis, autophagy and control of metabolism.</a> J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, S31-S37 (2007).</li><li>Cox, G. B., Jans, D. A., Fimmel, A. L., Gibson, F., Hatch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothesis.+The+mechanism+of+ATP+synthase.+Conformational+change+by+rotation+of+the+beta-subunit.">Hypothesis. The mechanism of ATP synthase. Conformational change by rotation of the beta-subunit.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 768, 201-208 (1984).</li><li>Cox, G. B., Fimmel, A. L., Gibson, F., Hatch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+of+ATP+synthase:+a+reassessment+of+the+functions+of+the+b+and+a+subunits.">The mechanism of ATP synthase: a reassessment of the functions of the b and a subunits.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 849, 62-69 (1986).</li><li>Cory, S., Huang, D. C., Adams, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bcl-2+family:+roles+in+cell+survival+and+oncogenesis.">The Bcl-2 family: roles in cell survival and oncogenesis.</a> Oncogene. 22, 8590-8607 (2003).</li><li>Vander Heiden, M. G., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl-2+proteins:+regulators+of+apoptosis+or+of+mitochondrial+homeostasis.">Bcl-2 proteins: regulators of apoptosis or of mitochondrial homeostasis.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 209-216 (1999).</li><li>Alavian, K. N., Li, H., Collis, L., Bonanni, L., Zeng, L., Sacchetti, S., Lazrove, E., Nabili, P., Flaherty, B., Graham, M., Chen, Y., Messerli, S. M., Mariggio, M. A., Rahner, C., McNay, E., Shore, G. C., Smith, P. J. S., Hardwick, J. M., Jonas, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl-xL+regulates+metabolic+efficiency+of+neurons+through+interaction+with+the+mitochondrial+F1FO+ATP+synthase.">Bcl-xL regulates metabolic efficiency of neurons through interaction with the mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 13 (10), 1224-1233 (2011).</li><li>Brown, M. R., Sullivan, P. G., Dorenbos, K. A., Modafferi, E. A., Geddes, J. W., Steward, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+disruption+of+synaptoneurosomes:+an+alternative+method+to+isolate+brain+mitochondria.">Nitrogen disruption of synaptoneurosomes: an alternative method to isolate brain mitochondria.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 137, 299-303 (2004).</li><li>Chan, T. L., Greenawalt, J. W., Pedersen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+ultrastructural+properties+of+a+mitochondrial+inner+membrane+fraction+deficient+in+outer+membrane+and+matrix+activities.">Biochemical and ultrastructural properties of a mitochondrial inner membrane fraction deficient in outer membrane and matrix activities.</a> J. Cell Biol. 45 (2), 291-305 (1970).</li><li>Young, H. K. o., Delannoy, M., Hullihen, J., Chiu, W., Pedersen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+ATP+Synthasomes.">Mitochondrial ATP Synthasomes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278 (14), 12305-12309 (2003).</li></ol>

Aucun conflit d&#39;intérêt déclaré.

Les procédés décrits ici permettent l&#39;isolement des mitochondries pur à la fin de l&#39;étape 1 et des vésicules submitochondriales (SMVS) après l&#39;étape 2 de cerveau entier, sans distinction de cellules phenotypes.SMVspurified par ce procédé sont essentiellement exempt de contamination par d&#39;autres organelles sous-cellulaires comme indiqué dans Figure 1 et notre travail précédent (Alavian KN et al. 8) et conserver leur intégrité structurale et fonctionnelle...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name </td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Potter-Elvehjem Tissue Grinder withPTFEPestle</td>
 <td>Krackeler Scientific, Inc.</td>
 <td>1-7725T-5 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424 </td>
 <td>Eppendorf </td>
 <td>5424 000.410</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4639 Cell Disruption Vessel</td>
 <td>Parr Instrument Company</td>
 <td>4639</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ficoll</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>F5415</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polycarbonate centrifuge tubes</td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td>P20314</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>SW-50.1 rotor </td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L8-70M Ultracentrifuge</td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Digitonin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D5628 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lubrol PX (C12E9) </td>
 <td>Calbiochem</td>
 <td>205534</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Axopatch 200B </td>
 <td>Axon Instruments </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Digidata 1440A </td>
 <td>Molecular Device</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pClamp10.0</td>
 <td>Molecular Device</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Manipulator</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Borosilicate glass capillary</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>1308325</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller Model P-87</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

f1fo atpase vesicle preparation and technique for performing patch clamp recordings of submitochondrial vesicle membranes

Les mitochondries sont impliquées dans de nombreuses fonctions cellulaires importantes, y compris le métabolisme, la survie à 1, le développement et la signalisation calcium 2. Deux des fonctions mitochondriales les plus importants sont liés à la production efficace de l&#39;ATP, la devise de l&#39;énergie de la cellule, par phosphorylation oxydative et la médiation des signaux de mort cellulaire programmée 3. L&#39;enzyme principalement responsable de la production de l&#39;ATP synthase est le F1FO-ATP, aussi appelé ATP synthase 4-5. Au cours des dernières années, le rôle des mitochondries dans la mort cellulaire par apoptose et nécrose a reçu une attention considérable. Dans la mort cellulaire par apoptose, BCL-2 protéines de la famille tels que Bax entrent dans la membrane mitochondriale externe, s&#39;oligomériser et perméabilisent la membrane externe, libérant des facteurs pro-apoptotiques dans le cytosol 6. Dans la mort cellulaire nécrotique classique, telle que celle produite par une ischémie ou excitotoxicité des neurones, un large, augmentation mal régulé en calcium de la matrice contribue à l&#39;ouverture d&#39;un pore de la membrane intérieure, le pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondriale ou mPTP. Cette dépolarise la membrane interne et provoque des changements osmotiques, en contribuant à la rupture de la membrane externe, libération de facteurs pro-apoptotiques, et un dysfonctionnement métabolique. De nombreuses protéines dont la protéine Bcl-xL 7 interagir avec F1FO ATP synthase, de moduler sa fonction. Bcl-xL interagit directement avec la sous-unité bêta de l&#39;ATP-synthase F1FO, et cette interaction diminue une conductance de fuite à l&#39;intérieur de la F1FOATPasecomplex, augmentant le transport net de H + par F1FO pendant F1FO activité ATPase 8 et augmentant ainsi l&#39;efficacité mitochondriale. Pour étudier l&#39;activité et de la modulation de l&#39;ATP synthase, nous avons isolé à partir de rongeurs cerveau submitochondriales vésicules (SMVS) contenant F1FO ATPase. Les SMVS conserver l&#39;intégrité structurelle et fonctionnelle de la F1FO ATPase comme indiqué dans Alavian et al. Ici, nous décrivons une méthodeque nous avons utilisé avec succès pour l&#39;isolement du SMVS de cerveau de rat et nous délimiter la technique de patch-clamp pour analyser l&#39;activité du canal (ion fuite conductance) de la SMVS.

La première étape de notre protocole permet l&#39;isolement des mitochondries purifiées comme indiqué par Western blot à la figure 1. Dans la figure 2 est représenté un exemple de submitochondriales enregistrement de patch des vésicules dérivé du cerveau. Utilisation de la configuration de patch inside-out, nous démontrons l&#39;activité du canal modulé par l&#39;ATP. Le contrôle (CTL) enregistrement (à gauche) montre l&#39;activité du canal multi-conductance avec une co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes at JoVE.com

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Une méthode pour isoler les vésicules submitochondriales enrichis en F1FO ATP synthase complexes du cerveau de rat est décrite. Ces vésicules permettent l&#39;étude de l&#39;activité de F1FO complexe ATPase et sa modulation en utilisant la technique de l&#39;enregistrement de patch-clamp.

<sub&gt; 1</sub&gt; F<sub&gt; O</sub&gt; ATPase Vesicle Préparation et Technique for the Performing Patch enregistrements de serrage des membranes des vésicules submitochondriales

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

f1fo-atpase-vesicle-preparation-technique-for-performing-patch-clamp

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

10.2K vues.  Yale University. Une méthode pour isoler les vésicules submitochondriales enrichis en F1FO ATP synthase complexes du cerveau de rat est décrite. Ces vésicules permettent l'étude de l'activité de F1FO complexe ATPase et sa modulation en utilisant la technique de l'enregistrement de patch-clamp.

Vidéo: F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

Enregistrements Patch Clamp à partir de neurones rétiniens souris dans une préparation adaptés à l&#39;obscurité Slice

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

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Neurosciences

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle. This is a direct consequence of the accessibility to both cell types and ability to visually distinguish the single segmental CaP motor-neuron on the basis of morphology and location. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type. Identification of the CaP motor-neuron type is confirmed by either dye filling or by the biophysical features such as action potential waveform and cell input resistance. Motor-neuron recordings routinely last for one hour permitting long-term recordings from multiple different target muscle cells. Control over the motor-neuron firing pattern enables measurements of the frequency-dependence of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Owing to a large quantal size and the low noise provided by whole cell voltage clamp, all of the unitary events can be resolved in muscle. This feature permits study of basic synaptic properties such as release properties, vesicle recycling, as well as synaptic depression and facilitation. The advantages offered by this in vivo preparation eclipse previous neuromuscular model systems studied wherein the motor-neurons are usually stimulated by extracellular electrodes and the muscles are too large for whole cell patch clamp. The zebrafish preparation is amenable to combining electrophysiological analysis with a wide range of approaches including transgenic lines, morpholino knockdown, pharmacological intervention and in vivo imaging. These approaches, coupled with the growing number of neuromuscular disease models provided by mutant lines of zebrafish, open the door for new understanding of human neuromuscular disorders.

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target skeletal muscle. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a segmental CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type.

Jumelés Recordings Patch Clamp du motoneurone et de muscle ciblé squelettiques chez le poisson zèbre

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

Culturing and Electrophysiology of Cells on NRCC Patch-clamp Chips

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard of electrophysiology applied to disease models and pharmaceutical screens alike 1. The method traditionally involves gently contacting a cell with a glass pipette filled by a physiological solution in order to isolate a patch of the membrane under its apex 2. An electrode inserted in the pipette captures ion-channel activity within the membrane patch or, when ruptured, for the whole cell. In the last decade, patch-clamp chips have been proposed as an alternative 3, 4: a suspended film separates the physiological medium from the culture medium, and an aperture microfabricated in the film replaces the apex of the pipette. Patch-clamp chips have been integrated in automated systems and commercialized for high-throughput screening 5. To increase throughput, they include the fluidic delivery of cells from suspension, their positioning on the aperture by suction, and automated routines to detect cell-to-probe seals and enter into whole cell mode. We have reported on the fabrication of a silicon patch-clamp chip with optimized impedance and orifice shape that permits the high-quality recording of action potentials in cultured snail neurons 6; recently, we have also reported progress towards interrogating mammalian neurons 7. Our patch-clamp chips are fabricated at the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre 8, a commercial foundry, and are available in large series. We are eager to engage in collaborations with electrophysiologists to validate the use of the NRCC technology in different models. The chips are used according to the general scheme represented in Figure 1: the silicon chip is at the bottom of a Plexiglas culture vial and the back of the aperture is connected to a subterranean channel fitted with tubes at either end of the package. Cells are cultured in the vial and the cell on top of the probe is monitored by a measuring electrode inserted in the channel.The two outside fluidic ports facilitate solution exchange with minimal disturbance to the cell; this is an advantage compared to glass pipettes for intracellular perfusion.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3288/3288fig1.jpg" />
Figure 1. Principle of measurement using the NRCC patch-clamp chip
We detail here the protocols to sterilize and prime the chips, load them with medium, plate them with cells, and finally use them for electrophysiological recordings.

We show how planar patch-clamp chips fabricated at the National Research Council of Canada are sterilized, primed, loaded with medium, plated with cells, and used for electrophysiological recordings.

La culture et l&#39;électrophysiologie des cellules sur la SCGDV de patch-clamp Chips

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

Les enregistrements de patch-clamp en cellules ciliées de l&#39;oreille Isolé du poisson zèbre

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

Isolation des neurones sensoriels de<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em&gt; Patch pour les enregistrements de serrage des courants glutamatergiques

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

Patch-clamp enregistrements de cellules embryonnaires de poisson zèbre Mauthner

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

De cellules entières de patch-clamp enregistrements de Morphologically- et interneurones hippocampiques neurochemically identifiés

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

Électrophysiologiques et Caractérisation morphologique des neurones Les circuits dans aiguë tranches cerveau en utilisant jumelés patch-clamp enregistrements

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

Recordings cellules entières Patch-clamp en tranches cérébrales

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

Subcellulaires Recordings Patch-clamp du Domaine somato de nigrales Dopamine Neurones

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...