We thank the National Science Foundation (CHE0910597) and the National Institutes of Health (P50-GM067982) for supporting this work. We are grateful to professor Michael Trakselis (University of Pittsburgh) for helpful discussions regarding fluorescence measurements. We acknowledge Kristy Gogick and Robin Sloan (University of Pittsburgh) for their assistance in collecting fluorescence data.

1. Microwave-assisted Dehydrogenative DA Reaction
<ol>
	<li>Add the para-chloro-styrene derivative (0.045 g, 0.18 mmol) and 1,2-dichloroethane (3 ml) to a 2-5 ml microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar to create a 0.060 M solution. This concentration is used because higher concentrations lead to the formation of undesired products.</li>
	<li>Cap the microwave irradiation vial and place it in the microwave synthesizer cavity.</li>
	<li>Irradiate the solution at 180 &deg;C for 200 min with stirring and with f...

<ol>
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Rev. 96 (1), 167-176 (1996).</li><li>Wessig, P., M&#252;ller, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Dehydro-Diels-Alder+Reaction.">The Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction.</a> Chem. Rev. 108 (6), 2051-2063 (2008).</li><li>Wagner-Jauregg, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermische+und+photochemische+Additionen+von+Dienophilen+an+Arene+sowie+deren+Vinyloge+und+Hetero-Analoge;+II.">Thermische und photochemische Additionen von Dienophilen an Arene sowie deren Vinyloge und Hetero-Analoge; II.</a> Synthesis. (10), 769-798 (1980).</li><li>Ohno, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Highly+Regio-+and+Stereoselective+Formation+of+Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-5-ene+Derivatives+through+Thermal+Intramolecular+[2+++2]+Cycloaddition+of+Allenes.">A Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Formation of Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-5-ene Derivatives through Thermal Intramolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Allenes.</a> J. Org. Chem. 72 (12), 4378-4389 (2007).</li><li>Stille, J. K., Chung, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+of+Vinylidene+Cyanide+with+Styrene.+Structure+of+the+Cycloadduct+and+Copolymer.">Reaction of Vinylidene Cyanide with Styrene. Structure of the Cycloadduct and Copolymer.</a> Macromolecules. 8 (1), 83-85 (1975).</li><li>Klemm, L. H., Klemm, R. A., Santhanam, P. S., White, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intramolecular+Diels-Alder+reactions.+VI.+Synthesis+of+3-hydroxymethyl-2-naphthoic+acid+lactones.">Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions. VI. Synthesis of 3-hydroxymethyl-2-naphthoic acid lactones.</a> J. Org. Chem. 36 (15), 2169-2172 (1971).</li><li>Klemm, L. H., McGuire, T. M., Gopinath, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intramolecular+Diels-Alder+reactions.+10.+Synthesis+and+cyclizations+of+some+N-(cinnamyl+and+phenylpropargyl)cinnamamides+and+phenylpropiolamides.">Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions. 10. Synthesis and cyclizations of some N-(cinnamyl and phenylpropargyl)cinnamamides and phenylpropiolamides.</a> J. Org. Chem. 41 (15), 2571-2579 (1976).</li><li>Ozawa, T., Kurahashi, T., Matsubara, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dehydrogenative+Diels-Alder+Reaction.">Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reaction.</a> Org. Lett. 13 (19), 5390-5393 (2011).</li><li>Chackalamannil, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+facile+Diels-Alder+route+to+dihydronaphthofuranones.">A facile Diels-Alder route to dihydronaphthofuranones.</a> Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (21), 4043-4047 (2000).</li><li>Ruijter, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+Polycyclic+Alkaloid-Type+Compounds+by+an+N-Acyliminium+-Pictet-Spengler/Diels-Alder+Sequence.">Synthesis of Polycyclic Alkaloid-Type Compounds by an N-Acyliminium -Pictet-Spengler/Diels-Alder Sequence.</a> Synlett. 2010, 2485-2489 (2010).</li><li>Toyota, M., Terashima, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+synthesis+of+the+basic+carbon+framework+of+fredericamycin+A.+Promising+routes+for+the+spiro+chiral+center+construction+of+the+CD-ring+system.">A novel synthesis of the basic carbon framework of fredericamycin A. Promising routes for the spiro chiral center construction of the CD-ring system.</a> Tetrahedron Lett. 30 (7), 829-832 (1989).</li><li>de Koning, C. B., Rousseau, A. L., van Otterlo, W. A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+methods+for+the+synthesis+of+substituted+naphthalenes.">Modern methods for the synthesis of substituted naphthalenes.</a> Tetrahedron. 59 (1), 7-36 (2003).</li><li>Johnson, I., Spence, M. T. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Molecular Probes Handbook, A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies. , 1051 (2010).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez-Su&#225;rez, M., Ting, A. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+probes+for+super-resolution+imaging+in+living+cells.">Fluorescent probes for super-resolution imaging in living cells.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 (12), 929-943 (2008).</li><li>Kappe, O. C., Dallinger, D., Murphree, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical Microwave Synthesis for Organic Chemists. , (2009).</li><li>Kocsis, L. S., Benedetti, E., Brummond, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Thermal+Dehydrogenative+Diels-Alder+Reaction+of+Styrenes+for+the+Concise+Synthesis+of+Functionalized+Naphthalenes.">A Thermal Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reaction of Styrenes for the Concise Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes.</a> Org. Lett. 14 (17), 4430-4433 (2012).</li><li>Benedetti, E., Kocsis, L. S., Brummond, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+Photophysical+Properties+of+a+Series+of+Cyclopenta[b]naphthalene+Solvatochromic+Fluorophores.">Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Series of Cyclopenta[b]naphthalene Solvatochromic Fluorophores.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (30), 12418-12421 (2012).</li><li>OriginLab Corporation. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Origin 8 User Guide. , (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Microwave-Assisted Dehydrogenative DA Reaction
The intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenyl precursors by microwave irradiation (MWI) produces diverse naphthalene structures in high yields of 71-100% and short reaction times, requiring as little as 30 min (Figure 1) 18. The most difficult aspect of performing the dehydrogenative DA reaction is solvent selection, which is often complicated because a variety of solvent characteristics need to be considere...

Small molecule design and synthesis is critical to the development of a range of scientific fields that includes pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organic dyes, and many more 1. The Diels-Alder (DA) and dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reactions are especially powerful tools in the synthesis of small cyclic and aromatic compounds 2-4. Additionally, thermal dehydrogenative DA reactions of styrene dienes with alkyne dienophiles provide a potentially beneficial route to the synthesis of aromatic compounds by initially forming cycloadducts that can further aromatize under oxidative conditions 5. By employing a thermal intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrene dienes with alkynes, the problems typically associated with utilizing styrene as a diene, such as undesired [2 + 2] cycloaddition 5,6 and polymerization reactions 7 and poor regioselectivity, are alleviated and naphthalene compounds can be generated.
The thermal intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenes with alkynes is not without considerable issues. First, most reactions suffer from low yields, long reaction times, and high reaction temperatures 8-11. Additionally, many reactions do not promote exclusive formation of the naphthalene product; both naphthalene and dihydronaphthalene are produced, often as inseparable mixtures by column chromatography 11,12. The tethers of the precursor styrene-ynes are also restricted to include heteroatoms and/or carbonyl moieties. Only one example is reported for an all carbon-containing tether, requiring conditions of 250 &deg;C neat for 48 hr in order to obtain naphthalene formation 10.
In addition to limited variety within the tethers of the starting materials, one of the most severe constraints of this methodology is the lack of functionality tolerated under the conventional thermal conditions. The alkyne terminus of the starting material is either unsubstituted or appended with a phenyl or trimethylsilyl (TMS) moiety 8-13. In one instance, an ester at the alkyne terminus is shown to undergo the dehydrogenative DA reaction, but this results in a mixture of naphthalene and dihydronaphthalene products 11. A later proposal suggests that a TMS group appended to the alkyne terminus is necessary to achieve exclusive naphthalene formation in high yields 10. The deficiency of diverse functionality reported for thermal dehydrogenative DA reactions severely limits the potential of this reaction toward the assembly of unique naphthalene structures.
The desire for variation in naphthalene structures stems from their function as small molecule building blocks in several scientific fields, especially organic fluorescent dyes 14,15. The excellent spatial resolution and response-times of small organic dyes for monitoring real-time events 16 has led to the development of hundreds of commercially available fluorescent compounds. Many of these dyes are naphthalenes with discrete photophysical and chemical properties 15. Choosing fluorescent dyes with specific properties to monitor individual functions is challenging, which leads to an increasing need for new classes of fluorophores with more diverse photophysical properties. To this end, a thermal intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenes with alkynes that allows for diversification of a unique naphthalene scaffold would be potentially beneficial with application to developing new naphthalene-containing fluorescent dyes.
As an alternative to conventional heating, microwave-assisted chemistry is advantageous because it offers more uniform heating of the chemical sample, which leads to higher chemical yields, faster reaction rates, milder reaction conditions, and often different selectivity of products 17. Employing microwave-assisted versus conventional heating conditions for the intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenes serves to eliminate many of the problems associated with this methodology by reducing reaction time from days to minutes, increasing previously poor yields, lowering reaction temperatures, and offering more selective formation of the desired naphthalene product. Microwave-assisted reaction conditions may also be more likely to facilitate incorporation of a greater variety of functionality into the naphthalene products that was previously unattainable. Only one prior example has been reported utilizing microwave-assisted conditions for the dehydrogenative DA reaction in which a 90% yield of both naphthalene and dihydronaphthalene was obtained in as little as 15 min at 170 &deg;C 12.
Herein is reported a microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenyl derivatives that leads to the exclusive formation of functionalized and diverse naphthalene products in as little as 30 min and in high to quantitative yields 18. The utility of this protocol is further demonstrated by the one-step conversion of a naphthalene product into a novel solvatochromic fluorescent dye with photophysical properties which rival that of the popular commercially available dye Prodan 19.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-Dichloroethane, ACS reagent &ge;99.0%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>319929</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SiliaPlate G TLC - glass-backed, 250 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Silicycle</td>
			<td>TLG-R10011B-323</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate, certified ACS &ge;99.5%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E14520</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanes, certified ACS &ge;98.5%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H29220</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica gel, standard grade</td>
			<td>Sorbent Technologies</td>
			<td>30930M</td>
			<td>60 A, 40-63 &mu;M (230 x 400 mesh)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RuPhos palladacycle</td>
			<td>Strem</td>
			<td>46-0266</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas</td>
			<td>Matheson TRIGAS</td>
			<td>NI304</td>
			<td>Nitrogen 304cf, industrial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl) amide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>225770</td>
			<td>1.0 M solution in THF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofuran anhydrous &ge;99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td>Inhibitor-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>391956</td>
			<td>2.0 M solution in THF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A661-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium sulfate, anhydrous (granular)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S421-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromatography column</td>
			<td>Chemglass</td>
			<td>CG-1188-04</td>
			<td>&frac12; in ID x 18in E.L.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane, &ge;99.0%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C556-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene anhydrous, 99.8%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>24451</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,4-Dioxane anhydrous, 99.8%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>296309</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofuran anhydrous, &ge;99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>186562</td>
			<td>250 ppm BHT as inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>650463</td>
			<td>Chromasolv Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform, &ge;99.8%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C298-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile anhydrous, 99.8%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide, &ge;99.9%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D128</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td>11ACS200</td>
			<td>Absolute</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Synthesizer</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>Biotage Initiator Exp</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Vial</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>352016</td>
			<td>0.5 - 2 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Vial</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>351521</td>
			<td>2 - 5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Vial Cap</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>352298</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Synthesizer</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>Monowave 300</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Vial G4</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>99135</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Vial Cap</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>88882</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NMR Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Avance</td>
			<td>300 or 400 MHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-Visible Spectrometer</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>Lamda 9</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer cell</td>
			<td>Starna Cells</td>
			<td>29B-Q-10</td>
			<td>Spectrosil quartz, path length 10 mm, semi-micro, black wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrofluorometer</td>
			<td>HORIBA Jobin Yvon</td>
			<td>FluoroMax-3 S4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorometer cell</td>
			<td>Starna Cells</td>
			<td>29F-Q-10</td>
			<td>Spectrosil quartz, path length 10 mm, semi-micro</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative diels-alder reactions for the synthesis of functionalized naphthalenes/solvatochromic dyes

Functionalized naphthalenes have applications in a variety of research fields ranging from the synthesis of natural or biologically active molecules to the preparation of new organic dyes. Although numerous strategies have been reported to access naphthalene scaffolds, many procedures still present limitations in terms of incorporating functionality, which in turn narrows the range of available substrates. The development of versatile methods for direct access to substituted naphthalenes is therefore highly desirable.
The Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction is a powerful and attractive method for the formation of saturated and unsaturated ring systems from readily available starting materials. A new microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenyl derivatives described herein generates a variety of functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes that could not be prepared using existing synthetic methods. When compared to conventional heating, microwave irradiation accelerates reaction rates, enhances yields, and limits the formation of undesired byproducts.
The utility of this protocol is further demonstrated by the conversion of a DA cycloadduct into a novel solvatochromic fluorescent dye via a Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Fluorescence spectroscopy, as an informative and sensitive analytical technique, plays a key role in research fields including environmental science, medicine, pharmacology, and cellular biology. Access to a variety of new organic fluorophores provided by the microwave-assisted dehydrogenative DA reaction allows for further advancement in these fields.

Microwave irradiation (MWI) of styrenyl derivatives at 180 &deg;C results in complete cyclopenta[b]naphthalene formation in as little as 30 min and in high to quantitative yields (Figure 1) 18. No dihydronaphthalene byproduct is observed, and by 1H NMR spectroscopy the products appear pure without the need for additional purification after irradiation (Figure 2). Various changes to the naphthalene framework are well tolerated utilizing these the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes at JoVE.com

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

Microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative Diels-Alder (DA) reactions provide concise access to functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalene building blocks. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by one-step conversion of the dehydrogenative DA cycloadducts into novel solvatochromic fluorescent dyes via Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.

Functionalized naphthalenes have applications in a variety of research fields ranging from the synthesis of natural or biologically active molecules to ...

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16.8K vues.  University of Pittsburgh. Assistée par micro-déshydrogénation intramoléculaire de Diels-Alder (DA) réactions fournir un accès concis cyclopenta fonctionnalisé [ B] Naphtalène blocs de construction. L'utilité de cette méthodologie est illustrée par une étape de conversion des cycloadduits DA déshydrogénation en colorants fluorescents solvatochromes nouvelles via Buchwald-Hartwig catalysé au palladium réactions de couplage croisé.