This work was partially funded through the Richard Barber Foundation and a Thomas Rumble Fellowship (TJW).

1 Eau / Huile / Eau Double Emulsion production de microsphères <ol><li> Préparer d&#39;abord 2% et 0,5% p / v des solutions d&#39;alcool polyvinylique (PVA) dans l&#39;eau désionisée. Incorporer les solutions à 50 ° C jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;il dégage, ce qui peut prendre plusieurs heures. Préparer une solution de 2% v / v d&#39;alcool isopropylique dans de l&#39;eau déminéralisée. </li><li> Préparer une solution aqueuse d&#39;une protéine hydrophile souhaitée. Le tableau ci-dessous fournit des exemples de formulations. </li></ol><img alt="Tableau 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51517/51517table1highres.jpg" /> Tableau 1:. Exemple Protein Solutions Les solutions de protéine suivants ont été encapsulés avec succès électrofilées et en utilisant ce protocole. D&#39;autres solutions de protéines hydrophiles peuvent être utilisés en fonction des besoins. <ol start="3"><li> Placer 40 ml de la solution de PVA à 0,5% dans un tube de 50 ml centrifugeuse et mettre de côté. </li><li> Dans un tube à centrifuger de 15 ml dissoudre 300 mg de 65:35poly (acide lactique-co-glycolique) (PLGA) dans 3 ml de dichlorométhane. Un mélangeur vortex peut être utilisé pour accélérer la dissolution du PLGA. </li><li> Mélanger 200 ul de solution de protéine et 4 ul de solution de PVA à 2%. Verser le mélange de protéines dans la solution de PLGA (étape 1.4). Les solutions restent la plupart du temps séparé. </li><li> Placer le tube dans un bêcher d&#39;eau glacée. L&#39;utilisation d&#39;un appareil à ultrasons baguette à ~ 10 Watts (RMS), agiter la solution pendant quelques secondes (5-10) jusqu&#39;à obtenir une émulsion crémeuse blanc uniforme est créé. </li><li> Verser l&#39;émulsion dans le tube de 50 ml contenant 0,5% de PVA (étape 1.3). Mélanger la solution à haute vitesse sur un vortex pendant environ 20 secondes. La solution sera de développer un aspect trouble. </li><li> Transfert de l&#39;émulsion dans un bécher de 200 ml et placer sur une plaque d&#39;agitation à 350 tours par minute pendant 2 min. Ajouter 50 ml de 2% d&#39;alcool isopropylique dans le bêcher sur la plaque d&#39;agitation. Laisser le mélange sous agitation continue pendant au moins 1 heure pour permettre l&#39;évaporation du DCM et le PLGA à durcir. </li><li> Transfert til microsphère solution dans des tubes de centrifugation. </li><li> Centrifuger à 425 g pendant 3 min. Les microsphères seront recueillir au bas du tube et apparaissent en blanc. Retirez délicatement le surnageant du tube, au-dessus des microsphères, et stocker dans une bouteille de 500 ml. </li><li> Rincer les microsphères avec de l&#39;eau déminéralisée en remplissant le tube aux trois quarts plein et en l&#39;agitant de redistribuer les microsphères dans le liquide. </li><li> Répétez les étapes 1.10 et 1.11 quatre fois. </li><li> Après le rinçage final, éliminer le surnageant de nouveau et le placer dans la bouteille de 500 ml avec les autres échantillons. Geler les microsphères recueillies dans le tube de centrifugeuse, puis lyophiliser pendant au moins 24 heures. </li><li> Visualisez les microsphères sous un microscope optique ou un microscope électronique à balayage. Microsphères ne dépassant pas 60 um sont pour électrofilature efficace. Si les microsphères sont trop grandes, plus sonication ou vortex temps peuvent être nécessaires à l&#39;étape 1.6 ou 1.7. </li> &lt;li&gt; Conserver les microsphères séchées dans un congélateur à -20 ° C. </li><li> Facultatif: utiliser un dosage de protéines, selon les instructions du fabricant, pour tester la quantité de protéine dans le flacon de 500 ml à partir de l&#39;étape 30 1,10. Il est utilisé pour calculer le pour cent de la protéine encapsulée dans des microsphères, en soustrayant la quantité de la solution à partir de ce qui a été utilisé dans le processus de production. </li></ol> Remarque: Afin de visualiser la localisation de la protéine dans la microsphère ajouter Rhodamine 2 ug / ml de la solution de PLGA 31 et encapsuler une protéine conjuguée au FITC La figure 1 montre un exemple.. 2. Électrofilage avec microsphères <ol><li> Avant de préparer la solution de filage électrostatique, créer une solution à 0,5% p / v de photo-initiateur, dans de l&#39;eau désionisée par dissolution à 37 ° C. Ce processus peut prendre plusieurs heures. </li><li> Créez un 2% p / v méthacrylé acide hyaluronique (Meha) (voir Burdick et al. Pour la synthèse) 29, 3%p / v 900 kD poly (oxyde d&#39;éthylène) (PEO) et de 0,05% en poids / solution d&#39;initiateur de photo v dans de l&#39;eau désionisée. <ol><li> Calculer le montant exact de Meha et PEO pour le volume souhaité. Par exemple, 10 ml de solution nécessite électrofilage 200 mg de MEHA et 300 mg de POE. </li><li> Dissoudre le PEO dans de l&#39;eau désionisée à 90% du volume final désiré (9 ml pour cet exemple). Cette opération peut prendre plusieurs heures, une plaque d&#39;agitation chauffée ou un bain d&#39;eau à 37 ° C peuvent être utilisés pour accélérer le processus. </li><li> Ensuite, ajoutez la meha et utiliser un vortex de remuer jusqu&#39;à ce que la solution claire. Cela ne prendra que quelques minutes. </li><li> Enfin ajouter la solution d&#39;initiateur photo 0,5% pour remplir le volume restant de 10% (1 ml pour cet exemple). </li></ol></li><li> Ajouter microsphères à la concentration souhaitée allant jusqu&#39;à 400 mg / ml. Mélanger la solution sur un agitateur vortex jusqu&#39;à ce que les microsphères sont distribuées uniformément dans la solution. </li><li> Transférer la solution dans une seringue et fixer un calibre 18 bl 6 poucesaiguille de pointe unt. </li><li> Placez la seringue dans une pompe à seringue et mis à distribuer à 1,2 ml / h. </li><li> Collez une feuille de papier d&#39;aluminium sur la plaque de collection ou mandrin. Cela permet de faciliter le nettoyage et le stockage de l&#39;échafaud fini. Un mandrin rotatif est utilisé pour créer des fibres alignées. Un plateau ou mandrin fixe se traduira par des fibres disposées au hasard. </li><li> Connectez le fil de terre à partir d&#39;une source d&#39;alimentation haute tension de l&#39;appareil de collecte. Connecter le fil positif à l&#39;aiguille. </li><li> Ajuster la surface de la pompe à seringue et la collecte de sorte qu&#39;il n&#39;y a 15 cm entre la pointe de l&#39;aiguille et la surface de collecte. </li><li> Lancer le pompage de polymère, lorsque la solution est visible à l&#39;extrémité de la seringue, tourner sur la source de tension et régler la tension de 24 kV. ATTENTION: Une fois que la tension est allumé ne pas toucher une partie métallique du système. Charge peut également sauter sur de courtes distances à partir de pièces électrifiées pour la peau. </li><li> Exécutez la solution jusqu&#39;à ce que dépaisseur d&#39;échafaudage esired est atteint. Lorsque vous avez terminé désactiver source de tension et la pompe à seringue. </li><li> Retirer la feuille avec échafaudage fixé. Échafaudages remplis contenant des protéines sont stockées dans un congélateur à -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Protein Test bioactivité <ol><li> Préparation des milieux de culture cellulaire. Ajouter 10% v / v de sérum bovin fœtal, 1% v / v de L-glutamine et 1% v / v de pénicilline-streptomycine à milieu de Eagle modifié par Dulbecco. </li><li> Sélectionnez des lamelles de verre qui correspondent complètement dans une plaque de puits. </li><li> Utilisation de 3 (triméthoxysilyl) propyl méthacrylate de traiter les lamelles de la manière décrite par le fabricant. Méthacrylation améliore échafaud respect des lamelles. </li><li> Fixez lamelles méthacrylés à la zone de collecte de la ElectroSpinner avec du ruban adhésif double face amovible avant électrofilature. Spinning sur les lamelles facilite la manipulation et la visualisation. </li><li> Electrospin à l&#39;épaisseur désirée, comme décrit ci-dessus. </li><li> Après avoir Électrofilage retirer délicatement les lamelles de mandrin. Placez l&#39;échafaud lamelles enrobées dans une chambre d&#39;azote claire et veiller à ce que tout l&#39;oxygène est purgé. </li><li> Placer la chambre sous un échafaudage et 10 mW / cm 2 la lumière à 365 nm pendant 15 min. Après réticulation lieu dans la plaque et de taille appropriée. Assurez-vous que le côté de l&#39;échafaudage vers le haut. </li><li> La place des échafaudages sous une lampe germicide pendant 30 min à stériliser. Si la fibronectine ou tout autre protéine désirée est utilisé comme un revêtement pour améliorer l&#39;adhérence cellulaire. Suivez les instructions du fabricant pour les échafaudages de manteau. </li><li> Récolte les ganglions rachidiens (DRG) comme décrit précédemment par Hollenbeck 32. Un DRG sera nécessaire pour chaque lamelle d&#39;échafaudage recouvert testé. </li><li> Passer 100-200 ul de milieu sur chaque échafaudage dans la plaque de puits. Placez délicatement un DRG sur chaque échafaudage dans la gouttelette de médias. Pour échafaud épaisseur plus de médias peuvent être nécessaires; DRG doivent être entièrement immergé et non Floating. </li><li> Incuber l&#39;échafaud et DRG à 37 ° C pendant 4 heures pour permettre à la cellule de se conformer à l&#39;échafaud. </li><li> Remplissez les médias au niveau approprié pour le bien et remettez-le dans l&#39;incubateur. Continuer incubation pendant 4-6 jours. </li><li> Après la période d&#39;incubation retirer soigneusement les médias de chaque puits et laver délicatement une fois avec PBS. Fixer les cellules pendant 30 min à l&#39;aide de 4% en poids / volume de paraformaldéhyde. </li><li> Cellules tache avec une tache d&#39;anticorps pour neurofilaments. Cela permettra la visualisation de la croissance des neurites, pour la quantification. DAPI peut également être utilisé pour visualiser les noyaux des cellules. Un exemple de protocole de coloration a été décrit par Sundararaghavan et ses collègues 14. </li><li> Visualisez les cellules en utilisant un microscope à fluorescence. <ol><li> Placez plaque bien sur la scène du microscope. </li><li> Localisez la masse cellulaire en utilisant les filtres et d&#39;excitation paramètres de DAPI. </li><li> Une fois que la cellule est passer le filtre à FITC pour visualiser les neurites prolongées. Uchanter la fonction de point sur le microscope collecter et combiner autant d&#39;images que nécessaire pour voir l&#39;ensemble de la structure. Répétez l&#39;opération pour DAPI, FITC et le champ lumineux. </li></ol></li></ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dual+compartment+diffusion+chamber+for+studying+axonal+chemotaxis+in+3D+collagen.">A dual compartment diffusion chamber for studying axonal chemotaxis in 3D collagen.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 215, 53-59 (2013).</li><li>Madduri, S., di Summa, P., Papalo&#239;zos, M., Kalbermatten, D., Gander, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+controlled+co-delivery+of+synergistic+neurotrophic+factors+on+early+nerve+regeneration+in+rats.">Effect of controlled co-delivery of synergistic neurotrophic factors on early nerve regeneration in rats.</a> Biomaterials. 31, 8402-8409 (2010).</li><li>Xu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyphosphoester+microspheres+for+sustained+release+of+biologically+active+nerve+growth+factor.">Polyphosphoester microspheres for sustained release of biologically active nerve growth factor.</a> Biomaterials. 23, 3765-3772 (2002).</li><li>Yan, Q., Yin, Y., Li, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+new+PLGL-RGD-NGF+nerve+conduits+for+promoting+peripheral+nerve+regeneration.">Use new PLGL-RGD-NGF nerve conduits for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration.</a> Biomed Eng Online. 11, (2012).</li><li>Gungor-Ozkerim, P. S., Balkan, T., Kose, G. T., Sarac, A. S., Kok, F. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+growth+factor+loaded+microspheres+into+polymeric+electrospun+nanofibers+for+tissue+engineering+applications.">Incorporation of growth factor loaded microspheres into polymeric electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering applications.</a> J Biomed Mater Res A. , (2013).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encapsulation+of+proteins+in+poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone)+fibers+by+emulsion+electrospinning.">Encapsulation of proteins in poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) fibers by emulsion electrospinning.</a> Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 75, 418-424 (2010).</li><li>Wang, C. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+aligned+core-shell+nanofibres+delivering+NGF+on+the+promotion+of+sciatic+nerve+regeneration.">The effect of aligned core-shell nanofibres delivering NGF on the promotion of sciatic nerve regeneration.</a> J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 23, 167-184 (2012).</li><li>Liu, J. -. J., Wang, C. -. Y., Wang, J. -. G., Ruan, H. -. J., Fan, C. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+nerve+regeneration+using+composite+poly(lactic+acid-caprolactone)/nerve+growth+factor+conduits+prepared+by+coaxial+electrospinning.">Peripheral nerve regeneration using composite poly(lactic acid-caprolactone)/nerve growth factor conduits prepared by coaxial electrospinning.</a> J Biomed Mater Res A. 96, 13-20 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

De nombreuses études ont montré que les cellules nerveuses peuvent être dirigées par des indices topographiques (alignement de la fibre) et des signaux chimiques (facteurs de croissance) 1,2,10,11,35. Électrofilage est une méthode facile pour créer des fibres alignées. Les facteurs de croissance stimulent la croissance du nerf, mais dans le but de les inclure dans des conduits nerveuses (NC), un procédé de libération prolongée est requise. Pour créer un système plus robuste avec les deux indices...

Un des défis actuels de l&#39;ingénierie de tissu neural est de créer un conduit de nerf (NC) qui imite la matrice extra-cellulaire, où les nerfs se développent naturellement. La recherche a montré que les cellules répondent à plusieurs facteurs dans leur environnement, y compris mécanique, topographique, adhésif et des signaux chimiques 1-3. L&#39;un des principaux défis dans ce domaine est de déterminer la combinaison appropriée de signaux et la fabrication d&#39;un système qui peut maintenir des repères pour une période prolongée pour soutenir la croissance de la cellule 4. Neurones périphériques sont connus pour préférer un substrat souple, être dirigées par des fibres alignées, et répondent au facteur de croissance des nerfs (NGF) 5-7. CN qui peuvent fournir des indices chimiques pendant des semaines ont été montré pour fournir une meilleure récupération fonctionnelle proche de celle des allogreffes, la norme de référence actuelle pour la réparation nerveuse 8,9. Matériaux et des méthodes de production différentes peuvent être utilisées pour produire mécanique et topographiqueal Queues de 10-13. Indices mécaniques sont inhérentes à la matière choisie, ce qui rend le choix du matériel approprié pour l&#39;application critique 1,13. Les méthodes de production de contrôler indices topographiques comprennent la séparation de phase, l&#39;auto-assemblage et électrofilature 1,13. Pour les applications à micro, microfluidique, photopatterning, gravure, la lixiviation de sel, ou des mousses de gaz peut également être utilisé 14-17. Électrofilage a émergé comme le moyen le plus populaire pour concevoir des substrats fibreux pour la culture de tissus en raison de sa flexibilité et de la facilité de production 13,18-23. nanofibres de électrofilées sont fabriqués en appliquant une tension élevée à une solution de polymère amenant à se repousser et étirer sur un court intervalle de s&#39;acquitter de 24. Un échafaudage aligné peut être créé par la collecte des fibres sur un mandrin en rotation à la terre et échafaudages non alignés sont collectées sur une plaque fixe 25. signalisation d&#39;adhérence peut être obtenue en revêtant l&#39;échafaudage fibreux esprith fibronectine ou la conjugaison d&#39;un peptide d&#39;adhérence, tels que RGD, de l&#39;HA avant électrofilage 26. Des signaux chimiques, tels que des facteurs de croissance, sont les plus difficiles à maintenir sur de longues périodes, car ils ont besoin d&#39;une source pour une libération contrôlée. De nombreux systèmes ont été tenté d&#39;ajouter libération contrôlée de réseaux fibreux électrofilées avec différents niveaux de succès. Ces méthodes incluent mélange électrofilature, émulsion électrofilature, coque centrale électrofilature et protéines conjugaison 27. En outre, électrofilature se fait traditionnellement dans un solvant volatil, ce qui peut affecter la viabilité de la protéine 28, donc le maintien de l&#39;activité biologique de la protéine doit être envisagée. Cette approche traite spécifiquement de combiner les signaux mécaniques, topographiques, chimiques et adhésifs pour créer un échafaudage réglable de croissance des nerfs périphériques. mécanique d&#39;échafaudage est contrôlée avec précision par la synthèseméthacrylé acide hyaluronique (HA). Les sites de méthacrylation sont utilisés pour attacher photo agents de réticulation réactifs. Le matériau réticulé est plus soluble dans l&#39;eau et est exclusivement décomposé par les enzymes 29. La quantité de réticulant modifie la vitesse de dégradation, de la mécanique et d&#39;autres propriétés physiques du matériau. Utilisation de HA à 30% méthacrylation, qui a un module d&#39;environ 500 Pa à la traction, crée un substrat souple qui est proche de la mécanique natifs de tissu neural et est généralement préférée par les neurones 26,29. Électrofilage sur un mandrin rotatif est utilisé pour créer des fibres alignées à un repère topographique. Utilisation électrofilature avec microsphères fournit des signaux chimiques dans l&#39;échafaudage sur des périodes prolongées. Pour soutenir microsphères de croissance des neurites contenant NGF sont utilisés pour créer le signal chimique. Contrairement à la plupart des matériaux électrofilées HA est soluble dans l&#39;eau de sorte que le NGF ne rencontre pas de solvants agressifs pendant la production. Pour ajouter un signal d&#39;adhésif, la scaffold est enduite avec de la fibronectine. Le système complet comprend les quatre types de signaux décrits ci-dessus: alignement des fibres douces (mécaniques) topographiques (NGF) avec libération des microsphères (chimique) revêtue avec de la fibronectine (adhésif). Production et les essais de ce système est décrite dans ce protocole. Le processus commence par la production de microsphères ayant une double émulsion eau-dans-huile-dans-eau. L&#39;émulsion est stabilisée par un agent tensioactif, l&#39;alcool polyvinylique (PVA). La phase aqueuse interne contient de la protéine. Comme il est ajouté à la phase huileuse, qui contient le matériau de coque PLGA dissous dans du dichlorométhane (DCM), le tensioactif forme une barrière entre les phases de protection de la protéine à partir du DCM. Cette émulsion est dispersée dans l&#39;autre à la phase aqueuse contenant du PVA afin de créer la surface externe des microsphères. L&#39;émulsion stable est agitée pour permettre le DCM à s&#39;évaporer. Après rinçage et lyophilisation vous êtes de gauche avec la suite microsphères secaining la protéine. Une fois que les microsphères sont remplis, ils sont prêts à être électrofilées dans les échafaudages. D&#39;abord, vous préparez la solution de électrofilature. La viscosité de la solution est crucial pour la formation de fibres approprié. Solutions de HA pure ne répondent pas à cette exigence; PEO est ajouté en tant que polymère de support pour permettre électrofilage. Les microsphères sont ajoutées à la solution résultante et électrofilées dans un échafaudage fibreux avec des microsphères réparties sur l&#39;ensemble. Une fois que la production est terminée, la protéine doit être testé afin de vérifier sa viabilité. Pour ce faire, une cellule primaire qui répond au NGF peut être utilisé. Ce protocole utilise les ganglions rachidiens (DRG) du 8-10 jours embryons de poulet. Les faisceaux de cellules sont ensemencées sur des échafaudages contenant des microsphères remplies de NGF ou ceux qui sont vides. Si le NGF est encore viable, vous devriez voir une croissance accrue des neurites sur les échafaudages contenant NGF. Si le NGF n&#39;est plus viable, il serapas promouvoir neurites pour étendre et devrait ressembler à la commande. La procédure exacte décrite ici porte sur l&#39;appui de neurones, cependant, avec des modifications simples à la matière, procédé électrofilage, et des protéines du système peut être optimisée pour différents types cellulaires et tissulaires.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="906">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">D1306</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Irgacure 2959</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">BASF</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">24650-42-8</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">PEO 900 kDa</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:139px;">189456</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">Methacryloxethyl thiocarbamoyl rhodamine B</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">23591-100</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Prepare stock solution in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">KD Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">KDS100</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Power Source</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Gamma High Voltage</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ES30P-5W</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Motor</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Triem Electric Motors, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">0132022-15</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Must attach to a custom built mandrel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Tachometer</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Network Tool Warehouse</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ESI-330</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Use to monitor mandrel speed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">Omnicure UV Spot Cure System with collimating adapter</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">EXFO</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">S1000</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Needles</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">14-825-16H</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">12-545-81</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Polyvinyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P8136-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Isoporopyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">I9030-500mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">BP9703-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">BSA-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">080M7400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">&#946;-Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">1156-NG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">65:35 Poly-Lactic-Glycolic-Acid (PLGA)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:139px;">1001554270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">34856-2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Coomassie (Bradford) Protein Assay</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:139px;">1856209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:139px;">1001558456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">F2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Pen-Strep</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A11313&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrospinning growth factor releasing microspheres into fibrous scaffolds

This procedure describes a method to fabricate a multifaceted substrate to direct nerve cell growth. This system incorporates mechanical, topographical, adhesive and chemical signals. Mechanical properties are controlled by the type of material used to fabricate the electrospun fibers. In this protocol we use 30% methacrylated Hyaluronic Acid (HA), which has a tensile modulus of ~500 Pa, to produce a soft fibrous scaffold. Electrospinning on to a rotating mandrel produces aligned fibers to create a topographical cue. Adhesion is achieved by coating the scaffold with fibronectin. The primary challenge addressed herein is providing a chemical signal throughout the depth of the scaffold for extended periods. This procedure describes fabricating&#160;poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres that contain Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and directly impregnating the scaffold with these microspheres during the electrospinning process. Due to the harsh production environment, including high sheer forces and electrical charges, protein viability is measured after production. The system provides protein release for over 60 days and has been shown to promote primary nerve cell growth.

Microsphères 50 ± 14 um de diamètre avec une protéine encapsulation plus de 85% ont été régulièrement produite et électrofilé dans les échafaudages. Taille a été déterminée par l&#39;imagerie des échantillons de microsphères de trois lots de production distinctes. Les images capturées sur lequel un microscope optique et où les longueurs mesurées en utilisant un logiciel commercial. Laboratoire La figure 1 montre un histogramme de la distribution de la taille. taux d&#39;encapsulation...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres into Fibrous Scaffolds at JoVE.com

Electrospinning Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres into Fibrous Scaffolds

This protocol combines electrospinning and microspheres to develop tissue engineered scaffolds to direct neurons. Nerve growth factor was encapsulated within PLGA microspheres and electrospun into Hyaluronic Acid (HA) fibrous scaffolds. The protein bioactivity was tested by seeding the scaffolds with primary chick Dorsal Root Ganglia and culturing for 4-6 days.

Électrofilage facteur de croissance libération de microsphères en fibre échafaudages

This procedure describes a method to fabricate a multifaceted substrate to direct nerve cell growth.  This system incorporates mechanical, topographical, ...

electrospinning-growth-factor-releasing-microspheres-into-fibrous

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

12.2K vues.  Wayne State University. This protocol combines electrospinning and microspheres to develop tissue engineered scaffolds to direct neurons. Nerve growth factor was encapsulated within PLGA microspheres and electrospun into Hyaluronic Acid (HA) fibrous scaffolds. The protein bioactivity was tested by seeding the scaffolds with primary chick Dorsal Root Ganglia and culturing for 4-6 days.

Vidéo: Electrospinning Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres into Fibrous Scaffolds

Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. Electrospinning is a process in which a charged polymer jet is collected on a grounded collector; a rapidly rotating collector results in aligned nanofibers while stationary collectors result in randomly oriented fiber mats. The polymer jet is formed when an applied electrostatic charge overcomes the surface tension of the solution. There is a minimum concentration for a given polymer, termed the critical entanglement concentration, below which a stable jet cannot be achieved and no nanofibers will form - although nanoparticles may be achieved (electrospray). A stable jet has two domains, a streaming segment and a whipping segment. While the whipping jet is usually invisible to the naked eye, the streaming segment is often visible under appropriate lighting conditions. Observing the length, thickness, consistency and movement of the stream is useful to predict the alignment and morphology of the nanofibers being formed. A short, non-uniform, inconsistent, and/or oscillating stream is indicative of a variety of problems, including poor fiber alignment, beading, splattering, and curlicue or wavy patterns. The stream can be optimized by adjusting the composition of the solution and the configuration of the electrospinning apparatus, thus optimizing the alignment and morphology of the fibers being produced. In this protocol, we present a procedure for setting up a basic electrospinning apparatus, empirically approximating the critical entanglement concentration of a polymer solution and optimizing the electrospinning process. In addition, we discuss some common problems and troubleshooting techniques.

Electrospinning techniques can create a variety of nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering or other applications. We describe here a procedure to optimize the parameters of the electrospinning solution and apparatus to obtain fibers with the desired morphology and alignment. Common problems and troubleshooting techniques are also presented.

Fondements Électrofilage: Solution Optimisation et paramètres Appareillage

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. ...

Recherche

Bio-ingénierie

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and increasing obesity1. Currently, bypass surgery using autologous vessels, allografts, and synthetic grafts are known as a commonly used for arterial substitutes2. However, these grafts have limited applications when an inner diameter of arteries is less than 6 mm due to low availability, thrombotic complications, compliance mismatch, and late intimal hyperplasia3,4. To overcome these limitations, tissue engineering has been successfully applied as a promising alternative to develop small-diameter arterial constructs that are nonthrombogenic, robust, and compliant. Several previous studies have developed small-diameter arterial constructs with tri-lamellar structure, excellent mechanical properties and burst pressure comparable to native arteries5,6. While high tensile strength and burst pressure by increasing collagen production from a rigid material or cell sheet scaffold, these constructs still had low elastin production and compliance, which is a major problem to cause graft failure after implantation. Considering these issues, we hypothesized that an elastometric biomaterial combined with mechanical conditioning would provide elasticity and conduct mechanical signals more efficiently to vascular cells, which increase extracellular matrix production and support cellular orientation.
The objective of this report is to introduce a fabrication technique of porous tubular scaffolds and a dynamic mechanical conditioning for applying them to arterial tissue engineering. We used a biodegradable elastomer, poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS)7 for fabricating porous tubular scaffolds from the salt fusion method. Adult primary baboon smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were seeded on the lumen of scaffolds, which cultured in our designed pulsatile flow bioreactor for 3 weeks. PGS scaffolds had consistent thickness and randomly distributed macro- and micro-pores. Mechanical conditioning from pulsatile flow bioreactor supported SMC orientation and enhanced ECM production in scaffolds. These results suggest that elastomeric scaffolds and mechanical conditioning of bioreactor culture may be a promising method for arterial tissue engineering.

Elastomeric PGS scaffolds with vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in a pulsatile flow bioreactor may lead to promising small-diameter arterial constructs with native ECM production in a relatively short culture period.

PGS élastomère échafaudages en génie tissulaire artérielle

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata are separated from their axon terminals due to skeletal growth of the enlarging organism (Weiss 1941; Gray, Hukkanen et al. 1992). This mechanotransduction induces a secondary mode of neuronal growth capable of accommodating continual elongation of the axon (Bray 1984; Heidemann and Buxbaum 1994; Heidemann, Lamoureux et al. 1995; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004).
Axon Stretch Growth (ASG) is conceivably a central factor in the maturation of short embryonic processes into the long nerves and white matter tracts characteristic of the adult nervous system. To study ASG in vitro, we engineered bioreactors to apply tension to the short axonal processes of neuronal cultures (Loverde, Ozoka et al. 2011). Here, we detail the methods we use to prepare bioreactors and conduct ASG. First, within each stretching lane of the bioreactor, neurons are plated upon a micro-manipulated towing substrate. Next, neurons regenerate their axonal processes, via growth cone extension, onto a stationary substrate. Finally, stretch growth is performed by towing the plated cell bodies away from the axon terminals adhered to the stationary substrate; recapitulating skeletal growth after growth cone extension.
Previous work has shown that ASG of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons are capable of unprecedented growth rates up to 10mm/day, reaching lengths of up to 10cm; while concurrently resulting in increased axonal diameters (Smith, Wolf et al. 2001; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004; Pfister, Bonislawski et al. 2006; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2006; Smith 2009). This is in dramatic contrast to regenerative growth cone extension (in absence of mechanical stimuli) where growth rates average 1mm/day with successful regeneration limited to lengths of less than 3cm (Fu and Gordon 1997; Pfister, Gordon et al. 2011). Accordingly, further study of ASG may help to reveal dysregulated growth mechanisms that limit regeneration in the absence of mechanical stimuli.

A unique tissue engineering method was developed to elongate numerous nerve fibers in culture by recapitulating axon stretch growth; a form of nervous system growth whereby nerves elongate in conjunction with growth of the enlarging body.

Croissance stretch Axon: La mécanotransduction de croissance neuronale

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata ...

Therapeutic Gene Delivery and Transfection in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells using Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-targeted Gelatin Nanoparticles

More than 32,000 patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the United States per year and the disease is associated with very high mortality 1. Urgent need exists to develop novel clinically-translatable therapeutic strategies that can improve on the dismal survival statistics of pancreatic cancer patients. Although gene therapy in cancer has shown a tremendous promise, the major challenge is in the development of safe and effective delivery system, which can lead to sustained transgene expression. 
Gelatin is one of the most versatile natural biopolymer, widely used in food and pharmaceutical products. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that type B gelatin could physical encapsulate DNA, which preserved the supercoiled structure of the plasmid and improved transfection efficiency upon intracellular delivery. By thiolation of gelatin, the sulfhydryl groups could be introduced into the polymer and would form disulfide bond within nanoparticles, which stabilizes the whole complex and once disulfide bond is broken due to the presence of glutathione in cytosol, payload would be released 2-5. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified GENS, when administered into the systemic circulation, provides long-circulation times and preferentially targets to the tumor mass due to the hyper-permeability of the neovasculature by the enhanced permeability and retention effect 6. Studies have shown over-expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on Panc-1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells 7. In order to actively target pancreatic cancer cell line, EGFR specific peptide was conjugated on the particle surface through a PEG spacer.8
Most anti-tumor gene therapies are focused on administration of the tumor suppressor genes, such as wild-type p53 (wt-p53), to restore the pro-apoptotic function in the cells 9. The p53 mechanism functions as a critical signaling pathway in cell growth, which regulates apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, metabolism and other processes 10. In pancreatic cancer, most cells have mutations in p53 protein, causing the loss of apoptotic activity. With the introduction of wt-p53, the apoptosis could be repaired and further triggers cell death in cancer cells 11. 
Based on the above rationale, we have designed EGFR targeting peptide-modified thiolated gelatin nanoparticles for wt-p53 gene delivery and evaluated delivery efficiency and transfection in Panc-1 cells.

Type B gelatin-based engineered nanovectors system (GENS) was developed for systemic gene delivery and transfection in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. By modification with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) specific peptide on the surface of nanparticles, they could target on EGFR receptor and release plasmid under reducing environment, such as high intracellular glutathione concentrations.

Livraison de gènes et transfection de cellules humaines de cancer du pancréas en utilisant facteur de croissance épidermique ciblant les récepteurs des base de gélatine nanovecteurs Conçu

More than 32,000 patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the United States per year and the disease is associated with very high mortality 1. ...

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among the various fabrication methods, electrospinning is the most attractive one due to its simplicity and versatility. Additionally, electrospun nanofibers mimic the size of natural extracellular matrix ensuring additional support for cell survival and growth. This study showed the viability of the fabrication of long fibers spanning a larger deposit area for a novel biodegradable and biocompatible polymer named&#160;poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD)1 by using a newly designed collector for electrospinning. PGD exhibits unique elastic properties with similar mechanical properties to nerve tissues, thus it is suitable for neural tissue engineering applications. The synthesis and fabrication set-up for making fibrous scaffolding materials was simple, highly reproducible, and inexpensive. In biocompatibility testing, cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells could adhere to and grow on the electrospun PGD fibers. In summary, this protocol provided a versatile fabrication method for making PGD electrospun fibers to support the growth of mouse embryonic stem cell derived neural lineage cells.

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Polyglycerol-dodecanedioate for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Synthesis and fabrication of electrospun long fibers spanning a larger deposit area via a newly designed collector from a novel biodegradable polymer named poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD) was reported. The fibers were able to support the growth of cells derived from mouse pluripotent stem cells.

Électrofilé Fort échafaudages de poly (glycérol-dodécanedioate) pour l&#39;ingénierie des tissus neuronaux De Souris cellules souches embryonnaires

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among ...

Studying the Stoichiometry of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Intact Cells using Correlative Microscopy

This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative fluorescence microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) of whole cells in hydrated state. Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) were coupled to EGFR via a two-step labeling protocol, providing an efficient and specific protein labeling, while avoiding label-induced clustering of the receptor. Fluorescence microscopy provided overview images of the cellular locations of the EGFR. The scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detector was used to detect the QD labels with nanoscale resolution. The resulting correlative images provide data of the cellular EGFR distribution, and the stoichiometry at the single molecular level in the natural context of the hydrated intact cell. ESEM-STEM images revealed the receptor to be present as monomer, as homodimer, and in small clusters. Labeling with two different QDs, i.e.,&#160;one emitting at 655 nm and at 800 revealed similar characteristic results.

This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative light- and electron microscopy of whole cells in hydrated state. The label contained fluorescent quantum dots. The protocol can be used to study the stoichiometry of EGFR at the single molecule level.

L&#39;étude de la Stœchiométrie Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor dans des cellules intactes en utilisant la microscopie corrélative

This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative fluorescence ...

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery

During reconstructive bone surgeries, supraphysiological amounts of growth factors are empirically loaded onto scaffolds to promote successful bone fusion. Large doses of highly potent biological agents are required due to growth factor instability as a result of rapid enzymatic degradation as well as carrier inefficiencies in localizing sufficient amounts of growth factor at implant sites. Hence, strategies that prolong the stability of growth factors such as BMP-2/NELL-1, and control their release could actually lower their efficacious dose and thus reduce the need for larger doses during future bone regeneration surgeries. This in turn will reduce side effects and growth factor costs. Self-assembled PECs have been fabricated to provide better control of BMP-2/NELL-1 delivery via heparin binding and further potentiate growth factor bioactivity by enhancing in vivo stability. Here we illustrate the simplicity of PEC fabrication which aids in the delivery of a variety of growth factors during reconstructive bone surgeries.

Self-assembled polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) fabricated from heparin and protamine were deposited on alginate beads to entrap and regulate the release of osteogenic growth factors. This delivery strategy enables a 20-fold reduction of BMP-2 dose in spinal fusion applications. This article illustrates the benefits and fabrication of PECs.

Complexe de polyélectrolyte pour Heparin Binding Domain Growth Factor ostéogénique Livraison

During reconstructive bone surgeries, supraphysiological amounts of growth factors are empirically loaded onto scaffolds to promote successful bone ...

Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs). HDLs are endogenous NPs and have been explored as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Various methods have been developed to prepare HDL-mimicking NPs. However, they are generally complicated, time consuming, and difficult for industrial scale-up. In this study, one-step homogenization was used to mix the excipients and form the prototype NPs. NGF is a water-soluble protein of 26 kDa. To facilitate the encapsulation of NGF into the lipid environment of HDL-mimicking NPs, protamine USP was used to form an ion-pair complex with NGF to neutralize the charges on the NGF surface. The NGF/protamine complex was then introduced into the prototype NPs. Apolipoprotein A-I was finally coated on the surface of the NPs. NGF HDL-mimicking NPs showed preferable properties in terms of particle size, size distribution, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, bioactivity, and biodistribution. With the careful design and exploration of homogenization in HDL-mimicking NPs, the procedure was greatly simplified, and the NPs were made scalable. Moreover, various challenges, such as separating unloaded NGF from the NPs, conducting reliable in vitro release studies, and measuring the bioactivity of the NPs, were overcome.

Simple homogenization was used to prepare novel, high-density, lipoprotein-mimicking nanoparticles to encapsulate nerve growth factor. Challenges, detailed protocols for nanoparticle preparation, in vitro characterization, and in vivo studies are described in this article.

Préparation et caractérisation de nouvelles nanoparticules imitant HDL pour l&#39;encapsulation du facteur de croissance nerveuse

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

Faire fondre électrofilage écrit d’échafaudages Poly(ε-caprolactone) en trois dimensions avec des Morphologies contrôlables pour les Applications de génie tissulaire

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Fabrication of Decellularized Cartilage-derived Matrix Scaffolds

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage research has focused on the development of regenerative scaffolds. This article describes the development of scaffolds that are completely derived from natural cartilage extracellular matrix, coming from an equine donor. Potential applications of the scaffolds include producing allografts for cartilage repair, serving as a scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering, and providing in vitro models to study tissue formation. By decellularizing the tissue, the donor cells are removed, but many of the natural bioactive cues are thought to be retained. The main advantage of using such a natural scaffold in comparison to a synthetically produced scaffold is that no further functionalization of polymers is required to drive osteochondral tissue regeneration. The cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds can be used for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration in both in vivo and in vitro settings.

Decellularized cartilage-derived scaffolds can be used as a scaffold to guide cartilage repair and as a means to regenerate osteochondral tissue. This paper describes the decellularization process in detail and provides suggestions to use these scaffolds in in vitro settings.

Fabrication d’échafaudages Decellularise dérivé de Cartilage Matrix

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage ...