Ce travail a été soutenu par le Wellcome Trust, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) et l&#39;Institut écossais pour Signalisation cellulaire (qui fait maintenant partie de la phosphorylation de la protéine MRC et de l&#39;unité de ubiquitylation).

<ol>
	<li>Hochstrasser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+function+of+ubiquitin-like+proteins.">Origin and function of ubiquitin-like proteins.</a> Nature. 458, 422-429 (2009).</li><li>Schulman, B. A., Harper, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitin-like+protein+activation+by+E1+enzymes:+the+apex+for+downstream+signalling+pathways.">Ubiquitin-like protein activation by E1 enzymes: the apex for downstream signalling pathways.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10, 319-331 (2009).</li><li>Siomi, H., Siomi, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+road+to+reading+the+RNA-interference+code.">On the road to reading the RNA-interference code.</a> Nature. 457, 396-404 (2009).</li><li>Kaelin, W. G., Ratcliffe, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+sensing+by+metazoans:+the+central+role+of+the+HIF+hydroxylase+pathway.">Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway.</a> Mol Cell. 30, 393-402 (2008).</li><li>Melvin, A., Mudie, S., Rocha, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chromatin+remodeler+ISWI+regulates+the+cellular+response+to+hypoxia:+role+of+FIH.">The chromatin remodeler ISWI regulates the cellular response to hypoxia: role of FIH.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 22, 4171-4181 (2011).</li><li>Bhinder, B., Djaballah, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+analyzing+actives+in+random+RNAi+screens:+introducing+the+&amp;#34;H+Score&amp;#34;+for+hit+nomination+&amp;+gene+prioritization.">A simple method for analyzing actives in random RNAi screens: introducing the &amp;#34;H Score&amp;#34; for hit nomination &amp; gene prioritization.</a> Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 15, 686-704 (2012).</li><li>Bett, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+P-body+component+USP52/PAN2+is+a+novel+regulator+of+HIF1A+mRNA+stability.">The P-body component USP52/PAN2 is a novel regulator of HIF1A mRNA stability.</a> Biochem J. 451, 185-194 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, J. H., Chung, T. D., Oldenburg, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Statistical+Parameter+for+Use+in+Evaluation+and+Validation+of+High+Throughput+Screening+Assays.">A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays.</a> J Biomol Screen. 4, 67-73 (1999).</li><li>Birmingham, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+methods+for+analysis+of+high-throughput+RNA+interference+screens.">Statistical methods for analysis of high-throughput RNA interference screens.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 569-575 (2009).</li><li>Stagg, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+TRC8+E3+ligase+ubiquitinates+MHC+class+I+molecules+before+dislocation+from+the+ER.">The TRC8 E3 ligase ubiquitinates MHC class I molecules before dislocation from the ER.</a> J Cell Biol. 186, 685-692 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNF146+is+a+poly(ADP-ribose)-directed+E3+ligase+that+regulates+axin+degradation+and+Wnt+signalling.">RNF146 is a poly(ADP-ribose)-directed E3 ligase that regulates axin degradation and Wnt signalling.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 13, 623-629 (2011).</li><li>Jackson, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+profiling+reveals+off-target+gene+regulation+by+RNAi.">Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 21, 635-637 (2003).</li><li>Birmingham, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3'+UTR+seed+matches,+but+not+overall+identity,+are+associated+with+RNAi+off-targets.">3' UTR seed matches, but not overall identity, are associated with RNAi off-targets.</a> Nat Methods. 3, 199-204 (2006).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whither+RNAi.">Whither RNAi.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 5, 489-490 (2003).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

L&#39;utilisation d&#39;écrans de siRNA du génome dans les cellules de mammifères s&#39;est avérée extrêmement utile dans l&#39;identification de nouveaux régulateurs de voies biologiques distinctes. Ici, nous avons décrit l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un écran de siRNA ciblé ubiquitome pour identifier des régulateurs de la réponse cellulaire médiée par HIF1A à l&#39;hypoxie. Écrans ciblés sont de plus en plus attrayant car ils sont généralement moins cher, plus rapide, plus facile à gérer et rapport uniq...

Modification des protéines avec l&#39;ubiquitine et ubiquitine (UBL) molécules représente un système biochimique expansive qui régule diverses voies biologiques et des réactions de stress. La fixation covalente d&#39;UBL à leurs protéines cibles peut avoir divers effets de régulation de la stabilité, la localisation, la fonction ou interactome du substrat 1. Les étapes enzymatiques sous-jacents UBL modification ont d&#39;abord été établies pour l&#39;ubiquitine, et maintenant servir de paradigme pour la modification avec la plupart des UBL, y compris SUMO, NEDD8, ISG15 et FAT10. Pour la modification de se produire, le groupe carboxylate de la diglycine UBL motif est d&#39;abord activée par une enzyme activant E1 pour former un thiol de haute énergie qui est transférée à la cystéine du site actif d&#39;une enzyme de conjugaison E2. Le E2 interagit ensuite avec une ligase E3 lié au substrat de servir de médiateur de transfert de la LBM sur (habituellement) un résidu de lysine cible création d&#39;une chaîne ramifiée (isopeptidique) 2 tringlerie. Les cycles successifs de modification peuvent se produire pour construire des chaînes isopeptidiques sur le substrat, ce qui peut se produire pour l&#39;ubiquitine à travers l&#39;une de ses sept lysines, ou par l&#39;intermédiaire de sa méthionine N-terminale pour créer des chaînes linéaires d&#39;ubiquitine. Ces modifications font topologies discrètes avec des fins diverses telles que la création de nouveaux motifs d&#39;interaction et le ciblage des protéines pour la dégradation avant l&#39;enlèvement UBL par des protéases spécialisées. Dans le cas de l&#39;ubiquitine E1, il existe deux enzymes, enzymes de conjugaison E2 30 à 40, au moins 600 ligases E3 et environ 100 enzymes deubiquitylating (DUB). Alors que les voies sont moins expansive pour les 10 ou si d&#39;autres UBL, la complexité globale de ubiquitome offre énorme diversité biologique dans le résultat d&#39;une modification UBL particulier. Cependant, alors que des avancées majeures dans UBL biologie ont été faits, les rôles cellulaires précises de la majorité de ces composants ubiquitome restent inconnus. L&#39;utilisation de short interfering acide ribonucléique (siRNA) a émergé comme un outil puissant pour la génétique inverse en raison de la capacité de siRNA pour cibler spécifiquement ARNm cellulaires pour destruction, permettant le rôle des gènes individuels à examiner dans différents contextes biologiques 3. Criblage du génome entier ont été utilisés pour identifier et valider de nouveaux régulateurs de nombreux processus cellulaires, et ont créé une foule de données utiles accessibles à la communauté scientifique au sens large. Cependant, alors que les écrans du génome entier ont révélé extrêmement utile, écrans ciblés sont de plus en plus populaires car ils sont moins chers, plus rapides, moins impliquer la gestion de données et de rapport uniquement sur les membres du génome où le chercheur est le plus intéressé. Par conséquent, afin de mieux comprendre les processus cellulaires UBL composants de la famille sont impliqués, nous avons constitué une bibliothèque siRNA humain ciblant tous connus et prévus des composants de la ubiquitome. Cela inclut les UBL, E1, E2 activation des enzymes conjugaisondes enzymes, des ligases E3, domaine de liaison à l&#39;ubiquitine (DLC) contenant des protéines et des DUBs. Cette bibliothèque peut être utilisée pour l&#39;écran contre un large éventail de lignées cellulaires rapporteurs de problèmes biologiques distinctes, permettant ainsi l&#39;identification objective des nouveaux composants de l&#39;UBL régissant ces voies. Le protocole suivant décrit comment effectuer une rigoureuse siRNA ciblés ubiquitome écran pour identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de la réponse de HIF1A dépendant à l&#39;hypoxie. Sous tension normale d&#39;oxygène, HIF1A est soumise à prolyl hydroxylation qui l&#39;amène à être reconnue et ciblée pour la dégradation par la maladie de Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) E3 complexe ligase 4. L&#39;hypoxie inhibe l&#39;hydroxylation prolyl conduisant à la stabilisation des HIF1A et sa liaison ultérieure à des éléments de réponse à l&#39;hypoxie (HRE) de conduire l&#39;expression du gène. Ici, nous décrivons un écran à l&#39;aide des cellules d&#39;ostéosarcome U20S exprimant de façon stable la luciférase de luciole sous le contrôle de trois copies en tandem de l&#39;HyResponse Element poxia (cellules U20S-EDH) 5. Ce protocole peut être adapté pour n&#39;importe quelle voie biologique si un solide lecture de l&#39;activité du rapporteur est réalisable et peut être couplé avec des témoins positifs et négatifs appropriés.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="790">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:288px;">Automated Liquid Dispenser</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fluid-X</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">XPP-721</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">http://www.fluidx.eu/BIOTRACK/xpp-721-liquid-handling-system.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td>
			<td>Cellometer Auto T4</td>
			<td>http://www.nexcelom.com/Cellometer-Auto-T4/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Hypoxia Workstation</td>
			<td>Ruskin</td>
			<td>In vivo2 300</td>
			<td>http://www.ruskinn.com/products/invivo2300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Automated Cell Dispenser</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Matrix Wellmate</td>
			<td>http://www.matrixtechcorp.com/automated/pipetting.aspx?id=11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Plate Shaker</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>Titramax 1000</td>
			<td>http://www.heidolph-instruments.co.uk/products/shakers-mixers/platform-shakers/vibrating/titramax/titramax-1000/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Luminometer</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Envision 2104 Multilabel Reader</td>
			<td>http://www.perkinelmer.co.uk/Catalog/Family/ID/EnVision%20Multilabel%20Plate%20Readers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">White Walled Assay Plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio One</td>
			<td>655083</td>
			<td>http://www.greinerbioone.com/en/row/articles/catalogue/article/37_11/13221/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Clear Plate Film</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>1450-461</td>
			<td>http://www.perkinelmer.co.uk/Catalog/Product/ID/1450-461</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Name of the Reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">siRNA library</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>On-Target Plus</td>
			<td>http://www.thermoscientificbio.com/rnai-and-custom-rna-synthesis/sirna/on-targetplus-sirna/search-gene/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Lipofectamine RNAimax</td>
			<td>http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-Services/Applications/Protein-Expression-and-Analysis/Transfection-Selection/lipofectamine-rnaimx.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Optimem</td>
			<td>http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/31985062?ICID=search-product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>41965-039</td>
			<td>http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/41965039#</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td>https://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/16000044?ICID=search-product#</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tryspin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td>https://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/25300054?ICID=search-product#</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sirna screening to identify ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like system regulators of biological pathways in cultured mammalian cells

Modification post-traductionnelle des protéines avec l&#39;ubiquitine et ubiquitine (UBL) molécules est en train de devenir un réseau de signalisation cellulaire dynamique qui régule diverses voies biologiques, y compris la réponse à l&#39;hypoxie, proteostasis, la réponse aux dommages de l&#39;ADN et la transcription. Pour mieux comprendre comment UBL réglementer les filières pertinentes à la maladie humaine, nous avons compilé un siRNA humain &quot;ubiquitome&quot; bibliothèque composée de 1186 siARN piscines duplex ciblant tous connus et prévus des composants de voies du système UBL. Cette bibliothèque peut être projeté contre un éventail de lignées cellulaires exprimant journalistes de diverses voies biologiques pour déterminer quels composants UBL agissent comme régulateurs positifs ou négatifs de la voie en question. Ici, nous décrivons un protocole utilisant cette bibliothèque pour identifier ubiquitome-régulateurs de la réponse cellulaire médiée par HIF1A à l&#39;hypoxie en utilisant un rapporteur de luciférase à base de transcription. Un stade de développement de l&#39;essai initialest effectuée pour établir les paramètres de dépistage appropriés de la lignée cellulaire avant d&#39;effectuer l&#39;écran en trois étapes: dépistage / déconvolution primaire, secondaire et tertiaire. L&#39;utilisation de bibliothèques ciblée sur génome entier de siRNA est de plus en plus populaire car il offre l&#39;avantage de rendre compte uniquement sur les membres de la voie avec laquelle les enquêteurs sont plus intéressés. Malgré les limites inhérentes de dépistage siRNA, en particulier les faux positifs causés par siARN effets hors-cible, l&#39;identification des véritables nouveaux régulateurs des voies en question l&#39;emportent sur ces lacunes, qui peuvent être surmontées par l&#39;exécution d&#39;une série d&#39;expériences de contrôle attentivement entreprises.

Avant le dépistage, l&#39;hypoxie-réponse des cellules U20S-EDH est établi. Cellules U20S-EDH expriment une construction rapporteur constitué de la luciférase de luciole fusionné en aval de trois copies en tandem de l&#39;élément de réponse à l&#39;hypoxie, qui est lié par l&#39;hétérodimère HIF1A/HIF1B lors de l&#39;exposition à l&#39;hypoxie (figure 1A). Les cellules sont placées dans un poste de travail de l&#39;hypoxie pour une plage de temps pour établir laquelle l&#39;exposition ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Ici, nous décrivons une méthode pour effectuer un siRNA ciblés écran &quot;ubiquitome&quot; pour identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de l&#39;ubiquitine et ubiquitine de la réponse cellulaire médiée HIF1A à l&#39;hypoxie. Ceci peut être adapté à n&#39;importe quelle voie biologique où une lecture robuste de l&#39;activité du rapporteur est disponible.

siRNA contrôle pour la ubiquitine et les régulateurs du système ubiquitine-comme des voies biologiques dans des cellules de mammifères en culture

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...

sirna-screening-to-identify-ubiquitin-ubiquitin-like-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.3K vues.  University of Dundee.  Ici, nous décrivons une méthode pour effectuer un siRNA ciblés écran "ubiquitome" pour identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de l'ubiquitine et ubiquitine de la réponse cellulaire médiée HIF1A à l'hypoxie. Ceci peut être adapté à n'importe quelle voie biologique où une lecture robuste de l'activité du rapporteur est disponible. 

Vidéo: siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or separation step. When the IL-8 target was present, a 'sandwich'-based assay attached magnetic beads with IL-8 capture antibody to streptavidin coupled fluorescent protein via the IL-8 target and a biotinylated IL-8 antibody. The magnetic beads are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The fluorescent proteins, which are attached to the magnetic beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out of an orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. The magnetic modulation biosensing system was previously used to detect the coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) [2]. The techniques that are demonstrated in this work for external manipulation and condensation of particles may be used for other applications, e.g. delivery of magnetically-coupled drugs in-vivo or enhancing the contrast for in-vivo imaging applications.

Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.

Homogène de détection rapide des essais biologiques utilisant un support magnétique Système de modulation Biosensing

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or ...

Recherche

Biologie

MISSION esiRNA for RNAi Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The short double-stranded RNAs originate from longer double stranded precursors by the activity of Dicer, a protein of the RNase III family of endonucleases. The resulting fragments are components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), directing it to the cognate target mRNA. RISC cleaves the target mRNA thereby reducing the expression of the encoded protein1,2,3. RNAi has become a powerful and widely used experimental method for loss of gene function studies in mammalian cells utilizing small interfering RNAs.
Currently two main methods are available for the production of small interfering RNAs. One method involves chemical synthesis, whereas an alternative method employs endonucleolytic cleavage of target specific long double-stranded RNAs by RNase III in vitro. Thereby, a diverse pool of siRNA-like oligonucleotides is produced which is also known as endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or esiRNA. A comparison of efficacy of chemically derived siRNAs and esiRNAs shows that both triggers are potent in target-gene silencing. Differences can, however, be seen when comparing specificity. Many single chemically synthesized siRNAs produce prominent off-target effects, whereas the complex mixture inherent in esiRNAs leads to a more specific knockdown10.
In this study, we present the design of genome-scale MISSION esiRNA libraries and its utilization for RNAi screening exemplified by a DNA-content screen for the identification of genes involved in cell cycle progression. We show how to optimize the transfection protocol and the assay for screening in high throughput. We also demonstrate how large data-sets can be evaluated statistically and present methods to validate primary hits. Finally, we give potential starting points for further functional characterizations of validated hits.

Here we use a human esiRNA library in a high-throughput screen for genes involved in cell division. We demonstrate how to set up and conduct an esiRNA screens, as well as how to analyze and validate the results.

EsiRNA MISSION pour le dépistage de l&#39;ARNi dans les cellules de mammifères

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

Mutagenèse et analyse fonctionnelle des canaux ioniques hétérologue exprimée dans les cellules de mammifères

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

MISSION LentiPlex Pooled shRNA Library Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to knockdown gene expression levels in loss of gene function studies.
There are two main methods for performing RNAi. The first is the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are chemically synthesized, and the second utilizes short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) encoded within plasmids 1. The latter can be transfected into cells directly or packaged into replication incompetent lentiviral particles. The main advantages of using lentiviral shRNAs is the ease of introduction into a wide variety of cell types, their ability to stably integrate into the genome for long term gene knockdown and selection, and their efficacy in conducting high-throughput loss of function screens. To facilitate this we have created the LentiPlex pooled shRNA library.
The MISSION LentiPlex Human shRNA Pooled Library is a genome-wide lentiviral pool produced using a proprietary process. The library consists of over 75,000 shRNA constructs from the TRC collection targeting 15,000+ human genes 2. Each library is tested for shRNA representation before product release to ensure robust library coverage. The library is provided in a ready-to-use lentiviral format at titers of at least 5 x 108 TU/ml via p24 assay and is pre-divided into ten subpools of approximately 8,000 shRNA constructs each. Amplification and sequencing primers are also provided for downstream target identification.
Previous studies established a synergistic antitumor activity of TRAIL when combined with Paclitaxel in A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line 3, 4. In this study we demonstrate the application of a pooled LentiPlex shRNA library to rapidly conduct a positive selection screen for genes involved in the cytotoxicity of A549 cells when exposed to TRAIL and Paclitaxel. One barrier often encountered with high-throughput screens is the cost and difficulty in deconvolution; we also detail a cost-effective polyclonal approach utilizing traditional sequencing.

Here we use a human LentiPlex pooled library and traditional sequencing methods to identify gene targets promoting cell survival. We demonstrate how to set up and deconvolute a LentiPlex screen and validate the results.

LentiPlex MISSION dépistage sur mélange d&#39;Bibliothèque shRNA dans les cellules de mammifères

RNA interference (RNAi) is an intrinsic cellular mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Harnessing the innate power of this system enables us to ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated tools and resources for studies in this system are facilitating continued discovery of genes with more subtle phenotypes or roles. 
Here we present a generalized protocol we adapted for identifying C. elegans genes with postembryonic phenotypes of interest using RNAi2. This procedure is easily modified to assay the phenotype of choice, whether by light or fluorescence optics on a dissecting or compound microscope. This screening protocol capitalizes on the physical assets of the organism and molecular tools the C. elegans research community has produced. As an example, we demonstrate the use of an integrated transgene that expresses a fluorescent product in an RNAi screen to identify genes required for the normal localization of this product in late stage larvae and adults. First, we used a commercially available genomic RNAi library with full-length cDNA inserts. This library facilitates the rapid identification of multiple candidates by RNAi reduction of the candidate gene product. Second, we generated an integrated transgene that expresses our fluorecently tagged protein of interest in an RNAi-sensitive background. Third, by exposing hatched animals to RNAi, this screen permits identification of gene products that have a vital embryonic role that would otherwise mask a post-embryonic role in regulating the protein of interest. Lastly, this screen uses a compound microscope equipped for single cell resolution.

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

We describe a sensitized method to identify postembryonic regulators of protein expression and localization in C. elegans using an RNAi-based genomic screen and an integrated transgene that expresses a functional, fluorescently tagged protein.

Dépistage ARNi pour identifier les phénotypes postembryonnaires dans C. elegans</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the messagefor review see 1. However, it's now widely accepted that synonymous codon usage is the primary cause of non-uniform translational elongation rates1. Synonymous codons are not used with identical frequency. A bias exists in the use of synonymous codons with some codons used more frequently than others2. Codon bias is organism as well as tissue specific2,3. Moreover, frequency of codon usage is directly proportional to the concentrations of cognate tRNAs4. Thus, a frequently used codon will have higher multitude of corresponding tRNAs, which further implies that a frequent codon will be translated faster than an infrequent one. Thus, regions on mRNA enriched in rare codons (potential pause sites) will as a rule slow down ribosome movement on the message and cause accumulation of nascent peptides of the respective sizes5-8. These pause sites can have functional impact on the protein expression, mRNA stability and protein foldingfor review see 9. Indeed, it was shown that alleviation of such pause sites can alter ribosome movement on mRNA and subsequently may affect the efficiency of co-translational (in vivo) protein folding1,7,10,11. To understand the process of protein folding in vivo, in the cell, that is ultimately coupled to the process of protein synthesis it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of codon usage/tRNA content on the movement of ribosomes along mRNA during translational elongation.
Here we describe a simple technique that can be used to locate major translation pause sites for a given mRNA translated in various cell-free systems6-8. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA. The rationale is that at low-frequency codons, the increase in the residence time of the ribosomes results in increased amounts of nascent peptides of the corresponding sizes. In vitro transcribed mRNA is used for in vitro translational reactions in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids to allow the detection of the nascent chains. In order to isolate ribosome bound nascent polypeptide complexes the translation reaction is layered on top of 30% glycerol solution followed by centrifugation. Nascent polypeptides in polysomal pellet are further treated with ribonuclease A and resolved by SDS PAGE. This technique can be potentially used for any protein and allows analysis of ribosome movement along mRNA and the detection of the major pause sites. Additionally, this protocol can be adapted to study factors and conditions that can alter ribosome movement and thus potentially can also alter the function/conformation of the protein.

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

A technique to identify translational pause sites on mRNA is described. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA, followed by the size analysis of the nascent chains using a denaturing gel electrophoresis.

Isolement du ribosome Bound polypeptides naissants<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Pour identifier les sites de pause de translation le long d&#39;ARNm

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

A Quantitative Assay to Study Protein:DNA Interactions, Discover Transcriptional Regulators of Gene Expression, and Identify Novel Anti-tumor Agents

Many DNA-binding assays such as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), chemiluminescent assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based assays, and multiwell-based assays are used to measure transcription factor activity. However, these assays are nonquantitative, lack specificity, may involve the use of radiolabeled oligonucleotides, and may not be adaptable for the screening of inhibitors of DNA binding. On the other hand, using a quantitative DNA-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (D-ELISA) assay, we demonstrate nuclear protein interactions with DNA using the RUNX2 transcription factor that depend on specific association with consensus DNA-binding sequences present on biotin-labeled oligonucleotides. Preparation of cells, extraction of nuclear protein, and design of double stranded oligonucleotides are described. Avidin-coated 96-well plates are fixed with alkaline buffer and incubated with nuclear proteins in nucleotide blocking buffer. Following extensive washing of the plates, specific primary antibody and secondary antibody incubations are followed by the addition of horseradish peroxidase substrate and development of the colorimetric reaction. Stop reaction mode or continuous kinetic monitoring were used to quantitatively measure protein interaction with DNA. We discuss appropriate specificity controls, including treatment with non-specific IgG or without protein or primary antibody. Applications of the assay are described including its utility in drug screening and representative positive and negative results are discussed.

We developed a quantitative DNA-binding, ELISA-based assay to measure transcription factor interactions with DNA. High specificity for the RUNX2 protein was achieved with a consensus DNA-recognition oligonucleotide and specific monoclonal antibody. Colorimetric detection with an enzyme-coupled antibody substrate reaction was monitored in real time.

Un dosage quantitatif pour l&#39;étude de protéines: ADN Interactions, Découverte de transcription régulateurs de l&#39;expression des gènes, et identifier les agents anti-tumoraux

Many DNA-binding assays such as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), chemiluminescent assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based assays, ...

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

As a critical regulator of drug metabolism and inflammation, Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), plays an important role in disease pathophysiology linking metabolism and inflammation (e.g.&#160;hepatic steatosis)1,2. There has been much progress in the identification of agonist ligands for PXR, however, there are limited descriptions of drug-like antagonists and their binding sites on PXR3,4,5. A critical barrier has been the inability to efficiently purify full-length protein for structural studies with antagonists despite the fact that PXR was cloned and characterized in 1998. Our laboratory developed a novel high throughput yeast based two-hybrid assay to define an antagonist, ketoconazole&#39;s, binding residues on PXR6. Our method involves creating mutational libraries that would rescue the effect of single mutations on the AF-2 surface of PXR expected to interact with ketoconazole. Rescue or &#34;gain-of-function&#34; second mutations can be made such that conclusions regarding the genetic interaction of ketoconazole and the surface residue(s) on PXR are feasible. Thus, we developed a high throughput two-hybrid yeast screen of PXR mutants interacting with its coactivator, SRC-1. Using this approach, in which the yeast was modified to accommodate the study of the antifungal drug, ketoconazole, we could demonstrate specific mutations on PXR enriched in clones unable to bind to ketoconazole. By reverse logic, we conclude that the original residues are direct interaction residues with ketoconazole. This assay represents a novel, tractable genetic assay to screen for antagonist binding sites on nuclear receptor surfaces. This assay could be applied to any drug regardless of its cytotoxic potential to yeast as well as to cellular protein(s) that cannot be studied using standard structural biology or proteomic based methods. Potential pitfalls include interpretation of data (complementary methods useful), reliance on single Y2H method, expertise in handling yeast or performing yeast two-hybrid assays, and assay optimization.

Ketoconazole binds to and antagonizes Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation. Yeast high throughput screens of PXR mutants define a unique region for ketoconazole binding. This yeast-based genetic method discovers novel nuclear receptor interactions with ligands that associate with surface binding sites.

Inverser levure système à deux hybrides pour identifier les mammifères Nuclear Receptor résidus qui interagissent avec des ligands et / ou antagonistes

As a critical regulator of drug metabolism and inflammation, Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), plays an important role in disease pathophysiology linking ...

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells

The genetic reporter assay is a well-established and powerful tool for dissecting the relationship between DNA sequences and their gene regulatory activities. The potential throughput of this assay has, however, been limited by the need to individually clone and assay the activity of each sequence on interest using protein fluorescence or enzymatic activity as a proxy for regulatory activity. Advances in high-throughput DNA synthesis and sequencing technologies have recently made it possible to overcome these limitations by multiplexing the construction and interrogation of large libraries of reporter constructs. This protocol describes implementation of a Massively Parallel Reporter Assay (MPRA) that allows direct comparison of hundreds of thousands of putative regulatory sequences in a single cell culture dish.

The genetic reporter assay is a well-established and powerful tool for dissecting the relationship between DNA sequences and their gene regulatory activities. Coupling candidate regulatory elements to reporter genes that carry identifying sequence tags enables massive parallelization of these assays.

Essais Reporter massivement parallèles dans des cellules de mammifères en culture

The genetic reporter assay is a well-established and powerful tool for dissecting the relationship between DNA sequences and their gene regulatory ...

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, electrical excitability and cell proliferation. The diversity and specificity of Ca2+ signaling derives from mechanisms by which Ca2+ signals are generated to act over different time and spatial scales, ranging from cell-wide oscillations and waves occurring over the periods of minutes to local transient Ca2+ microdomains (Ca2+ puffs) lasting milliseconds. Recent advances in electron multiplied CCD (EMCCD) cameras now allow for imaging of local Ca2+ signals with a 128 x 128 pixel spatial resolution at rates of &#62;500 frames sec-1 (fps). This approach is highly parallel and enables the simultaneous monitoring of hundreds of channels or puff sites in a single experiment. However, the vast amounts of data generated (ca. 1 Gb per min) render visual identification and analysis of local Ca2+ events impracticable. Here we describe and demonstrate the procedures for the acquisition, detection, and analysis of local IP3-mediated Ca2+ signals in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators using both wide-field epi-fluorescence (WF) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Furthermore, we describe an algorithm developed within the open-source software environment Python that automates the identification and analysis of these local Ca2+ signals. The algorithm localizes sites of Ca2+ release with sub-pixel resolution; allows user review of data; and outputs time sequences of fluorescence ratio signals together with amplitude and kinetic data in an Excel-compatible table.

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Here we present techniques for imaging local IP3-mediated Ca2+ events using fluorescence microscopy in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators together with an algorithm that automates identification and analysis of these events.

Imagerie Ca locale<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Signaux de cellules de mammifères cultivées

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, ...