This work was supported by SNF grants PPOOA-_119204 and PPOOP3_144918 to S.W.R. We thank E. Palmer and B.T.H. Hausmann for mice and technical expertise.

Dans cette publication de la vidéo et du protocole, toutes les procédures d&#39;animaux ont été effectuées conformément au protocole de l&#39;animal approuvé par l&#39;autorité cantonale de Bâle-Ville, Suisse. Effectuer toutes les procédures dans des conditions stériles là où c&#39;est possible. 1. Préparation de chirurgie <ol><li> Autoclave tous les instruments chirurgicaux et gaze avant de l&#39;utiliser. </li><li> Chauffer le coussin chaud et organiser instruments chirurgicaux sur la table (Table des Matières / Méthodes). </li><li> Ouvrez les bandages bande de doigt. Appliquez de la vaseline sur le pavé de la plaie avec un coton-tige (assurez-vous que la gaze est entièrement recouvert). </li><li> Peser les souris et administrer l&#39;analgésie buprénorphine 0,05 mg / kg de poids corporel. Remarque: ce sera une analgésie immédiatement après la transplantation. </li></ol> 2. Préparation de la Queue-peau pour la transplantation <ol><li> Euthanasier souris donneuses (par exemple, IA BM12) par asphyxie au CO2 et disinfect les queues avec une solution de désinfection avant l&#39;excision. </li><li> Placez la queue avec la bande noire sur un tableau en plastique propre et couper longitudinalement tout au long de la ligne médiane, une incision superficielle impliquant que la couche de la peau. </li><li> Retirez la peau de la queue en utilisant une pince de préhension. </li><li> Mettez la queue-peau dans une boîte de culture de 10 cm de cellule remplie avec 10 ml de HBSS. </li></ol> 3. Procédure chirurgicale <ol><li> Anesthésier les souris receveuses (par exemple, des souris C57BL / 6) par l&#39;inhalation d&#39;une solution d&#39;isofluorane à 3% dans une boîte à induction transparent. Remarque: Il faut 3-5 minutes pour la souris pour atteindre plan chirurgical anesthésie. Utilisez vétérinaire pommade sur les yeux pour prévenir la sécheresse tandis que sous anesthésie. </li><li> Placez la souris sur le tapis tiède et appliquer 1,5% isofluorane par un masque et des ânes bouche chaque réflexe animal par orteil pincement. </li><li> Raser le site dorsale des souris receveuses (par exemple, C57BL / 6) et enlever les poils de contamination en utilisant un sw de gaze secab. </li><li> Désinfecter rasé le site de transplantation avec une solution aseptique. </li><li> Pincer la peau avec des pinces dans le site milieu / droite du dos et utiliser des ciseaux courbes à faire une incision ronde d&#39;environ 1 x 0,6 cm. </li><li> En cas de saignement, puis nettoyer la plaie avec un coton-tige stérile. </li><li> Évaluer la taille de l&#39;incision et couper une greffe de la taille estimée de la queue-peau à l&#39;aide du scalpel. </li><li> Coupez les coins pour contourner la transplantation. </li><li> Chargez la greffe sur le scalpel, l&#39;excès de HBSS sec sur un coton-tige stérile et le placer dans le lit de la greffe de la souris receveuse. </li><li> Éviter le chevauchement des donateurs et de la peau de l&#39;hôte et appliquer l&#39;adhésif de tissu sur la zone de contact exclusivement. </li><li> Appliquer un enduit sans plis autour de la taille de la souris. </li><li> Appliquer un bandage non élastique adhésif pour fixer le plâtre à la souris (3 mm décalé). </li><li> Inciser avec les ciseaux environ 3 mm dans le site ventrale supérieure du bandage. Note: Ceci est pour éviter trapping des dents de la souris lors de la phase de récupération. </li><li> Retirer l&#39;anesthésie-bouche-masque et garder les souris transplantées sur le coussin chauffant jusqu&#39;à éveillé. </li><li> Retour souris transplantées dans leurs cages quand il est complètement rétabli et évaluer leur mobilité afin de s&#39;assurer que le bandage n&#39;est pas trop serré. </li><li> Stériliser l&#39;ensemble des instruments chirurgicaux avec l&#39;éthanol 70% avant de procéder à une intervention chirurgicale suivante. </li></ol> 4. Soins post-opératoires <ol><li> Ajouter le sirop contenant du paracétamol à l&#39;eau de boisson (4 mg / ml) et de l&#39;administrer pendant 7 jours. </li><li> Souris Retour à la salle de l&#39;animal une fois qu&#39;il a récupéré. </li><li> Suivre de près les souris des signes cliniques, y compris la dépression ou d&#39;autres changements de comportement (alimentaires ou immobilité), apparence anormale (manque de toilettage) ou la posture (horripilation ou posture recroquevillée) pour le moment le pansement est en place (1 semaine). </li></ol> 5. Bandage Removal (6-7 jours post-transplantation) <ol><li> Anesthetize les souris par inhalation d&#39;une solution isofluorane à 3% dans un caisson d&#39;aspiration transparente (voir ci-dessus). </li><li> Couper bandage en plâtre avec des ciseaux de l&#39;artère et retirez les. Remarque: éviter l&#39;étirement du site de transplantation. </li><li> Surveillance de la souris transplantées des signes cliniques (voir 4.3) et le score de rejet des greffes de peau (tableau 1). Remarque: Le système de pointage de greffe prend avantage des différentes textures de cheveux sur la queue-peau par rapport à la dorsale peau. L&#39;aspect de la greffe et le rejet est catégorisée en trois niveaux. Peau allogénique (CMH II correspondent pas, par exemple, IA BM12) greffes de souris C57BL / 6 immunocompétents sont généralement rejetés dans 12-15 jours post-greffe (propres données et 15-20). </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

la transplantation de la peau est une méthode largement utilisée pour l&#39;étude de rejet et de la tolérance des lymphocytes T dépendant. Comme le modèle de transplantation de la peau a été établi, plusieurs adaptations et modifications ont été appliquées. Dans la procédure décrite, IA BM12 transplantation queue peau est réalisée en utilisant des gaz anesthésiques (de isofluorane). L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;anesthésie au gaz diminue le temps d&#39;exécution et la récupération des souris...

La transplantation d&#39;organes solides tels que la peau, le cœur et les reins est maintenant une procédure standard dans la pratique médicale dans le monde entier 1. Organes transplantés avec succès peuvent être rejetés par l&#39;activation du système immunitaire receveur, qui reconnaît les antigènes majeurs d&#39;histocompatibilité du donneur. Patients transplantés donc besoin d&#39;un traitement avec des médicaments immunosuppresseurs 2. Allogreffe de peau chez la souris a été créé par Medawar et ses collègues en 1955 et a été utile pour identifier les molécules ciblées plus tard décrit comme complexe majeur d&#39;histocompatibilité (CMH) de classe I et II. Depuis lors, le modèle de greffe de peau a été continuellement modifié et adapté pour étudier le rôle des sous-ensembles de lymphocytes T et de la pertinence de l&#39;intervention chimique et biologique dans la suppression du rejet de greffe 2-4. La peau de l&#39;oreille et du tronc sont plus difficiles à préparer et sont plus sensibles à l&#39;hypoxie et la nécrose de la peau queue 5; cependant,la procédure de transplantation est similaire. En outre, le suivi des greffes de peau de la queue est facile en raison de la texture des cheveux caractéristique de la peau. Cet article prévoit une procédure détaillée pour le CMH de classe II inadéquation transplantation queue peau qui permet l&#39;étude des différents aspects de CD4 + T à médiation cellulaire rejet d&#39;allogreffe et de tolérance chez les souris. La mutation à trois points naturel dans la molécule du CMH de classe II I-Ab (appelé IA BM12) 6-9 est suffisante pour induire le rejet des allogreffes de la peau chez des souris C57BL / 6 souris 8. La molécule d&#39;BM12 IA active les cellules T CD4 + avec divers récepteurs cellulaires αβ-T (TCR) des chaînes à partir de souris C57BL / 6, dont les lymphocytes T Vα2Vβ8-TCR spécifiques ont été identifiées, afin de générer une souris TCR transgéniques 10. Le transfert adoptif de lymphocytes T Vα2Vβ8-TcR-spécifiques a été utilisée pour établir un modèle de rejet dans C57B immunodéficientesL / 6 Rag2 - / - souris transplantées avec la peau IA BM12. Les différences génétiques entre donneur et receveur impact sur le résultat de l&#39;acceptation de la greffe et le rejet. Il existe différents types de greffes: autogreffes sont des greffes du destinataire individuel lui-même; syngrafts et allogreffes sont des greffes de personnes génétiquement identiques et sans lien génétique respectivement. Acceptation de différentes greffes d&#39;organes allogéniques a été démontrée par intervention chimique et biologique chez les patients et les modèles de souris 11,3,4. Dans une approche de base, anticorps anti-CD3-traité souris C57BL / 6 a montré une survie prolongée des IA BM12 queue-peau (données non publiées). L&#39;épuisement des CD4 + et T CD8 + avant la transplantation dans des souris receveuses abouti à l&#39;acceptation de CMH de classe I et II greffes incompatibles (Rev. en 12). Fait intéressant, le rejet des greffes de peau dépend de la présence de cellules CD4 + </sup&gt; Cellules T (Rev. en 12). Dans ce modèle, le ciblage des interactions spécifiques entre les différentes cellules du système immunitaire en bloquant les molécules de co-stimulation avec des anticorps ou avec suppression des cellules T régulatrices pourrait induire une tolérance (données non publiées). En effet, le blocage à la fois CD40 et CD28 conduit à long terme allogreffe de tolérance cutanée 13,14. Transplantation queue-peau est facile à réaliser et facile à contrôler par rapport à la transplantation d&#39;autres organes. En outre, les greffes de peau de la queue sont faciles à préparer et sont moins sensibles à l&#39;ischémie que les autres tissus de la peau. Contrairement aux anesthésiques injectés, l&#39;utilisation de gaz anesthésique (de isofluorane) lors de la transplantation réduit à la fois la procédure et le temps de récupération de destinataire. Curling de la greffe de peau de la queue, ce qui peut conduire à une cicatrisation incomplète, le rejet de greffe, est empêchée par l&#39;application de colle pour tissus. En outre, le modèle de transplantation queue peau IA BM12 active exclusivement CD4 <sup&gt; + Cellules T dans les deux immunocompétents et des souris immunodéficientes (de la même origine génétique) de faciliter l&#39;interprétation des résultats. Ce protocole décrit un modèle de souris fiables, reproductibles et facilement contrôlé qui permet une intervention chimique et biologique. Le modèle est conçu pour enquêter sur le rejet et l&#39;induction de tolérance des greffes de peau queue.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="831">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine Standard solution</td>
			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton swab</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31025060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dafalgan , UPSA</td>
			<td>Bristol Myers Squibb SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hansaplast Finger Strips</td>
			<td>Beierdorf AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF.76861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histoacryl Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF.1050052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leukotape classic , 2cm x 10 m</td>
			<td>BSN Medical SAS</td>
			<td>REF.02204-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS, Phosphate-Buffered Saline, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010015</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile gauze, 5 x 5cm, 8ply</td>
			<td>MaiMed GmbH</td>
			<td>21010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11003-12</td>
			<td>Narrow pattern forceps,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14095-11</td>
			<td>Fine iris scissor curved,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14094-11</td>
			<td>Fine iris scissor&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14010-15</td>
			<td>Mayo scissors,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14080-11</td>
			<td>Artery scissors ball tip 11.5 cm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11021-14</td>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Surgical Blade No.20</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Swann-Morton LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3006</td>
			<td>Carbon Steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Surgical blade Handles</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Swann-Morton LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe, 1ml</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ARTSANA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temgesic , Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ESSEX Chemie AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.3mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Tissue Culture dishes 10 cm, 60.1 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Vaseline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Vifor SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Warm pad</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Solis</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Type 223</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transplantation of tail skin to study allogeneic cd4 t cell responses in mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

Dans une première approche C57BL / 6 ont été transplantés avec IA allogreffes BM12 et IA b syngrafts. Après élimination de bandage, greffes signes manifestes de la cicatrisation sans fermeture de la zone de contact en souris C57BL / 6 (Figure 1A). Après élimination de bandage, CD4 + T inflammation à médiation cellulaire a conduit à l&#39;apparition de zones nécrotiques (taches rouges) et le rejet des IA allogreffes BM12 dans souris C57BL / 6 dans l...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

Transplantation de queue peau d&#39;étudier allogéniques CD4 réponses des cellules T chez la souris

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

transplantation-tail-skin-to-study-allogeneic-cd4-t-cell-responses

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.2K vues.  University of Basel and University Hospital Basel. Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

Vidéo: Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully generated and infused T-cells specific for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Adenovirus (Adv) using monocytes and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell (EBV-LCL) gene-modified with an adenovirus vector as antigen presenting cells (APCs). As few as 2x105/kg trivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) proliferated by several logs after infusion and appeared to prevent and treat even severe viral disease resistant to other available therapies. The broader implementation of this encouraging approach is limited by high production costs, complexity of manufacture and the prolonged time (4-6 weeks for EBV-LCL generation, and 4-8 weeks for CTL manufacture &#x2013; total 10-14 weeks) for preparation. To overcome these limitations we have developed a new, GMP-compliant CTL production protocol. First, in place of adenovectors to stimulate T-cells we use dendritic cells (DCs) nucleofected with DNA plasmids encoding LMP2, EBNA1 and BZLF1 (EBV), Hexon and Penton (Adv), and pp65 and IE1 (CMV) as antigen-presenting cells. These APCs reactivate T cells specific for all the stimulating antigens. Second, culture of activated T-cells in the presence of IL-4 (1,000U/ml) and IL-7 (10ng/ml) increases and sustains the repertoire and frequency of specific T cells in our lines. Third, we have used a new, gas permeable culture device (G-Rex) that promotes the expansion and survival of large cell numbers after a single stimulation, thus removing the requirement for EBV-LCLs and reducing technician intervention. By implementing these changes we can now produce multispecific CTL targeting EBV, CMV, and Adv at a cost per 106 cells that is reduced by &gt;90%, and in just 10 days rather than 10 weeks using an approach that may be extended to additional protective viral antigens. Our FDA-approved approach should be of value for prophylactic and treatment applications for high risk allogeneic HSCT recipients.

A rapid, simple and cost-effective protocol for the generation of donor-derived multivirus-specific CTLs (rCTL) for infusion to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at risk of developing CMV, Adv or EBV infections. This manufacturing process is GMP-compliant and should ensure the broader implementation of T-cell immunotherapy beyond specialized centers.

Génération de cellules T spécifiques Multivirus pour prévenir / traiter les infections virales, après allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

Accélération de diabète de type 1 chez la souris par induction transfert adoptif de lymphocytes CD4 + T Cells diabétogéniques

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

Transduction Adenoviral de CD4 naïfs cellules T pour étudier la différenciation Treg

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

L&#39;isolement et la différenciation Th17 de Naïve CD4 des lymphocytes T

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Induction de murin inflammation intestinale par transfert adoptif de effecteur CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Haute</sup&gt; T cellules dans des souris immunodéficientes

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Souris Naïf CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Isolement des cellules T et<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Différenciation en sous-ensembles de cellules T

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

Imagerie CD4 T Cellule interstitielle Migration dans les Derme Enflammé

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro et In Vivo l’évaluation d’activité Suppressive T, B et les cellules myéloïdes et des réponses humorales de receveurs de transplantation

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ.
This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood.
The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Here, we provide a demonstration of the suction blister cutaneous recall model. The model allows a simple access to study human in vivo adaptive immune responses, for instance in the context of vaccine development.

Un protocole de boursouflure d’aspiration pour étudier les cellules T humaines rappel Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

Évaluation des réponses de cellules T spécifiques du Virus Zika dans les organes Immunoprivileged des Ifnar1 infecté les souris- / -

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...