1 Synthèse de la N, N &#39;-. (Alcane-1, n-diyle) diisonicotinamide <ol><li> Sécher un seul cou ou ballon tricol à fond rond dans un four (100 ° C, 1 h) pour assurer toute l&#39;humidité est éliminée. </li><li> Ajouter de l&#39;acide isonicotinique solide, ou son dérivé, dans le ballon le long d&#39;un barreau d&#39;agitation magnétique. Si le ligand (s) de diaminoalcane sont solides à la température ambiante, puis 0,5 mole (au nombre de moles de numéro de l&#39;acide isonicotinique) est ajoutée à la fiole à ce stade. </li><li> Boucher le col (s) du ballon avec des septa en caoutchouc et de remplacer l&#39;air dans le flacon avec de l&#39;azote soit par un courant continu d&#39;azote ou par l&#39;utilisation de ballons gonflés à l&#39;azote. </li><li> Utiliser une aiguille hypodermique et une seringue pour ajouter le diméthylformamide ou le diméthylsulfoxyde anhydre (4 ml par 500 mg d&#39;acide isonicotinique, l&#39;acide 2-méthyl-isonicotinique) pour dissoudre le solide. Si les solides ne se dissolvent pas facilement, puis chauffer la solution doucement. </li><li> Ajouter 7 équivalents molaires (à la unemontage de l&#39;acide nicotinique utilisé) de triéthylamine (de base faible) et 0,5 équivalents molaires de la diaminoalcane. Si la solution est un liquide à température ambiante, puis ajouter 1,5 équivalents molaires. </li><li> Ajouter un équivalent molaire de l&#39;anhydride 1-propylphosphonique (agent de couplage) avec une agitation continue et permettre à la réaction pour terminer au-dessus de 5 à 12 hr. </li></ol> 2. Purification des ligands <ol><li> Pour bispyridine ligands faites en utilisant des ligands diaminoalcane avec 10 ou plusieurs groupes méthylène, attendre que les produits de la précipitation à partir de solution que la réaction progresse. </li><li> Pour bispyridine faites en utilisant des ligands diaminooctane, précipiter le produit par addition de ~ 40 ml d&#39;eau. </li><li> Pour bispyridine diaminoalcanes faite en utilisant de deux à six groupes méthylène, ajouter ~ 40 ml d&#39;eau et permet aux composés cristallisent au cours de 1-3 jours. </li><li> Recueillir chaque ligand bispyridine par filtration sous vide et on recristallise à partir d&#39;environ 400 à 500 ml d&#39;eau bouillante par 200mg de ligand. Remarque: Plus l&#39;eau est nécessaire pour les ligands plus bispyridine en raison de leur solubilité dans l&#39;eau très réduite. </li><li> Ajouter NaOH et KOH (pH 9) à la solution pour faire en sorte que les composés sont des bases libres lors de la recristallisation. </li></ol> 3. Synthèse et purification des dinucléaires Platinum Complexes <ol><li> Dissoudre complètement trans-diamminodichloridoplatinum (II), transplatine, dans (70-80 º C) de l&#39;eau chaude (150 ml par 200 mg de transplatine) pour produire une solution de couleur jaune clair fortement. </li><li> Ajouter un 0,5 équivalent molaire du ligand bispyridine et agiter la solution à la température jusqu&#39;à dissolution du ligand (solution limpide). Attendez que la solution à tourner presque incolore, éteindre le feu, et agiter à température ambiante pendant quelques heures supplémentaires. </li><li> Eliminer le solvant par evaporation rotative, ce qui va donner une poudre de couleur jaune. </li><li> Purifier le complexe de platine (s) par dissolution dans une quantité minimale d&#39;eau chaude (~ 50 &amp;N ° 186, C). Si restants solides de couleur jaune ou blanche sont présents, puis filtrer ces off. </li><li> Ajouter de l&#39;acétone à la solution jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;un précipité blanc se forme, qui semble être une forme polymère de complexes métalliques et représente jusqu&#39;à 10% du produit de réaction. Continuer à ajouter de l&#39;acétone (~ 20-30 ml) supplémentaires jusqu&#39;à ce que plus précipité apparaît. Remarque: ce précipité blanc est une impureté. </li><li> Supprimer ce précipité par filtration le contenu à travers un papier filtre en nylon (0,2 um de taille de pore) et evaporation rotative de la solution restante à siccité, ce qui donnera un produit pur. Remarque: Si nécessaire, des mesures supplémentaires alors acétone de précipitations peuvent être effectuées jusqu&#39;à ce que le complexe est pur. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wheate, N. J., Walker, S., Craig, G. E., Oun, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+platinum+anticancer+drugs+in+the+clinic+and+in+clinical+trials.">The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials.</a> Dalton Trans. 39, 8113-8127 (2010).</li><li>Kiernan, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pain+with+platinum:+oxaliplatin+and+neuropathy.">The pain with platinum: oxaliplatin and neuropathy.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 43, 2631-2633 (2007).</li><li>Markman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+features+of+hypersensitivity+reactions+to+carboplatin.">Clinical features of hypersensitivity reactions to carboplatin.</a> J Clin. Oncol. 17, 1141-1145 (1999).</li><li>Ding, D., Allman, B. L., Salvi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+Ototoxic+characteristics+of+platinum+antitumor+drugs.">Review: Ototoxic characteristics of platinum antitumor drugs.</a> Anatomical Rec. 295, 1851-1867 (2012).</li><li>Galluzzi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+cisplatin+resistance.">Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance.</a> Oncogene. 31, 1869-1883 (2012).</li><li>Park, G. Y., Wilson, J. J., Song, Y., Lippard, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenanthriplatin,+a+monofunctional+DNA-binding+platinum+anticancer+drug+candidate+with+unusual+potency+and+cellular+activity+profile.">Phenanthriplatin, a monofunctional DNA-binding platinum anticancer drug candidate with unusual potency and cellular activity profile.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 109, 11987-11992 (2012).</li><li>Moghaddas, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=next+generation+platinum+antitumor+agents:+A+paradigm+shift+in+designing+and+defining+molecular+targets.">next generation platinum antitumor agents: A paradigm shift in designing and defining molecular targets.</a> Inorg. Chim. Acta. 393, 173-181 (2012).</li><li>Farrell, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platinum+formulations+as+anticancer+drugs+clinical+and+pre-clinical+studies.">Platinum formulations as anticancer drugs clinical and pre-clinical studies.</a> Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 11, 2623-2631 (2011).</li><li>Wheate, N. J., Collins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-nuclear+platinum+complexes+as+anti-cancer+drugs.">Multi-nuclear platinum complexes as anti-cancer drugs.</a> Coord. Chem. Rev. 241, 133-145 (2003).</li><li>Gourley, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+study+of+the+trinuclear+platinum+compound,+BBR3464,+in+combination+with+protracted+venous+infusional+5-fluorouracil+in+patients+with+advanced+cancer.">A phase I study of the trinuclear platinum compound, BBR3464, in combination with protracted venous infusional 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced cancer.</a> Cancer Chemoth. Pharmacol. 53, 95-101 (2004).</li><li>Calvert, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+II+clinical+study+of+BBR3464,+a+novel,+bifunctional+platinum+analogue,+in+patients+with+advanced+ovarian+cancer.">Phase II clinical study of BBR3464, a novel, bifunctional platinum analogue, in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 37, (2001).</li><li>Jodrell, D. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+II+studies+with+BBR3464,+a+novel+tri-nuclear+platinum+complex,+in+patients+with+gastric+or+gastro-oesophageal+adenocarcinoma.">Phase II studies with BBR3464, a novel tri-nuclear platinum complex, in patients with gastric or gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 40, 1872-1877 (2004).</li><li>William, W. N., Glisson, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+strategies+for+the+treatment+of+small-cell+lung+carcinoma.">Novel strategies for the treatment of small-cell lung carcinoma.</a> Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 611-619 (2011).</li><li>Raynaud, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cis-Amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)+Platinum(II)+(AMD473),+a+novel+sterically+hindered+platinum+complex:+In+vivo+activity,+toxicology,+and+pharmacokinetics+in+mice.">cis-Amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine) Platinum(II) (AMD473), a novel sterically hindered platinum complex: In vivo activity, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics in mice.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 2063-2074 (1997).</li><li>Holford, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=biochemical+and+pharmacological+activity+of+the+novel+sterically+hindered+platinum+co-ordination+complex+cis-[amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)]+platinum(II)+(AMD473).">biochemical and pharmacological activity of the novel sterically hindered platinum co-ordination complex cis-[amminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)] platinum(II) (AMD473).</a> Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 13, 1-18 (1998).</li><li>Munk, V. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigations+into+the+interactions+between+DNA+and+conformationally+constrained+pyridylamine+platinum(II)+analogues+of+AMD473.">Investigations into the interactions between DNA and conformationally constrained pyridylamine platinum(II) analogues of AMD473.</a> Inorg. Chem. 42, 3582-3590 (2003).</li><li>Wheate, N. J., Collins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-nuclear+platinum+drugs:+A+new+paradigm+in+chemotherapy.">Multi-nuclear platinum drugs: A new paradigm in chemotherapy.</a> Curr. Med. Chem. - Anti-Cancer Agents. 5, 267-279 (2005).</li><li>Beale, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+clinical+and+pharmacological+study+of+cis-diamminedichloro(2-methylpyridine)+platinumm+II+(AMD473).">A phase I clinical and pharmacological study of cis-diamminedichloro(2-methylpyridine) platinumm II (AMD473).</a> British journal of cancer. 88, 1128-1134 (2003).</li><li>Sessa, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+pharmacological+phase+I+study+with+accelerated+titration+design+of+a+daily+times+five+schedule+of+BBR3464,+a+novel+cationic+triplatinum+complex.">Clinical and pharmacological phase I study with accelerated titration design of a daily times five schedule of BBR3464, a novel cationic triplatinum complex.</a> Ann. Oncol. 11, 977-983 (2000).</li><li>Brown, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+aspects+of+the+platinum+anticancer+drugs+picoplatin+and+BBR3464+to+synthesize+a+new+family+of+sterically+hindered+dinuclear+complexes;+their+synthesis,+binding+kinetics+and+cytotoxicity.">Combining aspects of the platinum anticancer drugs picoplatin and BBR3464 to synthesize a new family of sterically hindered dinuclear complexes; their synthesis, binding kinetics and cytotoxicity.</a> Dalton Trans. 41, 11330-11339 (2012).</li><li>Still, B. M., Anil Kumar, P. G., Aldrich-Wright, J. R., Price, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=195Pt+NMR+-+Theory+and+application.">195Pt NMR - Theory and application.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 36, 665-686 (2007).</li><li>Wheate, N. J., Cullinane, C., Webster, L. K., Collins, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+cytotoxicity,+cell+uptake+and+DNA+interstrand+cross-linking+of+4,4'-dipyrazolylmethane-linked+multinuclear+platinum+anti-cancer+complexes.">Synthesis, cytotoxicity, cell uptake and DNA interstrand cross-linking of 4,4'-dipyrazolylmethane-linked multinuclear platinum anti-cancer complexes.</a> Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 16, 91-98 (2001).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Dans ce travail, des complexes dinucléaires de platine ont été synthétisés comme agents anticancéreux potentiels. Ce faisant ligands de pontage bispyridine ont été synthétisés par une réaction de couplage de type amide en utilisant de l&#39;acide isonicotinique et diaminoalcanes de longueur variable. Auparavant, la synthèse de bispyridine ligands et leurs analogues méthylés avec 2 à 8 groupes méthylène et de leurs complexes de platine respectifs ont été rapportés. Dans cet article, la méthode de syn...

Médicaments anticancéreux platine demeurent l&#39;une des familles les plus largement utilisés des agents dans le traitement du cancer humain 1. Malgré leur succès, ils sont limités dans leur application par les graves effets secondaires limitant la dose 2-4. Les doses limitées qui peuvent être administrées à des patients signifie aussi que les tumeurs peuvent développer une résistance 5. Ainsi, les nouveaux médicaments continuent d&#39;être mis au point pour améliorer le profil d&#39;effets secondaires et de surmonter la résistance acquise, comme phenanthriplatin 6 et 7 phosphaplatin. À la fin des années 1990, un médicament tricycliques de platine a été développé, BBR3464 (schéma 1) 8, qui est jusqu&#39;à 1000 x plus cytotoxique in vitro que le médicament de platine de premier plan, le cisplatine. BBR3464 est également en mesure de surmonter la résistance acquise à un panel de lignées de cellules cancéreuses humaines 9. Malheureusement, l&#39;augmentation de l&#39;activité de BBR3464 est compensée par 50 - 100 - fois plus toxique, quilimite son utilisation 10-12. Il est également facilement dégradés dans l&#39;organisme, ce qui signifie peu du médicament atteint d&#39;un cancer des noyaux intacts 9. Picoplatin est un médicament à base de platine mononucléaires qui contient un ligand (schéma 1) 13 2-méthyl-pyridine. Le groupe méthyle de ce médicament, la protège contre l&#39;attaque par des nucléophiles biologiques; en particulier la cystéine et la méthionine contenant des peptides / protéines 14-16. En tant que tel, le médicament est très stable et a une concentration beaucoup plus élevée que les noyaux atteint du cancer par rapport à la fois avec le cisplatine et BBR3464 17. Sa réactivité réduite signifie aussi picoplatin a une dose maximale tolérée supérieur par rapport à BBR3464 et cisplatine 10,18,19. Ce projet a donc cherché à combiner les propriétés de BBR3464 et picoplatin à produire de nouveaux médicaments qui sont en mesure de surmonter la résistance acquise à afficher une meilleure stabilité biologique et moins sévère côté-effects (par exemple, la figure 1). Pour ce faire, une série de complexes de platine dinucléaires ont été préparés avec des ligands pontants bispyridine 20. Les ligands sont réalisées en utilisant des réactions de couplage d&#39;amide avec de l&#39;acide isonicotinique, ou ses dérivés tels que le 2-méthyl-isonicotinique, diaminoalcanes de longueur variable. Réaction d&#39;un équivalent molaire des ligands avec deux équivalents molaires de transplatine, on obtient les complexes de platine désirés (Schéma 1).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="782">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">D2O</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">151882</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.9% D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">DMSO-d6</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">156914</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.96% D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">1,8-diaminooctane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D22401</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">1,10-diaminodecane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D14204</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:297px;">1,12-diaminododecane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D1,640-1</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Isonicotinic acid</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">I17508</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:297px;">1-Propylphosphonic anhydride solution</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">431303</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">50 wt% in ethyl acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:297px;">Trans-diaminodichloridoplatinum(II)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P1525</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Dimethylsulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Z76855</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#62;99.9%, anhydrous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">N,N&#8217;-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.8%, anhydrous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">T0886</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Nylon filter membranes</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">7402-004</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pore size, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Magnetic stirring hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Magnetic stirring bar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Round bottom or three neck flask</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Rubber septums of sufficient size for chosen round bottom or three neck flask</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">5 mL hypodermic syringes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Hypodermic needles</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rubber party ballons</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rubber bands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">A source of N2 gas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Drying oven</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">NMR tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">500 mL beakers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Glass or plastic pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of bispyridine-based ligands and their complexation to platinum as dinuclear anticancer agents

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is 1H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.

Les ligands de bispyridine et leurs complexes de platine dinucléaires respectifs sont caractérisés par une H, 13 C et 195 Pt RMN (Tableaux 1 et 2), et la spectroscopie de masse à ionisation par électrospray. Les points de fusion précis peuvent être déterminés en utilisant la calorimétrie à balayage différentiel et la pureté est le mieux déterminé par analyse élémentaire pour C, H et N la teneur en pourcentage. De plus l&#39;utilisation e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents at JoVE.com

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Ce protocole décrit l&#39;utilisation de réactions de couplage de l&#39;amide d&#39;acide isonicotinique et diaminoalcanes pour former ligands pontants appropriés pour une utilisation dans la synthèse de complexes de platine polynucléaires, qui combinent les aspects des médicaments anticancéreux et BBR3464 picoplatin.

Amide Réaction de couplage pour la synthèse de ligands à base de bispyridine et leur complexation Platinum comme dinucléaires agents anticancéreux

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. ...

amide-coupling-reaction-for-synthesis-bispyridine-based-ligands-their

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.8K vues.  The University of Sydney.  Ce protocole décrit l'utilisation de réactions de couplage de l'amide d'acide isonicotinique et diaminoalcanes pour former ligands pontants appropriés pour une utilisation dans la synthèse de complexes de platine polynucléaires, qui combinent les aspects des médicaments anticancéreux et BBR3464 picoplatin. 

Vidéo: Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; therefore their preparation should be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of these complexes can be achieved by the MTT assay.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric viability assay based on enzymatic reduction of the MTT molecule to formazan when it is exposed to viable cells. The outcome of the reduction is a color change of the MTT molecule. Absorbance measurements relative to a control determine the percentage of remaining viable cancer cells following their treatment with varying concentrations of a tested compound, which is translated to the compound anticancer activity and its IC50 values. The MTT assay is widely common in cytotoxicity studies due to its accuracy, rapidity, and relative simplicity.
Herein we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of air sensitive metal based drugs and cell viability measurements, including preparation of the cell plates, incubation of the compounds with the cells, viability measurements using the MTT assay, and determination of IC50 values.

A method for synthesis of air-sensitive titanium and vanadium anticancer agents is described, along with the evaluation of their cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell line by the MTT Assay.

Complexes métalliques anticancéreux: Synthèse et évaluation de la cytotoxicité par le dosage au MTT

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

Recherche

Chimie

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

Split-et-piscine Synthèse et caractérisation de peptides tertiaire Amide Bibliothèque

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

We demonstrate a novel synthesis strategy for the preparation of Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics via a combination of solid state reaction and spark plasma sintering techniques. Polycrystalline ceramics possessing a unique morphology can be achieved by optimizing the process parameters, particularly spark plasma sintering heating rate. The phase and morphology of the synthesized ceramics were investigated in detail using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microcopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was observed that the grains of these bulk Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics were enhanced with Pr-rich grain boundaries. Electronic and thermal transport properties were also investigated as a function of temperature and doping concentration. Such a microstructure was found to give rise to improved thermoelectric properties. Specifically, it resulted in a significant improvement in carrier mobility and the thermoelectric power factor. Simultaneously, it also led to a marked reduction in the thermal conductivity. As a result, a significant improvement (> 30%) in the thermoelectric figure of merit was achieved for the whole temperature range over all previously reported maximum values for SrTiO3-based ceramics. This synthesis demonstrates the steps for the preparation of bulk polycrystalline ceramics of non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3.

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

A protocol for the synthesis and processing of polycrystalline SrTiO3 ceramics doped non-uniformly with Pr is presented along with the investigation of their thermoelectric properties.

Synthèse de SrTiO non uniformément dopé Pr<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Céramique et leurs propriétés thermoélectriques

We demonstrate a novel synthesis strategy for the preparation of Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics via a combination of solid state reaction and spark plasma ...

Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the material with Au(III) ions. The synthesis method was derived from a sol-gel process used to produce micron-sized monosodium titanate (MST), with several key modifications, including altering reagent concentrations, omitting a particle seed step, and introducing a non-ionic surfactant to facilitate control of particle formation and growth. The resultant nMST material exhibits spherical-shaped particle morphology with a monodisperse distribution of particle diameters in the range from 100 to 150&#160;nm. The nMST material was found to have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 285 m2g-1, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the micron-sized MST. The isoelectric point of the nMST measured 3.34 pH units, which is a pH unit lower than that measured for the micron-size MST. The nMST material was found to serve as an effective ion exchanger under weakly acidic conditions for the preparation of an Au(III)-exchange nanotitanate. In addition, the formation of the corresponding peroxotitanate was demonstrated by reaction of the nMST with hydrogen peroxide.

The surfactant mediated sol-gel synthesis of nanosized monosodium titanate is described, along with preparation of the corresponding peroxide modified material. An ion-exchange reaction with Au(III) is also presented.

Synthèse et Réaction Chimie des nanoparticules monosodique titanate

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST-1 en tant que catalyseur hétérogène pour la synthèse de la vanilline

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

Synthèse des bioconjugués protéiques<em&gt; via</em&gt; Cystéine-maléimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single molecule level. An electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process is used for the synthesis of the cyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)). The diffusive motion of individual cyclic polymer chains in a melt state is visualized using single molecule fluorescence imaging by incorporating a fluorophore unit in the cyclic chains. The diffusive motion of the chains is quantitatively characterized by means of a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis and a cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The cyclic polymer exhibits multiple-mode diffusion which is distinct from its linear counterpart. The results demonstrate that the diffusional heterogeneity of polymers that is often hidden behind ensemble averaging can be revealed by the efficient synthesis of the cyclic polymers using the ESA-CF process and the quantitative analysis of the diffusive motion at the single molecule level using the MSD and CDF analyses.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of diffusive motion of cyclic polymers at the single molecule level is presented.

Synthèse des polymères cycliques et caractérisation de leur mouvement Diffusive dans l&#39;État Melt à la molécule unique Level

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their purpose is to enhance the relaxation rate of water protons in tissue, thus increasing the MR image contrast and the specificity of the MRI measurements. Current clinically approved contrast agents are low molecular weight molecules that are rapidly cleared from the body. The use of dendrimers as carriers of paramagnetic chelators can play an important role in the future development of more efficient MRI contrast agents. Specifically, the increase in local concentration of the paramagnetic species results in a higher signal contrast. Furthermore, this CA provides a longer tissue retention time due to its high molecular weight and size. Here, we demonstrate a convenient procedure for the preparation of macromolecular MRI contrast agents based on poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with monomacrocyclic DOTA-type chelators (DOTA &#8211; 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate). The chelating unit was appended by exploiting the reactivity of the isothiocyanate (NCS) group towards the amine surface groups of the PAMAM dendrimer to form thiourea bridges. Dendrimeric products were purified and analyzed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Finally, high resolution MR images were recorded and the signal contrasts obtained from the prepared dendrimeric and the commercially available monomeric agents were compared.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This protocol describes the preparation and characterization of a dendrimeric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that carries cyclen-based macrocyclic chelates coordinating paramagnetic gadolinium ions. In a series of MRI experiments in vitro, this agent produced an amplified MRI signal when compared to the commercially available monomeric analogue.

Préparation et<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Caractérisation des agents de contraste à base de dendrimères pour imagerie par résonance magnétique

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

Synthèse de nanofils Platinum-nickel et optimisation des performances de réduction de l’oxygène

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the aziridine ring. The utility of bicyclic aziridinium ions, specifically 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate highlighted in the aziridine ring openings by the nucleophile with the release of the ring strain to yield the corresponding ring-expanded azaheterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane with diverse substituents on the ring in regio- and stereospecific manner. Herein, we report a simple and convenient method for the preparation of the stable 1-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate followed by selective ring opening via a nucleophilic attack either at the bridge or at the bridgehead carbon to yield piperidine and azepane rings, respectively. This synthetic strategy allowed us to prepare biologically active natural products containing piperidine and azepane motif including sedamine, allosedamine, fagomine and balanol in highly efficient manner.

Bicyclic aziridinium ions such as 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate were generated from 2-[4-tolenesulfonyloxybutyl]aziridine, which was utilized for the preparation of substituted piperidines and azepanes via regio- and stereospecific ring-expansion with various nucleophiles. This highly efficient protocol allowed us to prepare diverse azaheterocycles including natural products such as fagomine, febrifugine analogue and balanol.

Préparation des Ions Aziridinium bicycliques Stable et leur ouverture pour la synthèse de Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...