The authors thank Drs. Steven Chu and Joe W. Gray for helpful discussions, Henry Marr for his initial work on the BiFC-PALM project, and Alexis Shoemaker for her technical assistance. This work is supported by startup funds to X.N. from OHSU. Research in the Nan laboratory was also supported by NIH 5U54CA143836-05, the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, the M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust, and the FEI company.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

BiFC est une technique couramment utilisée pour détecter et visualiser les cellules dans les IPP, alors que PALM est une technique de microscopie récent seule molécule à hyper-résolution nanométrique qui permet l&#39;imagerie d&#39;échantillons biologiques intacts. La combinaison de BiFC avec PALM atteint imagerie sélective des IPP dans une cellule avec une résolution spatiale de nanomètre et sensibilité unique molécule. BiFC-PALM étend l&#39;utilité de ces deux techniques, et comme l&#39;a démontré dan...

Interactions protéine-protéine (IPP) sont fondamentales pour la biologie 1 et sont strictement réglementés par des mécanismes spatio-temporelles dans de nombreuses échelles de temps et de longueur. Des études sur la signalisation sur la membrane cellulaire cellule, par exemple, ont mis en évidence des compartiments spatiales dynamiques, à l&#39;échelle nanométrique qui facilitent IPP processus cellulaires spécifiques et 2. Par conséquent, la capacité de sonder IPP dans les systèmes biologiques avec des résolutions suffisantes spatiales et temporelles, haute spécificité et une sensibilité élevée est essentielle pour parvenir à une compréhension des mécanismes de la biologie. Bimoléculaire complémentation de fluorescence (BiFC) est l&#39;un des rares outils existants pour visualiser IPP dans une cellule avec une résolution subcellulaire et la compatibilité des cellules vivantes 3 ​​- 5. La technique est relativement simple et implique le fractionnement d&#39;une protéine de fluorescence en deux fragments non fluorescents; lorsque génétiquement marqués à deux protéines interagissant etamené à proximité, les fragments peuvent reconstituer pour former une protéine fluorescente complet, ce qui donne le signal fluorescent. Lorsqu&#39;il est correctement conçu, sondes BiFC ne devraient pas reconstituer spontanément en l&#39;absence des IPP. En tant que tel, le signal de fluorescence dans un essai BiFC ne se posera que dans la présence d&#39;IPP, ce qui permet la visualisation directe des IPP avec une spécificité élevée. Les avantages supplémentaires de l&#39;utilisation de la fluorescence que la lecture sont une haute sensibilité, une résolution subcellulaire, et la compatibilité avec un débit élevé et contenu dosages élevés de dépistage, entre autres. Pour ces avantages, un certain nombre de sondes BiFC basés sur différentes protéines fluorescentes parent ont été développés. Comme dans toutes les autres techniques de détection basées sur la microscopie optique classique, cependant, la résolution spatiale est limitée à BiFC ~ 250 nm par la diffraction de la lumière. Cela en fait un défi pour étudier la régulation des IPP à l&#39;échelle nanométrique, qui, comme évoqué plus haut et illustré par des radeaux lipidiques 6 unee nanoclusters Ras 7, est une échelle de longueur essentielle à la compréhension de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la signalisation. BiFC a été combinée avec Microscopie Palm (PALM) 8,9 à surmonter cette limite de résolution spatiale pour former une image 10 IPP. PALM est une technique de microscopie à hyper-résolution récente qui contourne la limite de diffraction dans l&#39;imagerie de fluorescence par l&#39;activation et la localisation stochastique subdiffractive de molécules fluorescentes simples. Dans chaque cycle d&#39;activation, une molécule fluorescente émet de quelques centaines à quelques milliers de photons et donnent lieu à une seule image molécule sur le détecteur. Bien que cette image est limité par diffraction (~ 250 nm de large), son centre de gravité peut être déterminée avec une précision beaucoup plus élevée, typiquement de l&#39;ordre de 10 à 50 nm en fonction du nombre de photons détectés. En activant et la localisation de chaque molécule fluorescente dans l&#39;échantillon, une image haute résolution peut être reconstruit. Performed sur les cellules vivantes, seule molécule de suivi (SMT) PALM permet en outre l&#39;acquisition de milliers de trajectoires de diffusion de la protéine d&#39;une cellule unique 11. Surtout, PALM utilise des sondes fluorescentes spécialisées telles que les protéines fluorescentes photoactivables (PA-MF) pour obtenir l&#39;activation stochastique. Depuis deux BiFC et des protéines fluorescentes utilisation PALM, ils ont été combinés en fractionnant PAmCherry1, un PA-FP couramment utilisé pour PALM, en deux fragments entre les acides aminés 159 et 160. Le système basé sur PAmCherry1 BiFC partagé affiche faible signal de fond à partir de la reconstitution spontanée des deux fragments. Lorsque génétiquement marqués à une paire de protéines en interaction, les deux fragments (RN = 1 à 159 résidus de distillation; RC = Met + résidus 160-236) reconstitué de manière efficace pour former des protéines complètes PAmCherry1 même à 37 ° C et sans incubation à des températures plus basses, ce qui est pas le cas pour d&#39;autres paires BiFC 12 comme le parent mCherry 13. Furthermore, la protéine de PAmCherry1 reconstitué conservé les propriétés photophysiques du PAmCherry1 mère, comme rapport de contraste élevé, rendement photonique moyen et photoactivation rapide, entre autres, qui sont essentiels pour la précision de localisation de la molécule unique et PALM imagerie à haute résolution. Dans ce protocole, l&#39;utilisation de BiFC-PALM pour imager interactions Ras-Raf dans des cellules en utilisant U2OS scission PAmCherry1 (figure 1A) est décrite. La première étape consiste à concevoir des constructions pour l&#39;expression de protéines de fusion entre des fragments PAmCherry1 (c.-à-RN et RC) et les protéines d&#39;intérêt. En théorie, pour chaque paire de protéines candidates (A et B), il y a huit paires de protéines de fusion à tester: RN-A / RC-B; RN-A / B-RC; RC-A / RN-B; RC-A / B-RN; A-RN / RC-B; A-RN / B-RC; A-RC / RN-B; et A-RC / B-RN. Ce processus peut souvent être simplifié en prenant en compte les propriétés structurales ou biochimiques des protéines candidates. Dans le cas de Ras, la protéine estmodifiée après traduction à la boîte CAAX C-terminal (C = Cys; A = aliphatique; X = y en a), après quoi le motif de AAX est clivé. Par conséquent, RN ou RC ne peuvent être fusionnés à l&#39;extrémité N-terminale de Ras; ce qui réduit le nombre de paires de protéines de fusion à quatre (figure 1B). Pour Raf, le domaine Ras-contraignant (RBD; résidus 51-131) sont utilisées et peuvent être étiquetés à chaque extrémité. Ces quatre configurations de fusion ont été générés: RN-KRAS / RC-Raf RBD; RN-KRAS / Raf-RBD RC; RC-KRAS / RN-Raf RBD; et RC-KRAS / Raf RBD-RN. En outre, l&#39;agent de liaison entre les fragments et les protéines d&#39;intérêt devra prendre en compte. Un lieur flexible d&#39;environ dix acides aminés est souvent utilisé car il offre une liberté suffisante pour la complémentation de se produire. Une telle liaison est (GGGGS) x2, mais il ya beaucoup d&#39;autres qui ont été appliquées avec succès, y compris des séquences aléatoires générées à partir d&#39;un site de clonage multiple (MCS) 14. La longueur des segments de liaison peut avoir besoin d&#39;être optimisé depending sur la taille des protéines d&#39;intérêt et leurs orientations lors de l&#39;interaction. Les fragments de PAmCherry1 sont contenues dans une petite épine dorsale de clonage avec accompagnement PMM (voir liste des matières). Les gènes d&#39;intérêt peut être inséré via les sites de restriction ou avec un procédé de ligature indépendante. Après vérification de la séquence et le clonage, la cassette d&#39;expression est transféré dans un vecteur d&#39;expression en utilisant une réaction de recombinase, un procédé de clonage avec une grande fidélité et une grande efficacité. Ensuite, les constructions d&#39;expression résultants sont transfectés dans la lignée cellulaire cible ou, si une lignée cellulaire stable est souhaitée, conditionné dans des lentivirus pour infecter la lignée cellulaire cible. Transfection transitoire permet de valider rapidement les configurations BiFC, mais les problèmes potentiels doit être noté. Transfection en utilisant des produits chimiques souvent souligne les cellules, entraînant une forte auto-fluorescence; tandis que l&#39;utilisation totale de la fluorescence à réflexion interne (FRBR) microscopy peut atténuer ce signal de fond en limitant le volume de l&#39;éclairage, la FRBR idéal lorsque les IPP ont lieu sur la membrane cellulaire. En outre, des transfections transitoires conduisent souvent à des niveaux élevés d&#39;expression de protéines, dépassant de loin celles des protéines endogènes, qui peuvent causer des artefacts à détecter les IPP. Par conséquent, il est recommandé que les lignées cellulaires stables sont établies après une configuration BiFC appropriée a été déterminée par l&#39;essai initial. Des lignées cellulaires stables ont également le potentiel pour l&#39;expression accordable par induction 15 doxycycline. Après l&#39;infection, les cellules sont sélectionnées avec des antibiotiques, typiquement la puromycine et à la néomycine, une pour chaque construction. Les étapes suivantes de préparation de l&#39;échantillon, l&#39;acquisition de l&#39;image, et l&#39;analyse des données vont être décrits en détail dans les protocoles. Avec cette approche, la formation de grappes à l&#39;échelle nanométrique en images BiFC-paume de Ras-Raf RBD sont régulièrement observé (figure 2A &lt;/ strong&gt;). Constamment, les trajectoires SMT-paume de Ras-Raf RBD montrent une distribution hétérogène dans les Etats de diffusion (figure 2B-D). Ces résultats suggèrent que les complexes de Ras-Raf existent dans de multiples états sur la membrane cellulaire, probablement en tant que monomères et des grappes, avec des conséquences biologiques potentiels. Ce travail démontre la puissance de BiFC-PALM en imagerie sélective des IPP dans les cellules avec une résolution spatiale de nanomètre et sensibilité unique molécule, ce qui serait difficile à obtenir avec BiFC conventionnelle, la fluorescence co-localisation, ou le transfert d&#39;énergie de résonance de fluorescence (FRET). Lors de la conception des expériences BiFC et interpréter les résultats, il est important de garder à l&#39;esprit que le processus est irréversible BiFC dans la plupart des cas, y compris PAmCherry1 scission. Une fois que les deux fragments se combinent et forment une protéine de PAmCherry1 complet, la liaison entre les deux fragments, et donc l&#39;IPP devient permanente. Ceci limite l&#39;utilisation de BiFC et BiFC-PALM pour la surveillance de la dynamique des IPP (c.-à-cinétique de liaison et pas la dynamique de diffusion du complexe protéique fois qu&#39;il est formé) et parfois pourrait même conduire à une mauvaise localisation des complexes de PPI. Un autre facteur à considérer lors de la conception des expériences BiFC-Palm est le retard dans la maturation chromophore qui est inhérente à des protéines fluorescentes. Une fois que deux protéines interagissent et les fragments de PF se réunissent, ils replient généralement de l&#39;ordre de secondes (à mi-temps de 60 sec pour EYFP 3). Toutefois, après maturation chromophore fluorescent et se développent sur le signal de l&#39;ordre de minutes. Alors que la fluorescence peut être détectable dans les 10 min après reconstitution du split-Vénus, une variante rapide pliage YFP, la mi-temps pour la maturation en général est souvent autour de 60 min 16. Split-PAmCherry1 a été observé que des taux similaires. Par conséquent, BiFC et BiFC-PALM sont des choix actuellement pauvres pour le suivi cinétique de PPI en temps réel; autre methodes, comme FRET et une dimérisation récemment développé la protéine fluorescente dépendante 17, peut être plus adapté à cet effet.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>TIRF Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60X oil immersion TIRF objective with 1.49 NA</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>iXon Ultra 897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>561 nm laser</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>405 nm laser</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>561 nm dichroic mirror</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>&#160;Di01-R405/488/561/635-25x36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>561 nm filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF01-525/45-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>405/561 nm notch filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>NF01-405/488/568-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature and CO2 controlled stage</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR-D-TOPO-PAmCherry1_1-159-MCS</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>60545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR-D-TOPO-PAmCherry160-236-MCS</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>60546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pcDNA3.2-DEST</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12489-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pLenti-DEST</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.addgene.org/Eric_Campeau/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>F-531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-Fusion HD Cloning</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>639649</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LR Clonase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vira Power Lentivirus Packaging</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>K497500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-tremeGENE Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>13873800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab-Tek II Chambered Coverglass</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>155409</td>
			<td>#1.5 glass bottom dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U2OS cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-96</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293T/17 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with phenol red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM no phenol red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovit&#39;s L-15, no phenol red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21083-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reduced serum medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lentiviral concentrator</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>631231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retroviral concentrator</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>631455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm culture dish</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>107689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G-418</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>345812</td>
			<td>Neomycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxycyline</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>EDS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>3777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP358</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 nm gold particles</td>
			<td>BBI Solutions</td>
			<td>EM.GC100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular grade water</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dpn1</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniprep kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midiprep kit</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.6 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>05-408-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>05-408-137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>05-539-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL&#160; polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14 mL polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL tube</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR tube</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>C-3328-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOC medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>244610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Competent cells</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C4040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

photoactivated localization microscopy with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc-palm)

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are key molecular events to biology. However, it remains a challenge to visualize PPIs with sufficient resolution and sensitivity in cells because the resolution of conventional light microscopy is diffraction-limited to ~250 nm. By combining bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) with photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), PPIs can be visualized in cells with single molecule sensitivity and nanometer spatial resolution. BiFC is a commonly used technique for visualizing PPIs with fluorescence contrast, which involves splitting of a fluorescent protein into two non-fluorescent fragments. PALM is a recent superresolution microscopy technique for imaging biological samples at the nanometer and single molecule scales, which uses phototransformable fluorescent probes such as photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PA-FPs). BiFC-PALM was demonstrated by splitting PAmCherry1, a PA-FP compatible with PALM, for its monomeric nature, good single molecule brightness, high contrast ratio, and utility for stoichiometry measurements. When split between amino acids 159 and 160, PAmCherry1 can be made into a BiFC probe that reconstitutes efficiently at 37 &#176;C with high specificity to PPIs and low non-specific reconstitution. Ras-Raf interaction is used as an example to show how BiFC-PALM helps to probe interactions at the nanometer scale and with single molecule resolution. Their diffusion can also be tracked in live cells using single molecule tracking (smt-) PALM. In this protocol, factors to consider when designing the fusion proteins for BiFC-PALM are discussed, sample preparation, image acquisition, and data analysis steps are explained, and a few exemplary results are showcased. Providing high spatial resolution, specificity, and sensitivity, BiFC-PALM is a useful tool for studying PPIs in intact biological samples.

L&#39;exemple BiFC-PALM est montré KRAS mutant G12D interagir avec les Ras domaine de liaison (RBD) du CRAF (figure 1A). Comme on le verra, le RN ou fragments sont marqués RC à l&#39;extrémité C-terminale de Ras, car il perturberait la localisation membranaire et donc l&#39;activité biologique de Ras. Cela réduit les combinaisons possibles de huit à quatre (figure 1B). Chacune de ces quatre combinaisons a été introduit dans des cellules en utilisant U2OS infection lentivirale....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC-PALM at JoVE.com

Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC-PALM

Protein-protein interactions are visualized in cells with nanometer spatial resolution by combining bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) with photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). Described here is the use of BiFC-PALM for imaging Ras-Raf interactions in U2OS cells for visualizing the nanoscale clustering and diffusion of individual Ras-Raf complexes.

Photoactivés Localisation Microscopie avec Bimoléculaire complémentation de fluorescence (BiFC-PALM)

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are key molecular events to biology. However, it remains a challenge to visualize PPIs with sufficient resolution and ...

photoactivated-localization-microscopy-with-bimolecular-fluorescence

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC-PALM)

9.8K vues.  Oregon Health and Science University. Protein-protein interactions are visualized in cells with nanometer spatial resolution by combining bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) with photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). Described here is the use of BiFC-PALM for imaging Ras-Raf interactions in U2OS cells for visualizing the nanoscale clustering and diffusion of individual Ras-Raf complexes. 

Vidéo: Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC-PALM

Visualization of Cortex Organization and Dynamics in Microorganisms, using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

TIRF microscopy has emerged as a powerful imaging technology to study spatio-temporal dynamics of fluorescent molecules in vitro and in living cells1. The optical phenomenon of total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a medium with high refractive index into a medium with low refractive index at an angle larger than a characteristic critical angle (i.e. closer to being parallel with the boundary). Although all light is reflected back under such conditions, an evanescent wave is created that propagates across and along the boundary, which decays exponentially with distance, and only penetrates sample areas that are 100-200 nm near the interface2. In addition to providing superior axial resolution, the reduced excitation of out of focus fluorophores creates a very high signal to noise ratios and minimizes damaging effects of photobleaching2,3. Being a widefield technique, TIRF also allows faster image acquisition than most scanning based confocal setups.
At first glance, the low penetration depth of TIRF seems to be incompatible with imaging of bacterial and fungal cells, which are often surrounded by thick cell walls. On the contrary, we have found that the cell walls of yeast and bacterial cells actually improve the usability of TIRF and increase the range of observable structures4-8. Many cellular processes can therefore be directly accessed by TIRF in small, single-cell microorganisms, which often offer powerful genetic manipulation techniques. This allows us to perform in vivo biochemistry experiments, where kinetics of protein interactions and activities can be directly assessed in living cells.
We describe here the individual steps required to obtain high quality TIRF images for Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Bacillus subtilis cells. We point out various problems that can affect TIRF visualization of fluorescent probes in cells and illustrate the procedure with several application examples. Finally, we demonstrate how TIRF images can be further improved using established image restoration techniques.

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a powerful approach to observe structures close to the cell surface at high contrast and temporal resolution. We demonstrate how TIRF can be employed to study protein dynamics at the cortex of cell wall-enclosed bacterial and fungal cells.

Visualisation de Cortex organisation et la dynamique de micro-organismes, l&#39;aide totale microscopie de fluorescence à réflexion

TIRF microscopy has emerged as  a powerful imaging technology to study spatio-temporal dynamics of fluorescent molecules  in vitro and in living cells1. ...

Recherche

Bio-ingénierie

Nanotopology of Cell Adhesion upon Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (VA-TIRFM)

Surface topology, e.g. of cells growing on a substrate, is determined with nanometer precision by Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (VA-TIRFM). Cells are cultivated on transparent slides and incubated with a fluorescent marker homogeneously distributed in their plasma membrane. Illumination occurs by a parallel laser beam under variable angles of total internal reflection (TIR) with different penetration depths of the evanescent electromagnetic field. Recording of fluorescence images upon irradiation at about 10 different angles permits to calculate cell-substrate distances with a precision of a few nanometers. Differences of adhesion between various cell lines, e.g. cancer cells and less malignant cells, are thus determined. In addition, possible changes of cell adhesion upon chemical or photodynamic treatment can be examined. In comparison with other methods of super-resolution microscopy light exposure is kept very small, and no damage of living cells is expected to occur.

Nanotopology of Cell Adhesion upon Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy VA-TIRFM

Topology of cell adhesion on a substrate is measured with nanometre precision by variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM).

Nanotopology d&#39;adhésion cellulaire sur Microscopie à angle variable de fluorescence à réflexion interne totale (VA-TIRFM)

Surface topology, e.g. of cells growing on a substrate, is determined with nanometer precision by Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence ...

Creating Adhesive and Soluble Gradients for Imaging Cell Migration with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as growth factors. Here, we outline a method to create opposing gradients of adhesive and soluble cues in a microfluidic chamber, which is compatible with live cell imaging. A copolymer of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (PLL-PEG) is employed to passivate glass coverslips and prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules and cells. Next, microcontact printing or dip pen lithography are used to create tracks of streptavidin on the passivated surfaces to serve as anchoring points for the biotinylated peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) as the adhesive cue. A microfluidic device is placed onto the modified surface and used to create the gradient of adhesive cues (100% RGD to 0% RGD) on the streptavidin tracks. Finally, the same microfluidic device is used to create a gradient of a chemoattractant such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), as the soluble cue in the opposite direction of the gradient of adhesive cues.

A method for the assembly of adhesive and soluble gradients in a microscopy chamber for live cell migration studies is described. The engineered environment combines antifouling surfaces and adhesive tracks with solution gradients and therefore allows one to determine the relative importance of guidance cues.

Création de dégradés et adhésifs solubles pour la migration des cellules d&#39;imagerie par microscopie à fluorescence

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as ...

Localization and Relative Quantification of Carbon Nanotubes in Cells with Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Carbon-based nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), belong to this type of nanoparticles which are very difficult to discriminate from carbon-rich cell structures and de facto there is still no quantitative method to assess their distribution at cell and tissue levels. What we propose here is an innovative method allowing the detection and quantification of CNTs in cells using a multispectral imaging flow cytometer (ImageStream, Amnis). This newly developed device integrates both a high-throughput of cells and high resolution imaging, providing thus images for each cell directly in flow and therefore statistically relevant image analysis. Each cell image is acquired on bright-field (BF), dark-field (DF), and fluorescent channels, giving access respectively to the level and the distribution of light absorption, light scattered and fluorescence for each cell. The analysis consists then in a pixel-by-pixel comparison of each image, of the 7,000-10,000 cells acquired for each condition of the experiment. Localization and quantification of CNTs is made possible thanks to some particular intrinsic properties of CNTs: strong light absorbance and scattering; indeed CNTs appear as strongly absorbed dark spots on BF and bright spots on DF with a precise colocalization.
This methodology could have a considerable impact on studies about interactions between nanomaterials and cells given that this protocol is applicable for a large range of nanomaterials, insofar as they are capable of absorbing (and/or scattering) strongly enough the light.

In this study, the main purpose was to monitor the cellular uptake and eventual exocytosis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). From this perspective, we proposed here a unique method using multispectral imaging flow cytometry allowing a quantification and localization of CNTs in a statistically relevant number of cells.

Carbon-based nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), belong to this type of nanoparticles which are very difficult to discriminate from carbon-rich ...

High-resolution Spatiotemporal Analysis of Receptor Dynamics by Single-molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Single-molecule microscopy is emerging as a powerful approach to analyze the behavior of signaling molecules, in particular concerning those aspect (e.g., kinetics, coexistence of different states and populations, transient interactions), which are typically hidden in ensemble measurements, such as those obtained with standard biochemical or microscopy methods. Thus, dynamic events, such as receptor-receptor interactions, can be followed in real time in a living cell with high spatiotemporal resolution. This protocol describes a method based on labeling with small and bright organic fluorophores and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to directly visualize single receptors on the surface of living cells. This approach allows one to precisely localize receptors, measure the size of receptor complexes, and capture dynamic events such as transient receptor-receptor interactions. The protocol provides a detailed description of how to perform a single-molecule experiment, including sample preparation, image acquisition and image analysis. As an example, the application of this method to analyze two G-protein-coupled receptors, i.e., &#946;2-adrenergic and &#947;-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor, is reported. The protocol can be adapted to other membrane proteins and different cell models, transfection methods and labeling strategies.

This protocol describes how to use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to visualize and track single receptors on the surface of living cells and thereby analyze receptor lateral mobility, size of receptor complexes as well as to visualize transient receptor-receptor interactions. This protocol can be extended to other membrane proteins.

Haute résolution spatio-temporelle d&#39;analyse de la dynamique des récepteurs par simple molécule microscopie de fluorescence

Single-molecule microscopy is emerging as a powerful approach to analyze the behavior of signaling molecules, in particular concerning those aspect (e.g., ...

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a modified two-photon microscope1. As opposed to conventional approaches (raster scan or wide field based on a stack of frames), the 3D orbital tracking allows to localize and follow with a high spatial (10 nm accuracy) and temporal resolution (50 Hz frequency response) the 3D displacement of a moving fluorescent particle on length-scales of hundreds of microns2. The method is based on a feedback algorithm that controls the hardware of a two-photon laser scanning microscope in order to perform a circular orbit around the object to be tracked: the feedback mechanism will maintain the fluorescent object in the center by controlling the displacement of the scanning beam3-5. To demonstrate the advantages of this technique, we followed a fast moving organelle, the lysosome, within a living cell6,7. Cells were plated according to standard protocols, and stained using a commercially lysosome dye. We discuss briefly the hardware configuration and in more detail the control software, to perform a 3D orbital tracking experiment inside living cells. We discuss in detail the parameters required in order to control the scanning microscope and enable the motion of the beam in a closed orbit around the particle. We conclude by demonstrating how this method can be effectively used to track the fast motion of a labeled lysosome along microtubules in 3D within a live cell. Lysosomes can move with speeds in the range of 0.4-0.5 &#181;m/sec, typically displaying a directed motion along the microtubule network8.

In this video protocol we track - at high speed and in three dimensions - fluorescently labeled lysosomes within living cells, using the orbital tracking method in a modified two-photon microscope.

Suivi 3D orbital dans un microscope à deux photons à jour: Une application au suivi des vésicules intracellulaires

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

Fluorescence-quenching of a Liposomal-encapsulated Near-infrared Fluorophore as a Tool for In Vivo Optical Imaging

Optical imaging offers a wide range of diagnostic modalities and has attracted a lot of interest as a tool for biomedical imaging. Despite the enormous number of imaging techniques currently available and the progress in instrumentation, there is still a need for highly sensitive probes that are suitable for in vivo imaging. One typical problem of available preclinical fluorescent probes is their rapid clearance in vivo, which reduces their imaging sensitivity. To circumvent rapid clearance, increase number of dye molecules at the target site, and thereby reduce background autofluorescence, encapsulation of the near-infrared fluorescent dye, DY-676-COOH in liposomes and verification of its potential for in vivo imaging of inflammation was done. DY-676 is known for its ability to self-quench at high concentrations. We first determined the concentration suitable for self-quenching, and then encapsulated this quenching concentration into the aqueous interior of PEGylated liposomes. To substantiate the quenching and activation potential of the liposomes we use a harsh freezing method which leads to damage of liposomal membranes without affecting the encapsulated dye. The liposomes characterized by a high level of fluorescence quenching were termed Lip-Q. We show by experiments with different cell lines that uptake of Lip-Q is predominantly by phagocytosis which in turn enabled the characterization of its potential as a tool for in vivo imaging of inflammation in mice models. Furthermore, we use a zymosan-induced edema model in mice to substantiate the potential of Lip-Q in optical imaging of inflammation in vivo. Considering possible uptake due to inflammation-induced enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, an always-on liposome formulation with low, non-quenched concentration of DY-676-COOH (termed Lip-dQ) and the free DY-676-COOH were compared with Lip-Q in animal trials.

Fluorescence-quenching of a Liposomal-encapsulated Near-infrared Fluorophore as a Tool for In Vivo Optical Imaging

The use of fluorophores for in vivo imaging can be greatly limited by opsonization, rapid clearance, low detection sensitivity and cytotoxic effects on the host. Encapsulation of fluorophores in liposomes by film hydration and extrusion leads to fluorescence quenching and protection which enables in vivo imaging with high detection sensitivity.

Fluorescence-trempe d&#39;un proche infrarouge fluorophore encapsulée dans des liposomes comme outil de<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imagerie optique

Optical imaging offers a wide range of diagnostic modalities and has attracted a lot of interest as a tool for biomedical imaging. Despite the enormous ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy on Planar Supported Bilayers

In the course of a single decade single molecule microscopy has changed from being a secluded domain shared merely by physicists with a strong background in optics and laser physics to a discipline that is now enjoying vivid attention by life-scientists of all venues 1. This is because single molecule imaging has the unique potential to reveal protein behavior in situ in living cells and uncover cellular organization with unprecedented resolution below the diffraction limit of visible light 2. Glass-supported planar lipid bilayers (SLBs) are a powerful tool to bring cells otherwise growing in suspension in close enough proximity to the glass slide so that they can be readily imaged in noise-reduced Total Internal Reflection illumination mode 3,4. They are very useful to study the protein dynamics in plasma membrane-associated events as diverse as cell-cell contact formation, endocytosis, exocytosis and immune recognition. Simple procedures are presented how to generate highly mobile protein-functionalized SLBs in a reproducible manner, how to determine protein mobility within and how to measure protein densities with the use of single molecule detection. It is shown how to construct a cost-efficient single molecule microscopy system with TIRF illumination capabilities and how to operate it in the experiment.

Preparation of protein-functionalized planar glass-supported lipid bilayers, determination of protein mobility within and measurement of protein densities is shown here. A roadmap to building a noise-reduced Total Internal Reflection microscope is outlined, which allows visualizing single bilayer-resident fluorochromes with high spatiotemporal resolution.

Bilayers seule molécule microscopie à fluorescence sur Planar pris en charge

In the course of a single decade single molecule microscopy has changed from being a secluded domain shared merely by physicists with a strong background ...

Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for the Study of the Murine Heart

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. Traditional light-sheet techniques involve the use of a single illumination beam directed orthogonally at sample tissue. Images of large samples that are produced using a single illumination beam contain stripes or artifacts and suffer from a reduced resolution due to the scattering and absorption of light by the tissue. This study uses a dual-sided illumination beam and a simplified CLARITY optical clearing technique for the murine heart. These techniques allow for deeper imaging by removing lipids from the heart and produce a large field of imaging, greater than 10 x 10 x 10 mm3. As a result, this strategy enables us to quantify the ventricular dimensions, track the cardiac lineage, and localize the spatial distribution of cardiac-specific proteins and ion-channels from the post-natal to adult mouse hearts with sufficient contrast and resolution.

This study uses a dual-sided illumination light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) technique combined with optical clearing to study the murine heart.

Microscopie de Fluorescence lumière-feuille pour l’étude du coeur murin

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. ...

Conducting Multiple Imaging Modes with One Fluorescence Microscope

Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool to detect biological molecules in situ and monitor their dynamics and interactions in real-time. In addition to conventional epi-fluorescence microscopy, various imaging techniques have been developed to achieve specific experimental goals. Some of the widely used techniques include single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET), which can report conformational changes and molecular interactions with angstrom resolution, and single-molecule detection-based super-resolution (SR) imaging, which can enhance the spatial resolution approximately ten&#160;to twentyfold compared to diffraction-limited microscopy. Here we present a customer-designed integrated system, which merges multiple imaging methods in one microscope, including conventional epi-fluorescent imaging, single-molecule detection-based SR imaging, and multi-color single-molecule detection, including smFRET imaging. Different imaging methods can be achieved easily and reproducibly by switching optical elements. This set-up is easy to adopt by any research laboratory in biological sciences with a need for routine and diverse imaging experiments at a reduced cost and space relative to building separate microscopes for individual purposes.

Here we present a practical guide of building an integrated microscopy system, which merges conventional epi-fluorescent imaging, single-molecule detection-based super-resolution imaging, and multi-color single-molecule detection, including single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging, into one set-up in a cost-efficient way.

Réalisation de multiples Modes d’imagerie avec un Microscope à Fluorescence

Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool to detect biological molecules in situ and monitor their dynamics and interactions in real-time. In addition to ...