Name: hplc coupled with chemical fingerprinting for multi-pattern recognition for identifying the authenticity of clematidis armandii caulis
Uploaded: 2022-11-11T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Project of Sichuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration (no. 2020JC0088, no. 2021MS203).

1. Methods for chemical fingerprint detection
<ol>
	<li>Chromatographic conditions
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare the acetonitrile (A)/water (B) mobile phase. Set a gradient program as follows in the HPLC software: 0-20 min, 3%A-10%A; 20-25 min, 10%A-13%A; 25-65 min, 13%A-25%A; 65-75 min, 25%A-40%A; 75-76 min, 40%A-3%A; 76-85 min, 3%A-3%A.</li>
		<li>Maintain the flow rate of the mobile phase at 1.0 mL/min.</li>
		<li>Conduct the chromatographic separation on a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 &#181;m) maintained a...

<ol>
	<li>Chen, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Chinese Medicine Specimen Picture Book. , 116 (1935).</li><li>Xiong, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignans+from+the+stems+of+Clematis+armandii+(&amp;#34;Chuan-Mu-Tong&amp;#34;)+and+their+anti-neuroinflammatory+activities.">Lignans from the stems of Clematis armandii (&amp;#34;Chuan-Mu-Tong&amp;#34;) and their anti-neuroinflammatory activities.</a> Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 153 (3), 737-743 (2014).</li><li>Pan, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+lignan+from+the+Chinese+medicinal+plant+Clematis+armandii,+inhibits+A431+cell+growth+via+blocking+p70S6/S6+kinase+pathway.">a lignan from the Chinese medicinal plant Clematis armandii, inhibits A431 cell growth via blocking p70S6/S6 kinase pathway.</a> Integrative Cancer Therapies. 16 (3), 351-359 (2017).</li><li>Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China: (Edition 2020). , 38 (2020).</li><li>Wang, D. G., Guo, J. 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Y., Tan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+the+identi&#64257;cation+of+Caulis+Clematidis+Armandii.">Study on the identi&#64257;cation of Caulis Clematidis Armandii.</a> Research and Practice on Chinese Medicines. 31 (3), 13-16 (2017).</li><li>Zhou, P. J., Li, X. F., Fu, D. H., Pu, X. Y., Zhu, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacognosy+identification+of+Ethnomedicine+Clematis+ranunculoides+Franchet.">Pharmacognosy identification of Ethnomedicine Clematis ranunculoides Franchet.</a> Journal of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 34 (3), 432-436 (2017).</li><li>Guo, J. L., Tang, Y., Pei, J., Wang, D. 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The sample collection for research is the first key step to constructing multi-pattern recognition in identifying the authenticity of Chinese medicinal materials. Through market research, we found that Sichuan Ya&#39;an, Liangshan, and Leshan are the main production areas of wild resources of Chuanmutong. The related varieties of the same genus also have the same geographical distribution6,20; CC, DC, DE, XS, and SMT are often misused as Chuangmutong<sup class="x...

Chuanmutong, dry Caulis of Clematis armandii Franch. or Clematis montana Buch.-Ham., is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in clinics1,2,3. It is used for treating urinary problems, edema, sores on the tongue and mouth, decreased milk secretion, joint stiffness, and muscle pain caused by damp heat4. Chuanmutong has always been obtained from wild varieties, mainly distributed in southwest China, especially in Sichuan, where the best quality can be found5,6. It is difficult to distinguish between authentic varieties and their closely related adulterants due to their similar characteristics7,8,9,10. The quality standard of Chuanmutong in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia only stipulates the properties, microscopic identification, and thin-layer identification without content determination, which cannot effectively identify adulterants, and hence has potential risks. Moreover, there are few reports comparing and identifying Chuanmutong and related plants. Consequently, a quality control method to ensure the authenticity of Chuanmutong is worthy of further study.
The chemical constituents of Chuanmutong are mainly composed of oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids and their glycosides, flavonoids, and organic acids11,12,13,14. Among them, oleanolic acid, &#946;-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and ergosterol have diuretic effects of different intensities, which may be potential pharmacodynamic substances for promoting diuresis and relieving stranguria15,16. Chemical fingerprints are obtained by separating and detecting many chemical components contained in samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), etc. Adopting appropriate statistical analysis methods to analyze the characteristics of Chuanmutong can determine the overall quality control and scientific identification of traditional Chinese medicine17,18,19.
In this study, 10 batches of Chuanmutong authentic varieties and five batches of adulterants were collected. Their quality was compared and analyzed by the HPLC fingerprint method combined with multi-pattern recognition, including cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-CA), and content determination of the pharmacodynamic component. This protocol establishes a method for identifying authentic varieties with high specificity, a new strategy for the scientific identification of authentic varieties and adulterants of Chinese medicinal materials.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China</td>
			<td>2017381038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160; Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>WXBD5243V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Sitosterol</td>
			<td>Meisai Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China</td>
			<td>20210201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;C18 column</td>
			<td>Yuexu Material Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>Welch Ultimate LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Guoqiang Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>19020103</td>
			<td>CMT-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Hongya Wawushan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>200701</td>
			<td>CMT-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Hongpu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>200701</td>
			<td>CMT-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Hongpu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>200901</td>
			<td>CMT-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Xinrentai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>210701</td>
			<td>CMT-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Haobo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>210401</td>
			<td>CMT-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Xinrentai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>200901</td>
			<td>CMT-7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Wusheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>201201</td>
			<td>CMT-8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Limin Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>201001</td>
			<td>CMT-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuanmutong</td>
			<td>Yuhetang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China</td>
			<td>210501</td>
			<td>CMT-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clematis argentilucida (Levl. et Vant.) W. T. Wang</td>
			<td>Madzi Bridge, Sanlang Township, Tianquan County, Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>CC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clematis apiifolia var. obtusidentata Rehd. et Wils.</td>
			<td>Heilin Village, Qiliping Township, Hongya County, Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>DC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clematis peterae Hand.-Mazz.</td>
			<td>Huangmu Village, Huangmu Township, Hanyuan County, Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>DE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clematis gouriana Roxb. Var. finetii Rehd. et Wils</td>
			<td>Mixedang Mountain, Huangwan Township, Emei County, Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>XS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clematis finetiana Levl. et Vaniot.</td>
			<td>Wannian Village, Huangwan Township, Emei County, Sichuan, China&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SMT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic balance</td>
			<td>Haozhuang Hengping Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai,&#160; China&#160;</td>
			<td>FA1204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ergosterol</td>
			<td>Meisai Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China</td>
			<td>20210201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Kelon Chemical Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China</td>
			<td>2021112602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China</td>
			<td>2017042043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid</td>
			<td>Kelon Chemical Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China</td>
			<td>2016062901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High performance liquid chromatography</td>
			<td>Agilent, USA.</td>
			<td>1260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0</td>
			<td>International Business Machines Corporation, USA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160; Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>WXBD6409V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Kelon Chemical Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China</td>
			<td>202010302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-butyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China</td>
			<td>2020071047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petroleum ether</td>
			<td>Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China</td>
			<td>2020090125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphoric acid</td>
			<td>Comeo Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China</td>
			<td>20200110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SESCF-TCM version 2012</td>
			<td>National Pharmacopoeia Commission, China</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>http://114.247.108.158:8888/login</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stigmasterol</td>
			<td>Meisai Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China</td>
			<td>20210201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>20200214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Umetrics SIMCA version 14.1.0.2047</td>
			<td>Umetrics, Sweden</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>https://www.sartorius.com/en/products/process-analytical-technology/data-analytics-software/mvda-software/simca/simca-free-trial-download</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water machine</td>
			<td>Youpu Ultrapure Technology Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China</td>
			<td>UPH-II-10T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td>Kunshan Hechuang Ultrasound Instrument Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China</td>
			<td>KH3200E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hplc coupled with chemical fingerprinting for multi-pattern recognition for identifying the authenticity of clematidis armandii caulis

A method for identifying Chinese medicinal materials and their related adulterants was constructed by taking Clematidis Armandii Caulis (Chuanmutong, a universally used traditional Chinese medicine) as an example. Ten batches of genuine Chuanmutong varieties and five batches of related adulterants were analyzed and compared based on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints combined with chemometrics, including cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). In addition, the content of &#946;-sitosterol was determined. The control chemical fingerprint of Chuanmutong was established, and 12 common peaks were identified. The similarity between the fingerprint of 10 batches of genuine Chuanmutong varieties and the control fingerprint was 0.910-0.989, while the similarity of five batches of adulterants was only 0.133-0.720. Based on the common peaks in the chromatogram, 15 batches of samples were classified into three content levels by PCA, and were aggregated into four categories by CA, achieving a clear distinction between authentic Chuanmutong and adulterants of Chuanmutong. Further, seven differential components that can effectively identify authentic Chuanmutong and adulterants of Chuanmutong were found through OPLS-DA. The &#946;-sitosterol content of 10 batches of genuine Chuanmutong varieties was 97.53-161.56 &#181;g/g, while the &#946;-sitosterol content of the five batches of adulterants varied greatly, among which the &#946;-sitosterol content of Clematis peterae Hand.-Mazz. and Clematis gouriana Roxb. Var. finetii Rehd. et Wils. was significantly lower than that of authentic varieties of Chuanmutong. The HPLC index component content and chemical fingerprint multi-pattern recognition method established in this study provide a new strategy for effectively identifying authentic Chinese medicinal materials and related adulterants.

Chromatographic fingerprint of Chuanmutong and similarity analysis (SA) 
The RSD values of the relative retention time of precision, repeatability, and stability were below 0.46%, 1.65%, and 0.53%, respectively; the RSD values of the relative peak area were below 4.23%, 3.56%, and 3.96%, respectively. As shown in Figures 1A,B, there were 12 distinct common peaks (from peak 1 to peak 12) in the HPLC fingerprints in the 10 authentic Chuanmutong samples. S...

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HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Here, we present a protocol to establish high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with chemical fingerprint multi-pattern recognition, which provides a new strategy for effectively identifying the genuine varieties of Clematidis Armandii Caulis and its adulterants.

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

A method for identifying Chinese medicinal materials and their related adulterants was constructed by taking Clematidis Armandii Caulis (Chuanmutong, a ...

This protocol can provide a new strategy for effectively identifying the genuine materials of Clematidis armandii caulis and its adulterants. This method can be used in medicinal material quality research and it provides a reference for studying the quality standards of other Chinese medicinal materials. To begin sample preparation grind the raw material to uniform particle size by passing them through a nylon mesh with an appropriate inner diameter.Transfer accurately weighed two grams of the ground raw material into a stoppered 50 milliliter conical flask before adding 50 milliliters of methanol into the flask. Put the stopper on the flask in ultrasonic heated at 600 watts and 40 kilohertz for 30 minutes. At the end of the incubation, strain the medicinal extract solution through the filter paper.After straining, transfer four milliliters of the methanol solution containing the medicinal extracts into a 10 milliliter volumetric flask. Then add six milliliters of water to it and mix the solution. Allow the solution to settle for 10 minutes.For HPLC analysis of the samples. Start by preparing the mobile phases and set the HPLC gradient program as described in the manuscript. Filter the sample through a 0.45 micron micro porous filter membrane and subject it to HPLC analysis.For each sample, perform analysis six times a day. To evaluate the stability of the sample solution, analyze the same sample solution stored at room temperature for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after preparation. Take six replicates of the same sample and detect its fingerprint in HPLC.Import the relevant data into the software named Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine or SESCF TCM version 2012. Import the retention time and peak area for all 10 batches of authentic Chuanmutong samples as well as five batches of adulterants into SESCF TCM for analysis. In the main menu, click on the set reference spectrum and go to the parameter settings window to set the reference chromatographic fingerprint of the authentic species of Chuanmutong as the reference.Next, set control spectrum generation method as the median method with the time window width of 0.5. Then, click multi-point calibration in the main menu, select the peaks and then select the peak matching option as marked peaks. Finally, click Calculate Similarity to perform a similarity analysis of the samples based on the reference chromatogram fingerprints of Chuanmutong.To perform systemic cluster analysis open relevant statistical analysis software, and click on file to import the data of 10 batches of authentic samples and five batches of adulterants into the software. In the menu, Under the Classification tab go to click Analysis and System Clustering. Select the common peak areas of 10 batches of authentic samples and five batches of adulterants as variables.Set the number of clusters to four. Next, click on Method to select the Clustering Method as intergroup connection. Choose the measurement interval as Pearson correlation and use the Okay tab to draw the cluster analysis map.For principle component analysis or PCA, open the data analysis software. Click on file on the menu, and create a new regular project. Import the peak area of 12 common peaks in an Excel or similar spreadsheet from the HPLC system.Hit the Finish button to complete the data import. To set the model type with PCA, Click on New to create a new model and then fit the data using autofit and add tabs. Go to scores to get the PCA score map.To use the Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discrimination Analysis or OPLSDA. Generate the PCA score map as demonstrated earlier. Set the model type with the OPLSDA by clicking New and New As model one Before going to scale in selecting par for all, Then hit on AutoFit in scores to generate the OPLSDA score map.To estimate the variable importance and projection go to the data analysis software menu and go to Analyze followed by setting the number to 200 under per mutations. Obtain the R square and Q square values from the OPLSDA score and click on VIP and VIP predictive to get the VIP map. HPLC fingerprints of the 10 authentic Chuanmutong samples showed 12 distinct common peaks of which the relatively large and well resolved.Peak number 10 was used as the reference peak to estimate the relative retention times of the rest peaks. The authentic samples demonstrated similarity degrees very close to one implying high similarity in good consistency. However, the similarity degrees between the five batches of adulterants and the control Chuanmutong were quite low.The HPLC fingerprints of the five adulterants were observed to differ from the authentic samples, mainly in the region having retention times ranging from 28 to 55 minutes. PCA showed an obvious similarity between the authentic varieties and their difference from the adulterants, except for the adulterant CC.Similar results were also obtained from cluster analysis when the classification distance was 20. The score matrix generated from OPLSDA indicated no intersection between the sample points of authentic samples and the adulterants.Again, adulterant CC resembled the authentic varieties more than the other adulterants. According to the VIP map the peaks having values greater than one were identified as the main marker components causing the difference between authentic samples and the adulterants. The content of beta-sitosterol, an active component found in Chuanmutong was detected in all five batches of adulterants, but the content varied greatly.This protocol establishes various analysis methods to reflect all the information about medicinal materials from multiple angles and in all around the way to estimate the authenticity of Chuanmutong medicinal materials.

hplc-coupled-with-chemical-fingerprinting-for-multi-pattern

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation of Highly Porous Coordination Polymer Coatings on Macroporous Polymer Monoliths for Enhanced Enrichment of Phosphopeptides

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous polymer monoliths. The developed approach is based on the preparation of a macroporous polymer containing carboxylic acid functional groups and the subsequent step-by-step solution-based controlled growth of a layer of a porous coordination polymer on the surface of the pores of the polymer monolith. The prepared metal-organic polymer hybrid has a high specific micropore surface area. The amount of iron(III) sites is enhanced through metal-organic coordination on the surface of the pores of the functional polymer support. The increase of metal sites is related to the number of iterations of the coating process.
The developed preparation scheme is easily adapted to a capillary column format. The functional porous polymer is prepared as a self-contained single-block porous monolith within the capillary, yielding a flow-through separation device with excellent flow permeability and modest back-pressure. The metal-organic polymer hybrid column showed excellent performance for the enrichment of phosphopeptides from digested proteins and their subsequent detection using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presented experimental protocol is highly versatile, and can be easily implemented to different organic polymer supports and coatings with a plethora of porous coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks for multiple purification and/or separation applications.

A procedure for the preparation of porous hybrid separation media composed of a macroporous polymer monolith internally coated by a high surface area microporous coordination polymer is presented.

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, the focus is on metallic substrates immersed in acidic solutions containing organic corrosion inhibitors, as these systems can be particularly sensitive to oxidation following removal from solution. To minimize the likelihood of such degradation, samples are removed from solution within a glove box purged with inert gas, either N2 or Ar. The glove box is directly attached to the load-lock of the ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument, avoiding any exposure to the ambient laboratory atmosphere, and thus reducing the possibility of post immersion substrate oxidation. On this basis, one can be more certain that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy features observed are likely to be representative of the in situ submerged scenario, e.g. the oxidation state of the metal is not modified.

A protocol to avoid the oxidation of metallic substrates during sample transfer from an inhibited acidic solution to an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is presented.

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

A Straightforward Method for Glucosinolate Extraction and Analysis with High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Glucosinolates are a well-studied and highly diverse class of natural plant compounds. They play important roles in plant resistance, rapeseed oil quality, food flavoring, and human health. The biological activity of glucosinolates is released upon tissue damage, when they are mixed with the enzyme myrosinase. This results in the formation of pungent and toxic breakdown products, such as isothiocyanates and nitriles. Currently, more than 130 structurally different glucosinolates have been identified. The chemical structure of the glucosinolate is an important determinant of the product that is formed, which in turn determines its biological activity. The latter may range from detrimental (e.g., progoitrin) to beneficial (e.g., glucoraphanin). Each glucosinolate-containing plant species has its own specific glucosinolate profile. For this reason, it is important to correctly identify and reliably quantify the different glucosinolates present in brassicaceous leaf, seed, and root crops or, for ecological studies, in their wild relatives. Here, we present a well-validated, targeted, and robust method to analyze glucosinolate profiles in a wide range of plant species and plant organs. Intact glucosinolates are extracted from ground plant materials with a methanol-water mixture at high temperatures to disable myrosinase activity. Thereafter, the resulting extract is brought onto an ion-exchange column for purification. After sulfatase treatment, the desulfoglucosinolates are eluted with water and the eluate is freeze-dried. The residue is taken up in an exact volume of water, which is analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) or ultraviolet (UV) detector. Detection and quantification are achieved by conducting comparisons of the retention times and UV spectra of commercial reference standards. The concentrations are calculated based on a sinigrin reference curve and well-established response factors. The advantages and disadvantages of this straightforward method, when compared to faster and more technologically advanced methods, are discussed here.

A Straightforward Method for Glucosinolate Extraction and Analysis with High-pressure Liquid Chromatography HPLC

Here, we describe in great detail an established and robust protocol for the extraction of glucosinolates from ground plant materials. After an on-column sulfatase treatment of the extracts, the desulfoglucosinolates are eluted and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Glucosinolates are a well-studied and highly diverse class of natural plant compounds. They play important roles in plant resistance, rapeseed oil ...

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical photocatalytic structures. However, the influence of such chemical bonding on the optical and surface properties of the photocatalyst and thus its photocatalytic activity/reaction selectivity behavior has not been systematically studied. In this investigation, TiO2 has been supported on the surface of SiO2 by means of two different methods: (i) by the in situ formation of TiO2 in the presence of sand quartz via a sol-gel method employing tetrabutyl orthotitanium (TBOT); and (ii) by binding the commercial TiO2 powder to quartz on a surface silica gel layer formed from the reaction of quartz with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). For comparison, TiO2 nanoparticles were also deposited on the surfaces of a more reactive SiO2 prepared by a hydrolysis-controlled sol-gel technique as well as through a sol-gel route from TiO2 and SiO2 precursors. The combination of TiO2 and SiO2, through interfacial Ti-O-Si bonds, was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the photocatalytic activities of the obtained composites were tested for photocatalytic degradation of NO according to the ISO standard method (ISO 22197&#8722;1). The electron microscope images of the obtained materials showed that variable photocatalyst coverage of the support surface can successfully be achieved but the photocatalytic activity towards NO removal was found to be affected by the preparation method and the nitrate selectivity is adversely affected by Ti-O-Si bonding.

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The focus of the present work is to establish means to generate and quantify levels of Ti-O-Si linkages and to correlate these with the photocatalytic properties of the supported TiO2.

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Extraction of Lignin with High &amp;#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

A Two-Step Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Method with Mass Spectrometric Detection for Identification of Tattoo Ink Ingredients and Counterfeit Products

Tattoo inks are complex mixtures of ingredients. Each of them possesses different chemical properties which have to be addressed upon chemical analysis. In this method for two-step pyrolysis online coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) volatile compounds are analyzed during a first desorption run. In the second run, the same dried sample is pyrolyzed for analysis of non-volatile compounds such as pigments and polymers. These can be identified by their specific decomposition patterns. Additionally, this method can be used to differentiate original from counterfeit inks. Easy screening methods for data evaluation using the average mass spectra and self-made pyrolysis libraries are applied to speed up substance identification. Using specialized evaluation software for pyrolysis GS-MS data, a fast and reliable comparison of the full chromatogram can be achieved. Since GC-MS is used as separation technique, the method is limited to volatile substances upon desorption and after pyrolysis of the sample. The method can be applied for quick substance screening in market control surveys since it requires no sample preparation steps.

This method for two-step pyrolysis online coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and data evaluation protocol can be used for multi-component analysis of tattoo inks and discrimination of counterfeit products.

Tattoo inks are complex mixtures of ingredients. Each of them possesses different chemical properties which have to be addressed upon chemical analysis. ...

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid nanosheets, a series of Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs with different solid acid compositions (x = 5, 20 wt%; M = Nb, Ta; N = Mo, W) have been prepared by carbon nanotube pretreatment, protonic exchange, solid acid exfoliation, aggregation and finally Pt particles impregnation. The Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and NH3-temperature programmed desorption. The study revealed that HNbWO6 nanosheets were attached on CNTs, with some edges of the nanosheets being bent in shape. The acid strength of the supported Pt catalysts increases in the following order: Pt/CNTs &#60; Pt/5HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbMoO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HTaWO6/CNTs. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived model compound: diphenyl ether using the synthesized Pt/20HNbWO6 catalyst has been investigated.

A protocol for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs is presented.

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid ...

Integrated Cell Manipulation Platform Coupled with the Single-probe for Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites in Single Suspension Cells

Single cell mass spectrometry (SCMS) enables sensitive detection and accurate analysis of broad ranges of cellular species on the individual-cell level. The single-probe, a microscale sampling and ionization device, can be coupled with a mass spectrometer for on-line, rapid SCMS analysis of cellular constituents under ambient conditions. Previously, the single-probe SCMS technique was primarily used to measure cells immobilized onto a substrate, limiting the types of cells for studies. In the current study, the single-probe SCMS technology has been integrated with a cell manipulation system, typically used for in vitro fertilization. This integrated cell manipulation and analysis platform uses a cell-selection probe to capture identified individual floating cells and transfer the cells to the single-probe tip for microscale lysis, followed by immediate mass spectrometry analysis. This capture and transfer process removes the cells from the surrounding solution prior to analysis, minimizing the introduction of matrix molecules in the mass spectrometry analysis. This integrated setup is capable of SCMS analysis of targeted patient-isolated cells present in body fluids samples (e.g., urine, blood, saliva, etc.), allowing for potential applications of SCMS analysis to human medicine and disease biology.

An integrated cell manipulation platform is developed for use in conjunction with a single-probe mass spectrometry setup for the on-line analysis of individual suspension cells under ambient conditions.

Single cell mass spectrometry (SCMS) enables sensitive detection and accurate analysis of broad ranges of cellular species on the individual-cell level. ...