המחברים מודים כריסטיאן Pahrmann (Lab Manager).

<ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> זכר Balb / C עכברים (8-12 שבועות) נרכשים מבית מעבדות צ&#39;רלס ריבר (Sulzfeld, גרמניה). העכברים הם שוכנו בתנאים רגילים, נמאס מזון רגיל עכברים כרצונך מים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Isofluran 2% משמש הרדמה. </li></ol> תורמים הכנה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לגלח את שיער הבטן לחטא את האזור באמצעות betaisodona. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תחת נוף מיקרוסקופי, לבצע חתך צוואר הרחם קו האמצע מהרמה של הגרון אל עצם החזה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסרת שומן תת עורי ושרירי הרצועה כדי לקבל תצוגה ברורה של קנה הנשימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מנתחים את קנה הנשימה מכל הרקמות הסובבות, כמו הוושט, עצבים, עורקים, ורקמות החיבור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את כל קנה הנשימה (מתוך הגרון אל הסתעפות). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פלאש ההשתלה עם מי מלח קרים בחנות שתל ב 4 ° C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התורם הוא מורדמים על ידי נקע בצוואר הרחם לאחר הקציר של קנה הנשימה. </li></ol> נמען: השתלת HETEROTOPIC <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לגלח את השיער בטן בהפרש גדול סביב האתר חתך ולחטא את האזור שלוש פעמים באמצעות betaisodona (בבטאדין) ואחריו אלכוהול. עיניים צריכים להיות משומנים עם מוצר משחה עיניים כדי למנוע את קרניות מהתייבשות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בצע laparotomy החציוני והמקום המעי לתוך כפפה, סטרילי moistured. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מורחים את omentum יותר בזהירות. מניחים את השתל לתוך המרכז לקבע אותו עם תפר יחיד באמצעות 8-0 (Prolene, Ethicon, גרמניה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לכסות באופן מלא את ההשתלה עם omentum יותר לתקן את השתל עם תפר אחד 8-0 (Prolene, Ethicon, גרמניה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקמו מחדש את המעיים בחזרה לתוך הבטן מיושר עם מלוחים, חמימים סטרילי לפני הסגר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תקריב ב 2 שכבות - דופן הבטן ואת שכבת העור עם דפוס מתמשך באמצעות 7-0 Prolene עבור השריר ואת 7-0 Vicryl לעור. </li></ol> נמען: השתלת orthotopic <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לגלח את השיער בטן בהפרש גדול סביב האתר חתך ולחטא את האזור שלוש פעמים באמצעות betaisodona (בבטאדין) ואחריו אלכוהול. עיניים צריכים להיות משומנים עם מוצר משחה עיניים כדי למנוע את קרניות מהתייבשות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מחלקים את רצועת שרירים כדי להמחיש את מורכבות laryngotracheal כולו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזהירות לנתח את קנה הנשימה של הרקמות הסובבות, לדאוג לשמר את העצבים חוזרות בגרון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מחלקים את קנה הנשימה שלוש טבעות הזנב בין cricoid. חיה שומרת הנשימה הפיזיולוגי באמצעות צינורית הנשימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ודא נקי קצוות קנה הנשימה של הנמען, כמו גם השתל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתל הוא התערב בין הפגמים הנמען קנה הנשימה ואת חוקיים כדי לשמור על קוטביות אנטומיים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שימוש 8-0 (Prolene, Ethicon, גרמניה) anastomose את השתל מתורם עם דיסטלי (mediastinal) קנה הנשימה. ההיבט האחורי של השקה מתבצע באופן רציף ריצה. ההיבט הקדמי הושלם ולאחר מכן באמצעות תפרים קטע. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את כל הפרשות דרכי הנשימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השקה הפרוקסימלי הושלמה אז באותו אופן כמו אחד דיסטלי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להבטיח שלמות של דרכי האוויר והנשימה נאותה, ספונטנית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקמו מחדש את השרירים רצועת ולסגור את הרקמה התת עורית ועל שכבת העור באמצעות 6-0 תפרים (Vicryl, Ethicon, גרמניה) עם דפוס מתמשך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש הרדמה זריקה של הנמען, ולכן החיה ישמרו הנשימה הפיזיולוגית דרך קנה הנשימה. שילוב של 75/1/0.2 מ&quot;ג / ק&quot;ג של propofol, medetomidine ו פנטניל, בהתאמה, משמש הרדמה ip בעכברים. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig1.jpg" alt="איור 1" /> איור 1: תורמים קנה הנשימה. 1A: תורמים קנה הנשימה באתרו לאחר הכנה. 1B: קנה הנשימה התורם נכרת. 1C: תורמים קנה הנשימה לאחר explantation. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig2.jpg" alt="איור 2" /> איור 2: דגם Heterotopic. 2A: השתל ממוקם במרכז של omentum יותר. 2B: שתל קבוע בשני הקצוות עם תפר אחד. 2C: שתל הוא עטוף לתוך omentum יותר קבוע עם תפר אחד. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig3.jpg" alt="איור 3" /> איור 3: דגם orthotopic. 3A: שתל הוא התערב בין הפגמים הנמען קנה הנשימה לבין הקיר האחורי הוא anastomosed באופן ריצה רציפה. 3B: הקיר הקדמי הושלם באמצעות תפר אחד. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1437/1437Fig4.jpg" alt="איור 4" /> איור 4: היסטולוגיה. 4A: ששוחזרו קנה הנשימה להשתיל heterotopic לאחר 28 ימים + H E staining (15x). שים לב הכחדה luminal 100%. 4B: ששוחזרו קנה הנשימה להשתיל orthotopic לאחר 60 ימים של H + E מכתים (15x). מקסימלי הכחדה luminal השיגה כ 45%. <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Heterotopic השתלת קנה הנשימה דגם </td><td> Orthotopic השתלת קנה הנשימה דגם </td></tr><tr><td> יתרונות </td><td> + קל לבצע + הכחדה לומינל עם חסימה בדרכי האוויר מלא לאחר 28 ימים + אין חיבה פיזית של בעלי חיים על ידי OAD </td><td> + אוורור פיזי של השתל + והתרופות בשאיפה אפשרי + התגובות החיסוניות חזקות כגון ייצור נוגדנים IgM alloreactive + המילייה החזי פיזיולוגיים + קנה הנשימה קנה הנשימה, השקה מחקה את ההגדרה הקלינית </td></tr><tr><td> חסרונות </td><td> - אין אוורור של קנה הנשימה להשתיל - אין הערכה של פתוגנים בשאיפה אפשרי - עיכוב של פינוי mucociliary וההפרשות שמר - Microenvironment פריטוניאלית במקום המילייה החזי </td><td> - הכשרה כירורגית הכרחי - הכחדה לומינל המונה חסימה luminal. 45% לאחר 60 ימים - בעלי חיים עלולים לפתח תסמינים של OAD </td></tr></tbody></table> טבלה 1: יתרונות וחסרונות של השתלת קנה הנשימה Heterotopic ו orthotopic.

<ol>
	<li>Adams, B., Berry, G., Huang, X., Shorthouse, R., Brazelton, T., Morris, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunosuppressive+therapies+for+the+prevention+and+treatment+of+obliterative+airway+disease+in+heterotopic+rat+trachea+allografts.">Immunosuppressive therapies for the prevention and treatment of obliterative airway disease in heterotopic rat trachea allografts.</a> Transplantation. 69, 2260-2266 .</li><li>Adams, B., Brazelton, T., Berry, G., Morris, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+respiratory+epithelium+in+a+rat+model+of+obliterative+airway+disease.">The role of respiratory epithelium in a rat model of obliterative airway disease.</a> Transplantation. 69, 661-665 .</li><li>Deuse, T., Schrepfer, S., Reichenspurner, H., Hoyt, G., Fischbein, M., Robbins, R., Pelletier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+experimental+heterotopic+and+orthotopic+tracheal+transplantations+&amp;#x2013;+when+to+use+which+model;+Transplant+Immunology+17.">Techniques for experimental heterotopic and orthotopic tracheal transplantations &amp;#x2013; when to use which model; Transplant Immunology 17.</a> , 255-261 (2007).</li><li>Hele, D., Yacoub, M., Belvisi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heterotopic+tracheal+allograft+as+an+animal+model+of+obliterative+bronchiolitis.">The heterotopic tracheal allograft as an animal model of obliterative bronchiolitis.</a> Respiratory Research. 2, 169-183 .</li><li>Hertz, M., Jessurun, J., King, M., Savic, S., Murray, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproduction+of+the+obliterative+bronchiolitis+lesion+after+heterotopic+transplantation+of+mouse+airways.">Reproduction of the obliterative bronchiolitis lesion after heterotopic transplantation of mouse airways.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 142, (1993).</li><li>McDyer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+and+murine+obliterative+bronchiolitis+in+transplant.">Human and murine obliterative bronchiolitis in transplant.</a> Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 4, 37-43 .</li><li>Schrepfer, S., Deuse, T., Hoyt, G., Sheikh, A., Hoffmann, J., Reichenspurner, H., Robbins, R., Pelletier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+orthotopic+tracheal+transplantation:+the+stanford+technique.">Experimental orthotopic tracheal transplantation: the stanford technique.</a> Microsurgery. 27, 187-189 (2007).</li></ol>

סוניה Schrepfer קיבל מענק מחקר של דויטשה Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (SCHR992/3-1).] כל החיות קיבלו טיפול אנושי מתיישב עם עקרונות של טיפול בבעלי חיים מעבדה, ניסויים בבעלי חיים בוצעו בהתאם להנחיות והתקנות שנקבעו על ידי האגודה הלאומית למחקר רפואי המדריך לטיפול ושימוש בחיות מעבדה שפורסם על ידי המכונים הלאומיים לבריאות (National Institutes of Health פרסום 85-23, מתוקנת 1985). כל החיות התקבלו צ&#39;ארלס ריבר מעבדות (Sulzfeld, גרמניה) נשמרו על מרכזים בעלי חיים של החולים האוניברסיטאי בהמבורג Eppendorf. החיות קיבלו תקן ושולחת כרצונך מים המודעה.

עכברים זמינים transgeneic שונים מודל בנוקאאוט, ומתאים אפוא ללמוד מכניסטית שאלות הקשורות OAD (4). שני הדגמים של השתלת קנה הנשימה המוצג בסרטון זה יכול לשמש כמודל אמין לחקר התפתחות OAD. עם זאת, מודל זה מדגים את יתרונות ומגבלות. השת?...

heterotopic and orthotopic tracheal transplantation in mice used as models to study the development of  obliterative airway disease

סותם דרכי הנשימה מחלות (OAD) היא הסיבוך העיקרי לאחר השתלות ריאות שמגבילה ההישרדות לטווח ארוך (1-7). כדי לחקור את פתופיזיולוגיה, טיפול ומניעה של מודלים שונים של בעלי חיים OAD השתלת קנה הנשימה במכרסמים פותחו (1-7). כאן, אנו משתמשים בשני דגמים הוקמה של השתלת קנה הנשימה, את המודל heterotopic ו orthotopic ולהפגין יתרונות ומגבלות. עבור המודל heterotopic, התורם הוא עטוף לתוך קנה הנשימה omentum גדולה יותר של הנמען, ואילו התורם קנה הנשימה הוא anastomosed ידי השקה end-to-end במודל orthotopic. בשני המודלים, התפתחות נגעים סותם היסטולוגית דומה OAD קליניים הוכח (1-7). וידאו זה מראה כיצד לבצע את שניהם, heterotopic כמו גם את הטכניקה orthotopic השתלת קנה הנשימה אצל עכברים, ומשווה את מהלך הזמן של התפתחות OAD בשני מודלים באמצעות היסטולוגיה.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease at JoVE.com

Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease

וידאו זה מציג ומשווה שני דגמים ניסיוניים ללמוד על התפתחות המחלה בדרכי הנשימה סותם (OAD) בעכברים, במודל heterotopic ו orthotopic השתלת קנה הנשימה.

השתלת קנה הנשימה Heterotopic ו orthotopic ב עכברים משמשים מודלים לחקר התפתחות המחלה Airway סותם

Obliterative airway disease (OAD) is the major complication after lung transplantations that limits long term survival (1-7).
To study the ...

heterotopic-orthotopic-tracheal-transplantation-mice-used-as-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.8K Views.  University Heart Center Hamburg. וידאו זה מציג ומשווה שני דגמים ניסיוניים ללמוד על התפתחות המחלה בדרכי הנשימה סותם (OAD) בעכברים, במודל heterotopic ו orthotopic השתלת קנה הנשימה.

Video: Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

בדיקת רגישות חזותית על מהירות ועל כיוון התנועה של לטאות

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

השתלת הלב Heterotopic ב עכברים

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

מעי והשתלות קטן עכברים

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research. Working confidently and humanely with mice and rats requires a basic competency in handling and restraint methods. This article will present the basic principles required to safely handle animals. One-handed, two-handed, and restraint with specially designed restraint objects will be illustrated. Often, another part of the research or testing use of animals is the effective administration of compounds to mice and rats. Although there are a large number of possible administration routes (limited only by the size and organs of the animal), most are not used regularly in research. This video will illustrate several of the more common routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral gavage. The goal of this article is to expose a viewer unfamiliar with these techniques to basic restraint and substance administration routes. This video does not replace required hands-on training at your facility, but is meant to augment and supplement that training.

Working safely and humanely with research rodents requires a core competency in handling and restraint methods. This article will present the basic principles required to safely handle and effectively administer compounds to mice and rats.

איפוק ידני ומסלולי מנהל מתחם נפוצים בעכברים וחולדות

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research.  Working confidently and humanely with mice and ...

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

הערכת התפתחות בלוטת החלב פונקציה ועל מודלים עכבר

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Diagnostic Necropsy and Selected Tissue and Sample Collection in Rats and Mice

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal colony. Proper collection of tissues for further histological processing can impact the quality of testing results. This article describes the conduct of a basic gross examination including identification of heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen, as well as how to collect those organs. Additionally four of the more difficult tissue/sample collection techniques are demonstrated. Lung collection and perfusion can be particularly challenging as the tissue needs to be properly inflated with a fixative in order for inside of the tissue to fix properly and to enable thorough histologic evaluation. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to remove the lung and inflate it with fixative in order to achieve optimal fixation of the tissue within 24 hours. Brain collection can be similarly challenging as the tissue is soft and easily damaged. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to expose and remove the brain from the skull with minimal damage to the tissue. The mesenteric lymph node is a good sample type in which to detect many common infectious agents as enteric viruses persist longer in the lymph node than they are shed in feces. This article demonstrates the step by step procedure for locating and aseptically removing the mesenteric lymph node. Finally, identification of infectious agents of the respiratory tract may be performed by bacterial culture or PCR testing of nasal and/or bronchial fluid aspirates taken at necropsy. This procedure describes obtaining and preparing the respiratory aspirate sample for bacterial culture and PCR testing.

This article describes the procedures for conducting a basic postmortem examination of a mouse or rat, and the collection of basic organs, as well as more challenging sample types from for histological, microbiological, and PCR evaluation.

Necropsy לאבחון רקמות אוסף נבחר מדגם של חולדות ועכברים

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal ...

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&middot;Cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies. Many of these valuable animals exist only as live animals, with no backup plan in case of emergency. Cryopreservation of embryos can provide this backup, but is costly, can be a lengthy procedure, and generally requires a large number of animals for success. Since the discovery that mouse sperm can be successfully cryopreserved with a basic cryoprotective agent (CPA) consisting of 18&#37; raffinose and 3&#37; skim milk, sperm cryopreservation has become an acceptable and cost-effective procedure for archiving, distributing and recovery of these valuable strains.
 Here we demonstrate a newly developed I&bull;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from five commonly-used strains of inbred mice were frozen using this kit and then recovered. Higher protection ratios of sperm motility (&gt; 60&#37;) and rapid progressive motility (&gt; 45&#37;) compared to the control (basic CPA) were seen for sperm frozen with this kit in 5 inbred mouse strains. Two cell stage embryo development after IVF with the recovered sperm was improved consistently in all 5 mouse strains examined. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 GM mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&bull;Cryo kit and later recovered by IVF.

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&amp;middot;Cryo Kit

Here we demonstrate the newly developed I&#x2022;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Two-cell stage embryo development with frozen-thawed sperm was improved consistently in 5 mouse strains with the use of this kit. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 genetically modified mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&#x2022;Cryo kit and later successfully recovered by IVF.

הזרע עכבר cryopreservation ושחזור באמצעות · אני cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies.  Many of these ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

באמצעות רצף מעצר SecM ככלי לבודד פוליפפטידים כרוכים הריבוזום

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Tissue Triage and Freezing for Models of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal results from functional, cellular, molecular, and pathological evaluations. Due to the subtlety of some pathological abnormalities seen in congenital muscle disorders and the potential for fixation to interfere with the recognition of these features, pathological evaluation of frozen muscle is preferable to fixed muscle when evaluating skeletal muscle for congenital muscle disease. Additionally, the potential to produce severe freezing artifacts in muscle requires specific precautions when freezing skeletal muscle for histological examination that are not commonly used when freezing other tissues. This manuscript describes a protocol for rapid freezing of skeletal muscle using isopentane (2-methylbutane) cooled with liquid nitrogen to preserve optimal skeletal muscle morphology. This procedure is also effective for freezing tissue intended for genetic or protein expression studies. Furthermore, we have integrated our freezing protocol into a broader procedure that also describes preferred methods for the short term triage of tissue for (1) single fiber functional studies and (2) myoblast cell culture, with a focus on the minimum effort necessary to collect tissue and transport it to specialized research or reference labs to complete these studies. Overall, this manuscript provides an outline of how fresh tissue can be effectively distributed for a variety of phenotypic studies and thereby provides standard operating procedures (SOPs) for pathological studies related to congenital muscle disease.

The analysis of skeletal muscle tissues to determine structural, functional, and biochemical properties is greatly facilitated by appropriate preparation. This protocol describes appropriate methods to prepare skeletal muscle tissue for a broad range of phenotyping studies.

Triage רקמות ומקפיאים למודלים של מחלות שרירי שלד

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal ...