עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענק מטעם קרן המחקר הגרמנית (DFG, LU1455/1-1).

1. אקס לג&#39;ימי תרבות <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ביציות מופרות טריות מוטלות על הצד הארוך שלהם כפייה טיוטת חממה (BSS160, Ehret, גרמניה) ב 37.5 מעלות צלזיוס עם לחות 60% עבור הדגירה. ביצים המאוחסנים על 12 מעלות צלזיוס במשך שבוע יותר מ 1 אין להשתמש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר הדגירה של 2.5 ימים (על הבמה HH17), מוציאים את הביצים לתייג העליון בעיפרון כדי לציין כיוון פיצוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני פיצוח, יוצקים על 20 מ&quot;ל מים סטריליים מזוקקים אל תוך צלחת פטרי נקי גדול (בקוטר של 145 מ&quot;מ; גריינר Bio-One GmbH, גרמניה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים עוד מנה קטנה סטרילית פטרי (בקוטר של 94 מ&quot;מ; גריינר Bio-One GmbH) לתוך צלחת פטרי גדולה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשבור את הביצים בחלק התחתון על קצה מתכת חדה, לפתוח בזהירות את הביצים ולהעביר את כל התוכן של כל ביצה לתוך צלחת פטרי קטנה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מכסים את צלחת פטרי גדולה עם מכסה והכניס אותו עוד חממה (בינדר GmbH, Tuttlinge, גרמניה)לתרבות נוספת ב 37.5 מעלות צלזיוס עם לחות על 60%. לאחר הדגירה של המספר הרצוי של ימים, עוברים את יכולה לשמש electroporation. </li></ol> 2. לקראת electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> משוך זכוכית נימים עם חולץ microelectrode (PUL-100 micropipette פולר, מכשירים העולם דיוק, ברלין, גרמניה) באמצעות צינורות זכוכית בקוטר של 1.0 מ&quot;מ (TW100F-4, דיוק מכשירים בעולם) ולשבור את קצה נימי זכוכית לתוך המתאים קוטר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרת הפרמטרים המתאימים (כלומר, מתח שונים ברקמות שונות וגודל של עוברי) עבור electroporation ולהתחבר אלקטרודות electroporator (CUY21-Edit, Nepa ג&#39;ין, צ&#39;יבה, יפן) על פי רקמות היעד ואת גודל של העוברים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן פתרון פלסמיד המכיל פלסמידים ב וקטור pCAGGS קידוד הגן היעד, כגון cadherin7 (Cad7; pCAGGS-Cad7 בריכוז של 2.0 מיקרוגרם / μl) ואת גן דה מרקר,למשל, ירוק ניאון חלבון (GFP, pCAGGS-GFP בריכוז של 0.25 מיקרוגרם / μl). לאחר מכן הוסף גרין מהירה בריכוז סופי של 0.1% (Sigma) כדי לתייג את הפתרון פלסמיד עם צבע ירוק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> טען את נימי זכוכית עם פתרון פלסמיד באמצעות פיפטה בפה. </li></ol> 3. העברת גנים לתוך Tectum עוף אופטיים על ידי electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אחרי התרבות לג&#39;ימי לשעבר, למשל, על ידי יום הדגירה (ה) 6, עוברים את עוף משמשים electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזהירות לקרוע את קרום vitelline ו amnion על tectum עם מלקחיים אופטיים דקים ומוסיפים 3 טיפות סטרילית פתרון 0.9% נתרן כלורי על פני השטח של tectum. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להזריק את הפתרון הפלסמיד לתוך חלל של tectum ידי נימי זכוכית בעזרת פיפטה בפה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח את האלקטרודות עם קטודה טונגסטן המחט צלחת מלבנית האנודה (CUY 661-3x7, Nepa ג&#39;ין) לצד tectum, ומיד ליישם פולסים חשמליים (שש פעימות, 25 V, 60 אורך MS הדופק, 100 במרווחים לטרשת נפוצה בכל אחד מהמקרים) המיוצר על ידי electroporator כדי tectum. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מכסים את צלחת פטרי גדולה עם מכסה ולהחזיר אותה לתוך אינקובטור. לאחר הדגירה של ימים המתאימים (למשל, 2 או 3 ימים לאחר electroporation), tectum נאספים שנקבע immunostaining (איור 1) זיהוי ביולוגי. </li></ol> 4. נציג תוצאות Overexpression מוצלח של חלבונים חיצוניים של Cad7 ו-GFP על ידי electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר מוצג באיור 1 כדוגמה. כאשר Cad7 יחד עם פלסמיד פלסמיד ה-GFP היה electroporated אל tectum ב E6, יומיים או שלושה לאחר electroporation עוברים את נאספו קבוע. ב E8, חלבון ה-GFP מתבטא חזק tectum ב שלמים תמונות הר (איור 1 א, ג). יתר על כן, בסעיפים של tectum ב E9,חלבון ה-GFP (ירוק 1D איור) ו Cad7 חלבון (אדום באיור 1E) הם coexpressed (צהוב באיור 1F), דבר המצביע על כך electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר היא שיטה מוצלחת עבור העברת גנים לתוך עוברי עוף מבוגרים in vivo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4078/4078fig1.jpg" alt="איור 1"/> באיור 1. כאשר פלסמידים קידוד ה-GFP ו Cad7 הם cotransfected אל tectum עוף ב E6, יומיים או שלושה לאחר electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר, חלבון ה-GFP (ירוק) בא לידי ביטוי חזק כפי שמוצג ב E8 בתמונות wholemount (AC). בקטעים של tectum ב E9, חלבון ה-GFP (ירוק D) Cad7 חלבון (אדום E) הם coexpressed (צהוב F). BF, התמונה בשדה בהיר. סרגל קנה מידה: 200 מיקרומטר עבור AC: 100 מיקרומטר D עבור DF.

<ol>
	<li>Momose, T., Tonegawa, A., Takeuchi, J., Ogawa, H., Umesono, K., Yasuda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+targeting+of+gene+expression+in+chick+embryos+by+microelectroporation.">Efficient targeting of gene expression in chick embryos by microelectroporation.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 41, 335-344 (1999).</li><li>Luo, J., Ju, M. J., Lin, J., Yan, X., Markus, A., Mix, E., Rolfs, A., Redies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cadherin-20+expression+by+motor+neurons+is+regulated+by+Sonic+hedgehog+during+spinal+cord+development.">Cadherin-20 expression by motor neurons is regulated by Sonic hedgehog during spinal cord development.</a> NeuroReport. 20, 365-370 (2009).</li><li>Luo, J., Ju, M. J., Redies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regionalized+cadherin-7+expression+by+radial+glia+is+regulated+by+Shh+and+Pax7+during+chicken+spinal+cord+development.">Regionalized cadherin-7 expression by radial glia is regulated by Shh and Pax7 during chicken spinal cord development.</a> Neuroscience. 142, 1133-1143 (2006).</li><li>Nakamura, H., Katahira, T., Sato, T., Watanabe, Y., Funahashi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain-+and+loss-of-function+in+chick+embryos+by+electroporation.">Gain- and loss-of-function in chick embryos by electroporation.</a> Mech. Dev. 121, 1137-1143 (2004).</li><li>Dai, F., Yusuf, F., Farjah, G. H., Brand-Saberi, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi-induced+targeted+silencing+of+developmental+control+genes+during+chicken+embryogenesis.">RNAi-induced targeted silencing of developmental control genes during chicken embryogenesis.</a> Dev. Biol. 258, 80-90 (2005).</li><li>Rao, M., Baraban, J. H., Rajaii, F., Sockanathan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+comparative+study+of+RNAi+methodologies+by+in+ovo+electroporation+in+the+chick+embryo.">In vivo comparative study of RNAi methodologies by in ovo electroporation in the chick embryo.</a> Dev. Dyn. 231, 592-600 (2004).</li><li>Kos, R., Tucker, R. P., Hall, R., Duong, T. D., Erickson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+introducing+morpholinos+into+the+chicken+embryo.">Methods for introducing morpholinos into the chicken embryo.</a> Dev. Dyn. 226, 470-477 (2003).</li><li>Hamburger, V., Hamilton, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+series+of+normal+stages+in+the+development+of+the+chick+embryo.">A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.</a> J. Morphol. 88, 49-92 (1951).</li><li>Auerbach, R., Kubai, L., Knighton, D., Folkman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+procedure+for+the+long-term+cultivation+of+chicken+embryos.">A simple procedure for the long-term cultivation of chicken embryos.</a> Dev. Biol. 10, 391-394 (1974).</li><li>Luo, J., Treubert-Zimmermann, U., Redies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cadherins+guide+migrating+Purkinje+cells+to+specific+parasagittal+domains+during+cerebellar+development.">Cadherins guide migrating Purkinje cells to specific parasagittal domains during cerebellar development.</a> Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 25, 138-152 (2004).</li><li>Luo, J., Redies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+ovo+electroporation+for+gene+transfer+into+older+chicken+embryos.">Ex ovo electroporation for gene transfer into older chicken embryos.</a> Dev. Dyn. 233, 1470-1477 (2005).</li><li>Treubert-Zimmermann, U., Heyers, D., Redies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+axons+to+specific+fiber+tracts+in+vivo+by+altering+cadherin+expression.">Targeting axons to specific fiber tracts in vivo by altering cadherin expression.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 7617-7626 (2002).</li></ol>

אין ניגוד עניינים הצהיר.

פרוטוקול זה מספק הוראות להעברת גנים לעוברי עוף מבוגרים (למשל, אל tectum אופטיים ב E6) על ידי electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר. שיטה זו מרחיבה את השימוש electroporation כדי עוברי עוף מבוגרים ניתן ליישם בקלות במעבדות רבות לחקר תפקוד הגן in vivo בשלבים מאוחרים יותר. עוברים מתוך E4 לפחות ...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> Electroporator </td><td> Nepa ג&#39;ין, יפן </td><td> CUY21-Edit </td></tr><tr><td> אלקטרודות </td><td> Nepa ג&#39;ין, יפן </td><td> CUY661-3x7 </td></tr><tr><td> ביצה חממה </td><td> Ehret, גרמניה </td><td> BSS160 </td></tr><tr><td> העובר חממה </td><td> בינדר GmbH, גרמניה </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי </td><td> Keyence, Deutschland GmbH </td><td> BZ-8000 </td></tr><tr><td> צלחת פטרי </td><td> גריינר Bio-One GmbH, גרמניה </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microelectrode חולץ </td><td> העולם Precision מכשירים, גרמניה </td><td> PUL-100 </td></tr></tbody></table>

gene transfer into older chicken embryos by ex ovo electroporation

העובר עוף מספקת המערכת מודל מצוין לחקר תפקוד גנים ורגולציה במהלך ההתפתחות העוברית. ב electroporation לג&#39;ימי היא שיטה רבת עוצמה יתר מבטאים גנים חיצוניים או למטה, להסדיר גנים אנדוגניים in vivo עוברי עוף 1. מבנים שונים כגון פלסמידים דנ&quot;א גנים קידוד 2-4, קטן מפריע RNA (siRNA) פלסמידים 5, קטן סינתטי RNA oligos 6, morpholino אנטיסנס 7 ניתן transfected בקלות על ידי electroporation לעוברי עוף. עם זאת, היישום של ב electroporation לג&#39;ימי מוגבל עוברים בשלבים מוקדמים דגירה (צעירים יותר בשלב HH20 - פי המבורג המילטון) 8 ויש כמה חסרונות עבור היישום שלה עוברים בשלבים מאוחרים יותר (מעל גיל הבמה HH22 - כ 3.5 ימים של פיתוח). לדוגמה, קרום vitelline בשלבים מאוחרים יותר הוא usuברית דבק הממברנה יקבע ו פתיחת חלון במעטפת גורמת לקרע של כלי הדם, והתוצאה היא מוות של העוברים, עוברים הבוגרים מכוסים על ידי כלי vitelline ו allantoic, שם קשה לגשת ולטפל בעוברים, עוברים הבוגרים לעבור במרץ קשה לשלוט בכיוון דרך חלון קטן יחסית הקליפה. בפרוטוקול זה אנחנו מדגימים את השיטה לשעבר electroporation לג&#39;ימי להעברת גנים לעוברי עוף בשלבים המאוחרים (מבוגר בשלב HH22). עבור electroporation לג&#39;ימי לשעבר, עוברים מתורבתים בצלחות פטרי 9 ו vitelline וכלי allantoic מופצים באופן נרחב. בתנאים אלה, העוברים את העוף מבוגרים ניתן לגשת בקלות מניפולציה. לכן, שיטה זו מתגברת על החסרונות של ב electroporation לג&#39;ימי להחיל את עוברי עופות גדולים יותר. באמצעות שיטה זו, פלסמידים ניתן transfected בקלות לחלקים שוניםשל עוברי תרנגולת מבוגרים 10-12.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation at JoVE.com

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

השיטה של ​​העברת גנים לעוברי עוף בשלבי דגירה מאוחר יותר (מעל גיל המבורגר המילטון הבמה (ה&quot;ה) 22) מתואר. שיטה זו מתגברת על החסרונות של<em&gt; ב לג&#39;ימי</emElectroporation&gt; להחיל על עוברי תרנגולת מבוגרים היא טכניקה יעילה כדי ללמוד לתפקד גנים ורגולציה בשלבים התפתחותיים מבוגרים.

ין העברת לעוברי עוף מבוגרים יותר על ידי<em&gt; לג&#39;ימי לשעבר</em&gt; Electroporation

The chicken embryo provides an  excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during  embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is ...

gene-transfer-into-older-chicken-embryos-by-ex-ovo-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

14.5K Views.  School of Medicine University of Rostock. השיטה של ​​העברת גנים לעוברי עוף בשלבי דגירה מאוחר יותר (מעל גיל המבורגר המילטון הבמה (ה"ה) 22) מתואר. שיטה זו מתגברת על החסרונות של ב לג'ימי להחיל על עוברי תרנגולת מבוגרים היא טכניקה יעילה כדי ללמוד לתפקד גנים ורגולציה בשלבים התפתחותיים מבוג?...

Video: Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

העברה יעילה ג&#39;ין בצ&#39;יק הרשתיות לסלולריים יסודי לימודי תרבות:<em&gt; אקס-אוב</em&gt; גישת Electroporation

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

Developmental Biology

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr&#160;after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

העברת גנים לתוך האיברים השמיעתיים עוף ידי<em&gt; ב אובו</em&gt; מיקרו electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

In Ovo Electroporations of HH Stage 10 Chicken Embryos

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of molecular biological techniques, the chick has become a useful system in which to study gene regulation and function.  By electroporating DNA or RNA constructs into the developing chicken embryo, genes can be expressed or knocked down in order to analyze in vivo gene function.  Similarly, reporter constructs can be used for fate mapping or to examine putative gene regulatory elements.  Compared to similar experiments in mouse, chick electroporation has the advantages of being quick, easy and inexpensive.  This video demonstrates first how to make a window in the eggshell to manipulate the embryo.  Next, the embryo is visualized with a dilute solution of India ink injected below the embryo.  A glass needle and pipette are used to inject DNA and Fast Green dye into the developing neural tube, then platinum electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator.  Finally, the egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development.  Additionally, the video shows proper egg storage and handling and discusses possible causes of embryo loss following electroporation.

Chick in ovo electroporation is a technique which allows genetic manipulation of the avian embryo. Common applications of this technique include functional analysis of genes and putative enhancer elements. This video demonstrates neural tube electroporation in HH 10 chick embryos. Injection technique and proper egg handling are discussed.

ב Electroporations אובו של HH 10 עוברים שלב עוף

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of ...

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that the chicken embryo is an effective research model for studying basic biological functions of auditory system development. More recently, the chicken embryo has become particularly valuable in studying gene expression, regulation and function associated with hearing. In ovo electroporation can be used to target auditory brainstem regions responsible for highly specialized auditory functions. These regions include the chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL). NM and NL neurons arise from distinct precursors of rhombomeres 5 and 6 (R5/R6). Here, we present in ovo electroporation of plasmid-encoded genes to study gene-related properties in these regions. We show a method for spatial and temporal control of gene expression that promote either gain or loss of functional phenotypes. By targeting auditory neural progenitor regions associated with R5/R6, we show plasmid transfection in NM and NL. Temporal regulation of gene expression can be achieved by adopting a tet-on vector system. This is a drug inducible procedure that expresses the genes of interest in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). The in ovo electroporation technique &#8211; together with either biochemical, pharmacological, and or in vivo functional assays &#8211; provides an innovative approach to study auditory neuron development and associated pathophysiological phenomena.

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Auditory brainstem neurons of avians and mammals are specialized for fast neural encoding, a fundamental process for normal hearing functions. These neurons arise from distinct precursors of embryonic hindbrain. We present techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes in the hindbrain of chicken embryos to study gene function during auditory development.

ב Electrooration Ovo ב המוח עוף שמיעה

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

ב electroporation לג&#39;ימי של המוח התיכון צ&#39;יק לחקר תפקוד הגן בהתפתחות Neuron דופאמין

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Neuroscience

Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation

We report that mRNA electroporation permits fluorescent proteins to label cells in living quail embryos more quickly and broadly than DNA electroporation. The high transfection efficiency permits at least 4 distinct mRNAs to be co-transfected with ~87% efficiency. Most of the electroporated mRNAs are degraded during the first 2 h post-electroporation, permitting time-sensitive experiments to be carried out in the developing embryo. Finally, we describe how to dynamically image live embryos electroporated with mRNAs that encode various subcellular targeted fluorescent proteins.

We report messenger RNA (mRNA) electroporation as a method that permits fast and efficient expression of multiple proteins in the quail embryo model system. This method can be used to fluorescently label cells and record their in vivo movements by time-lapse microscopy shortly after electroporation.

ביטוי מהיר ויעיל של חלבונים מרובים בעוברי העופות באמצעות mRNA אלקטרופורציה

We report that mRNA electroporation permits fluorescent proteins to label cells in living quail embryos more quickly and broadly than DNA electroporation. ...

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

תא יחיד transfection בעוברים צ&#39;יק

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos

As a classical model system of embryo biology, the chicken embryo has been used to investigate embryonic development and differentiation. Delivering exogenous materials into chicken embryos has a great advantage for studying gene function, transgenic breeding, and chimera preparation during embryonic development. Here we show the method of in ovo intravascular injection whereby exogenous materials such as plasmid vectors or modified primordial germ cells (PGCs) can be transferred into donor chicken embryos at early developmental stages. The results show that the intravascular injection through the dorsal aorta and head allows injected materials to diffuse into the whole embryo through the blood circulatory system. In the presented protocol, the efficacy of exogenous plasmid and lentiviral vector introduction, and the colonization of injected exogenous PGCs in the recipient gonad, were determined by observing fluorescence in the embryos. This article describes detailed procedures of this method, thereby providing an excellent approach to studying gene function, embryo and developmental biology, and gonad-chimeric chicken production. In conclusion, this article will allow researchers to perform in ovo intravascular injection of exogenous materials into chicken embryos with great success and reproducibility.

In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos

The overall goal of this paper is to describe how to perform in ovo intracellular injection of exogenous materials into chicken embryos. This approach is very useful to study the developmental biology of chicken embryos.

באובו הזרקה תוך-וסקולרית בעוברי עוף

As a classical model system of embryo biology, the chicken embryo has been used to investigate embryonic development and differentiation. Delivering ...

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development

The inner ear perceives sound and maintains balance using the cochlea and vestibule. It does this by using a dedicated mechanosensory cell type known as the hair cell. Basic research in the inner ear has led to a deep understanding of how the hair cell functions, and how dysregulation can lead to hearing loss and vertigo. For this research, the mouse has been the pre-eminent model system. However, mice, like all mammals, have lost the ability to replace hair cells. Thus, when trying to understand cellular therapies for restoring inner ear function, complementary studies in other vertebrate species could provide further insights. The auditory epithelium of birds, the basilar papilla (BP), is a sheet of epithelium composed of mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) intercalated by supporting cells (SCs). Although the anatomical architecture of the basilar papilla and the mammalian cochlea differ, the molecular mechanisms of inner ear development and hearing are similar. This makes the basilar papilla a useful system for not only comparative studies but also to understand regeneration. Here, we describe dissection and manipulation techniques for the chicken inner ear. The technique shows genetic and small molecule inhibition methods, which offer a potent tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of inner ear development. In this paper, we discuss in ovo electroporation techniques to genetically perturb the basilar papilla using CRIPSR-Cas9 deletions, followed by dissection of the basilar papilla. We also demonstrate the BP organ culture and optimal use of culture matrices, to observe the development of the epithelium and the hair cells.

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development

The chick is a cost-effective, accessible, and widely available model organism for a variety of studies. Here, a series of protocols is detailed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying avian inner ear development and regeneration.

בשיטות אובו ואקס אובו לחקר התפתחות האוזן הפנימית של העופות

The inner ear perceives sound and maintains balance using the cochlea and vestibule. It does this by using a dedicated mechanosensory cell type known as ...

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is comparatively very easy to manipulate the chick embryonic retina using recombinant DNA/RNA technology. Electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the embryonic retina have a great advantage to study gene regulation in retinal stem/progenitor cells during retinal development. Different type of assays such as reporter gene assay, gene over-expression, gene knock down (shRNA) etc. can be performed using the electroporation technique. This video demonstrates targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation into the embryonic chick retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). Here we show a rapid and convenient in ovo electroporation technique whereby a plasmid DNA that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker is directly delivered into the chick embryonic subretinal space and followed by electric pulses to facilitate DNA uptake by retinal stem/progenitor cells. The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons1, which has been difficult with the conventional method of injection and electroporation at E1.52.

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

The overall goal of this video is to show how to perform targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the chick embryonic retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). This technique is very useful to study gene expression, gene regulation, and morphological change in developing chick retina.

ב electroporation לג&#39;ימי ברשתית צ&#39;יק עובריים

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is ...