אנו מודים לחברי מריאני המעבדה לעזרת עריכת הפרוטוקול. עבודה זו מומנה על ידי מענק הדרכה CIRM דוקטורים (JLF), התמחות גשרי CIRM (TZTT), רוברט ומאי ר רייט קרן (FVM), ובאוניברסיטת הדרום קליפורניה (FVM).

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סימני היכר חשובים של אפופטוזיס כוללים זיהוי של ניזק לדנ&quot;א עם assay Tunel, יחד עם זיהוי של פעילות caspase (מזוהה עם בז או מולקולה מחייבת כגון ZVAD-fmk), תצפית של שינויים תאיים, ומצגת של phosphatidylserine (PS ) על פני הקרום (זוהה על ידי Annexin V מחייב). יש כמה חסרונות בכל אחד מהמבחנים האלה. לדוגמה,...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם המגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td></td><td> מספר קטלוגים </td></tr><tr><td> LysoTracker האדום DND-99 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> # L-7528 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> הנקס BSS </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 14025-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehyde </td><td> EMD </td><td> EM-PX0055-3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield </td><td> וקטור </td><td> H-1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 10-013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> חומצות אמינו לא חיוניות </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-025-CI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פירובט נתרן </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-000-CI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30071.02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> עט דלקת </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15140-122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ב-Mercaptoethanol, 50 מ&quot;מ </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 21985-023 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> שקופיות LabTek-II הקאמריים (8-גם) </td><td> Nalge Nunc הבינלאומי </td><td> 154534 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0.1% ג&#39;לטין </td><td> Millipore </td><td> ES-006-B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PBS של Dulbecco (D-PBS) </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 21-031-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> מתכוני פתרונות 4% Paraformaldehyde עבור 100 מ&quot;ל: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבי 4 paraformaldehyde גרם, 90 המ&quot;ל H 2 O, וNaOH (ירידה של 2N NaOH). Paraformaldehyde לא ייכנס לפתרון עד שהוספת כמה NaOH כדי להגדיל את רמת החומציות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבים וחום ב 60 ° C עד שכל האבקה היא בפתרון (~ 10-20 דקות). לא לחמם יותר מדי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף ~ 10 המ&quot;ל PBS 10x להשיג נפח סופי של 100 מ&quot;ל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חנות ב -20 ° C בנוח (~ 10 מ&quot;ל או ~ 40 מ&quot;ל) aliquots. </li></ol> אזהרה: Paraformaldehyde בצורה &quot;ציצית&quot; (דחוס כדורים קטנים) היא פחות האבקה ולכן ניתן למדוד מחוץ למכסת מנוע. עם זאת אתה עדיין צריך ללבוש מסיכת אבק מגן (N95לפחות) במהלך טיפול. EB תרבות מדיה עבור 500 מ&quot;ל EB מדיה: <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> DMEM: </td><td> 404.5 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> FBS: </td><td> 75.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> L-גלוטמין: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> פניצילין / סטרפטומיצין: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> חומצות אמינו לא חיוניות: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> פירובט נתרן: </td><td> 5.0 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> β-Mercaptoethanol: </td><td> 500μl </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

use of lysotracker to detect programmed cell death in embryos and differentiating embryonic stem cells

מות תאים מתוכן (PCD) מתרחש אצל מבוגרים כדי לשמור על הומאוסטזיס רקמה נורמלית ובמהלך ההתפתחות עוברית לעצב רקמות ואיברים 1,2,6,7. במהלך פיתוח, כימיקלים רעילים או שינויים גנטיים יכולים לגרום לעלייה בPCD או לשנות דפוסי PCD כתוצאה מפרעות התפתחותיות ומומים מולדים 3-5. כדי להבין את האטיולוגיה של ליקויים אלה, המחקר של עוברים ניתן כהשלמה עם במבחני חוץ גופייה המשתמשים במיון תאי גזע עובריים (ES). אפופטוזיס הוא צורה נחקרה היטב של PCD שכרוך הוא פנימי וחיצוני כדי להפעיל איתות מפל האנזים caspase. שינויים בתא אופייני כוללים blebbing קרום, התכווצות גרעינית, ופיצול ה-DNA. צורות אחרות של PCD אינן כרוכות בהפעלת caspase ועלולה להיות סוף התוצאה של autophagy הממושך. ללא קשר למסלול PCD, תאים מתים שיהיה צורך להסירו. אצל מבוגרים, התאים החיסוניים ביצועיםORM פונקציה זו, ואילו בעוברים, שבו המערכת החיסונית אינה מפותחת עדיין, ההסרה מתרחשת על ידי מנגנון חלופי. מנגנון זה כרוך תאים שכנים (נקרא &quot;phagocytes לא מקצועי&quot;) לוקחים על phagocytic תפקידים שהם מכירים &quot;לאכול אותי&quot; אות על פני השטח של התא ולבלוע אותו 8-10 הגוססים. לאחר בליעה, הפסולת מובאת לlysosome לשפלה. לכן, ללא קשר למנגנון PCD, גידול בפעילות lysosomal יכול להיות מתואם עם מות תא מוגבר. ללמוד PCD, assay פשוט לדמיין lysosomes ברקמות עבות ותרבויות מבדילות multilayer יכול להיות שימושי. צבע LysoTracker הוא מולקולה קטנה מסיסה מאוד שנשמרה בתאי subcellular חומציים כגון 11-13 lysosome. הצבע הוא נלקח על ידי דיפוזיה ודרך מחזור הדם. מאז חדירה היא לא מכשול, ויזואליזציה של ללמוד במכללת פרינסטון ברקמות עבות ותרבויות רבות שכבתיות הוא אפשרי 12,13 </sup&gt;. לעומת זאת, ניתוח 14 Tunel (תיוג סוף transferase dUTP כינוי המסוף deoxynucleotidyl), מוגבל לדגימות קטנות, חתכים ההיסטולוגיים ותרבויות monolayer כי ההליך דורש כניסה / החדירות של מסוף transferase. בניגוד לאנילין כחול, שמפזר ונמס בממסים, LysoTracker האדום DND-99 ניתן לתקן, בהיר ויציב. כתמים יכולים להיות דמיינו עם מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי או confocal הסטנדרטי בכל הר-או סעיף באמצעות תקשורת מימית או ממס המבוסס על הרכבת 12,13. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקולים באמצעות צבע זה להסתכל על ללמוד במכללת פרינסטון בעוברי עכברי null קיפוד קולי הרגיל ו. בנוסף, אנו מדגימים ניתוח של PCD במבדל תרבויות תאי גזע עוברי, ולהציג שיטת כימות פשוט. לסיכום, כתמי LysoTracker יכולים להיות רב כדי להשלים שיטות אחרות לאיתור PCD.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

אנו מציגים פרוטוקול פשוט לדמיין אזורים של מות תאים מתוכן (PCD) בעוברי עכברים ומבדילים (ES) תרבויות תאי גזע עובריות באמצעות צבע מסיס מאוד בשם LysoTracker.

שימוש בLysoTracker לזהות מות תאים מתוכנים בעוברים ומיון תאי גזע עובריים

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and ...

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23.1K Views.  University of Southern California. אנו מציגים פרוטוקול פשוט לדמיין אזורים של מות תאים מתוכן (PCD) בעוברי עכברים ומבדילים (ES) תרבויות תאי גזע עובריות באמצעות צבע מסיס מאוד בשם LysoTracker.

Video: Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for embryo collection, immunofluorescence, imaging on a confocal microscope, and image segmentation and analysis are described. This method allows quantitation of the expression of multiple nuclear markers and the spatial (XYZ) coordinates of all cells in the embryo. It takes advantage of MINS, an image segmentation software tool specifically developed for the analysis of confocal images of preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies. MINS carries out unsupervised nuclear segmentation across the X, Y and Z dimensions, and produces information on cell position in three-dimensional space, as well as nuclear fluorescence levels for all channels with minimal user input. While this protocol has been optimized for the analysis of images of preimplantation stage mouse embryos, it can easily be adapted to the analysis of any other samples exhibiting a good signal-to-noise ratio and where high nuclear density poses a hurdle to image segmentation (e.g., expression analysis of embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies, differentiating cells in culture, embryos of other species or stages, etc.).

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analysis of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for collection of blastocysts, whole-mount immunofluorescent detection of proteins, imaging of samples on a confocal microscope, and nuclear segmentation and image analysis are described.

ניתוח כמותי של ביטוי חלבון לחקר מפרט Lineage עכבר preimplantation עוברים

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse ...

Developmental Biology

Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo labeling of stem cells with a fluorescent dye, subsequent intravenous injection of the labeled cells and visualization of their accumulation in specific target organs or pathologies. The presented technique demonstrates how we label human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) by simple incubation with the lipophilic fluorescent dye DiD (C67H103CIN2O3S) and how we label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with the FDA approved fluorescent dye Indocyanine Green (ICG). The uptake mechanism is via adherence and diffusion of the lypophilic dye across the phospholipid cell membrane bilayer. The labeling efficiency is usually improved if the cells are incubated with the dye in serum-free media as opposed to incubation in serum-containing media. Furthermore, the addition of the transfection agent Protamine Sulfate significantly improves contrast agent uptake.

This video shows techniques for labeling of human embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells with fluorescent dyes. This technique can be used for an in vivo tracking of transplanted stem cells with optical imaging and for histopathological correlations with fluorescence microscopy.

תיוג בתאי גזע עם צבעי ניאון על איתור פולשני עם דימות אופטי

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo ...

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative medicine. However, direct injection of hESCs, and cells differentiated from hESCs, into living organisms has thus far been hampered by significant cell death, teratoma formation, and host immune rejection. Understanding the in vivo hESC behavior after transplantation requires novel imaging techniques to longitudinally monitor hESC localization, proliferation, and viability. Molecular imaging has given investigators a high-throughput, inexpensive, and sensitive means for tracking in vivo cell proliferation over days, weeks, and even months. This advancement has significantly increased the understanding of the spatio-temporal kinetics of hESC engraftment, proliferation, and teratoma-formation in living subjects.

A major advance in molecular imaging has been the extension of noninvasive reporter gene assays from molecular and cellular biology into in vivo multi-modality imaging platforms. These reporter genes, under control of engineered promoters and enhancers that take advantage of the host cell s transcriptional machinery, are introduced into cells using a variety of vector and non-vector methods. Once in the cell, reporter genes can be transcribed either constitutively or only under specific biological or cellular conditions, depending on the type of promoter used. Transcription and translation of reporter genes into bioactive proteins is then detected with sensitive, noninvasive instrumentation (e.g., CCD cameras) using signal-generating probes such as D-luciferin.

To avoid the need for excitatory light to track stem cells in vivo as is required for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence reporter gene imaging systems require only an exogenously administered probe to induce light emission. Firefly luciferase, derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis, encodes an enzyme that catalyzes D-luciferin to the optically active metabolite, oxyluciferin. Optical activity can then be monitored with an external CCD camera. Stably transduced cells that carry the reporter construct within their chromosomal DNA will pass the reporter construct DNA to daughter cells, allowing for longitudinal monitoring of hESC survival and proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, because expression of the reporter gene product is required for signal generation, only viable parent and daughter cells will create bioluminescence signal; apoptotic or dead cells will not. 

In this video, the specific materials and methods needed for tracking stem cell proliferation and teratoma formation with bioluminescence imaging will be described.

With the growing interest in stem cell therapies, molecular imaging techniques are ideal for monitoring stem cell behavior after transplantation. Luciferase reporter genes have enabled non-invasive, repetitive assessment of cell survival, location, and proliferation in vivo. This video will demonstrate how to track hESC proliferation in a living mouse.

במבחנה פליטת אור הדמיה vivo ג&#39;ין הכתב של בתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative ...

Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where they act as front line sentinels of infection and tissue damage. While other immune cells are continuously renewed from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) located in the bone marrow, a lineage of macrophages, known as resident macrophages, have been shown to be self-maintained in tissues without input from bone marrow HSPCs. This lineage is exemplified by microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver and Langerhans cells in the epidermis among others. The intestinal and colon lamina propria are the only adult tissues devoid of HSPC-independent resident macrophages. Recent investigations have identified that resident macrophages originate from the extra-embryonic yolk sac hematopoiesis from progenitor(s) distinct from fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Among yolk sac definitive hematopoiesis, erythromyeloid progenitors (EMP) give rise both to erythroid and myeloid cells, in particular resident macrophages. EMP are only generated within the yolk sac between E8.5 and E10.5 days of development and they migrate to the fetal liver as early as circulation is connected, where they expand and differentiate until at least E16.5. Their progeny includes erythrocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells but only EMP-derived macrophages persist until adulthood in tissues. The transient nature of EMP emergence and the temporal overlap with HSC generation renders the analysis of these progenitors difficult. We have established a tamoxifen-inducible fate mapping protocol based on expression of the macrophage cytokine receptor Csf1r promoter to characterize EMP and EMP-derived cells in vivo by flow cytometry.

While infiltrating macrophages are continuously recruited to adult tissues from circulating precursors, resident macrophages seed their tissue during development, where they are maintained without further input from progenitors. The progenitors for resident macrophages were recently identified. Here, we present methods for the genetic fate mapping of the resident macrophage progenitors.

זיהוי של אבות אריתרומיאלואידים צאצאיהם בעובר עכבר על ידי זרימת cytometry

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where ...

Tracing Gene Expression Through Detection of &#946;-galactosidase Activity in Whole Mouse Embryos

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. The classical histochemical reaction is based on the hydrolysis of the substrate X-gal in combination with ferric and ferrous ions, which produces an insoluble blue precipitate that is easy to visualize. Therefore, &#946;-galactosidase activity serves as a marker for the expression pattern of the gene of interest as the development proceeds. Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of &#946;-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the subsequent method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. Additionally, a procedure for clarifying whole embryos is provided to better visualize X-gal staining in deeper regions of the embryo. Consistent results are obtained by performing this procedure, although optimization of reaction conditions is needed to minimize background activity. Limitations in the assay should be also considered, particularly regarding the size of the embryo in whole mount staining. Our protocol provides a sensitive and a reliable method for &#946;-galactosidase detection during the mouse development that can be further applied to the cryostat sections as well as whole organs. Thus, the dynamic gene expression patterns throughout development can be easily analyzed by using this protocol in whole embryos, but also detailed expression at the cellular level can be assessed after paraffin sectioning.

Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of &#946;-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. This is an easy and quick procedure to monitor gene expression during development that can also be applied to tissue sections, organs or cultured cells.

עקיבה ביטוי גנים דרך זיהוי של β-galactosidase פעילות ב עכבר כל העוברים

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

הדמיה חיה של מיטוזה בCortex עכבר עוברי פיתוח

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Neuroscience

Cell-Lineage Guided Mass Spectrometry Proteomics in the Developing (Frog) Embryo

Characterization of molecular events as cells give rise to tissues and organs raises a potential to better understand normal development and design efficient remedies for diseases. Technologies enabling accurate identification and quantification of diverse types and large numbers of proteins would provide still missing information on molecular mechanisms orchestrating tissue and organism development in space and time. Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based protocol that enables the measurement of thousands of proteins in identified cell lineages in Xenopus laevis (frog) embryos. The approach builds on reproducible cell-fate maps and established methods to identify, fluorescently label, track, and sample cells and their progeny (clones) from this model of vertebrate development. After collecting cellular contents using microsampling or isolating cells by dissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting, proteins are extracted and processed for bottom-up proteomic analysis. Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are used to provide scalable separation for protein detection and quantification with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Representative examples are provided for the proteomic characterization of neural-tissue fated cells. Cell-lineage-guided HRMS proteomics is adaptable to different tissues and organisms. It is sufficiently sensitive, specific, and quantitative to peer into the spatio-temporal dynamics of the proteome during vertebrate development.

Cell-Lineage Guided Mass Spectrometry Proteomics in the Developing Frog Embryo

Here we describe a mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of cell lineages with known tissue fates in the vertebrate Xenopus laevis embryo.

ספקטרומטריית מסה מונחית שושלת תאים פרוטאומיקה בעובר המתפתח (צפרדע)

Characterization of molecular events as cells give rise to tissues and organs raises a potential to better understand normal development and design ...

Chemistry

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

תא יחיד transfection בעוברים צ&#39;יק

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

זמן לשגות מיקרוסקופית של העובר בשלב מוקדם Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Single Cell Fate Mapping in Zebrafish

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, lymphatic, and blood vessel lineages arise in developing embryos requires fate mapping and lineage tracing of undifferentiated precursor cells. Recently, photoactivatable proteins which include: Eos1, 2, PAmCherry3, Kaede4-7, pKindling8, and KikGR9, 10 have received wide interest as cell tracing probes. The fluorescence spectrum of these photosensitive proteins can be easily converted with UV excitation, allowing a population of cells to be distinguished from adjacent ones. However, the photoefficiency of the activated protein may limit long-term cell tracking11. As an alternative to photoactivatable proteins, caged fluorescein-dextran has been widely used in embryo model systems7, 12-14. Traditionally, to uncage fluorescein-dextran, UV excitation from a fluorescence lamp house or a single photon UV laser has been used; however, such sources limit the spatial resolution of photoactivation. Here we report a protocol to fate map, lineage trace, and detect single labeled cells. Single cells in embryos injected with caged fluorescein-dextran are photoactivated with near-infrared laser pulses produced from a titanium sapphire femtosecond laser. This laser is customary in all two-photon confocal microscopes such as the LSM 510 META NLO microscope used in this paper. Since biological tissue is transparent to near-infrared irradiation15, the laser pulses can be focused deep within the embryo without uncaging cells above or below the selected focal plane. Therefore, non-linear two-photon absorption is induced only at the geometric focus to uncage fluorescein-dextran in a single cell. To detect the cell containing uncaged fluorescein-dextran, we describe a simple immunohistochemistry protocol16 to rapidly visualize the activated cell. The activation and detection protocol presented in this paper is versatile and can be applied to any model system. 
Note: The reagents used in this protocol can be found in the table appended at the end of the article.

A method is described to photoactivate single cells containing a caged fluorescent protein using two-photon absorption from a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser oscillator. To fate map the photoactivated cell, immunohistochemistry is used. This technique can be applied to any cell type.

שימוש בLysoTracker לזהות מות תאים מתוכנים בעוברים ומיון תאי גזע עובריים

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