ברצוננו להודות לאליסון Philbrook, בלינדה Barbagallo ומייקל פרנסיס להערות תובנה על נייר זה. המחקר המדווח בפרסום זה נתמכה על ידי הפרס R15 AREA 1R15NS070172-01A1 הוענק לMLL.

<ol>
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יש לי המחברים אין לחשוף.

כאן אנו מציגים פרוטוקולים מפורטים לבידוד וניתק culturing עצב סנסורי מעובר אפרוח. הליך זה יוצר אוכלוסייה מועשרת של הנוירונים גדלו וחסונה במבחנה 7,8,10,16. ניתן ליישם טכניקות תאיות ומולקולריות רבות לנוירונים בתרבית אלה, כוללים immunocytochemistry, אשר מתואר כאן. פרוטוקול זה ...

הנוירונים הם תאים מורכבים שנושאים מידע חיוני עבור מגוון רחב של פונקציות, כולל תחושה, ראייה, תנועה מוטורית, למידה, וזיכרון. ייחודי מסוגי תאים אחרים, תאי עצב להרחיב את התהליכים כמו זרוע, האקסונים נקראים, כדי ליצור כבישים עצביים חיוניים לתקשורת. במהלך תאי פיתוח מתמחה ממוקמים בקצוות של אקסונים הגובר, נקרא קונוסים צמיחה, לנווט קונצרט של רמזים תאיים להוביל את האקסון ליעד המתאים. המנגנונים המולקולריים המורכבים העומדים בבסיס ניווט חרוט צמיחה אינם מובנים במלואם. כדי להבין טוב יותר את המנגנונים האלה, חוקרים השתמשו במודלי תרבית תאים ללמוד הנוירונים בסביבה חוץ גופית מוגדרת ופשוטה ב. הנוירונים לומדים בתרבות 1 הוביל להתקדמות משמעותית בהבנה שלנו של ביולוגיה של תא העצבי ובם: הבחנה עצבית 2, דינמיקת cytoskeletal, אנדוציטוזה וסחר, דנדריטתקנה 3,4, התחדשות axonal 5, ומצבים קליניים כגון מחלות עצבים 6. בנוסף, נוירונים בתרבית הם נוחים מאוד למגוון רחב של טכניקות מחקר כוללים immunocytochemistry, שיתוף immunoprecipitation פני תא, כתם מערבי, transfection, RNAi, והדמיה לחיות כגון ניתוח timelapse של תנועתיות החרוט צמיחה. לפיכך, culturing נוירונים עיקרי הוא גישה רבת עוצמה כדי להבהיר היבטים רבים של הביולוגיה של התא של תאי עצב. מודל תרבית תאים מספק לחוקרים עם שליטה מפורטת על תנאים ומשתנים סביבתיים. לדוגמא, ניתן להשפיע המצע שעליו נוירונים הם מצופים (ולגדול על) בקלות. כאן, אנו מספקים הוראות מפורטות ליצירת שני מצע ברור, אחד עם ריכוז laminin-1 נמוך והשני עם להרוות ריכוזים של laminin-1. באופן מפתיע, ריכוזים שונים של אותה המולקולה יכולים להיות השפעה דרמטיתעל המצב הפנימי של תאי עצב, כמו גם את רכב פני השטח של תאים שלהם. לדוגמא, רמות תאיות של רמות cAMP ופני השטח של integrins שונות באופן משמעותי בתאי עצב מצופים על שני 7,8 substrata אלה. מחקרים נוספים הראו כי מולקולות אחרות, ובכלל זה proteoglycans פיברונקטין וכונדרואיטין סולפט, השפעת הביטוי של מולקולות פני השטח של תא ותנועתיות עצביות 7-11. בנוסף, מולקולות מסיסה כגון neurotrophins וneurotropins גם להשפיע הרכב קרום תא ותנועתיות עצביות 12-16 והוא יכול להיות בקלות ובאופן מדויק מניפולציות במודל תרבית תאים. כאן, אנו מתארים שיטות לבודד ותרבות מנותקת עצב סנסורי מעובר חומוס. הליך זה נעשה שימוש כדי להפוך את פריצות דרך משמעותיות בנוירוביולוגיה, ובכלל זה תולדת האקסון 5,7,8,10,11,16-21 והיה שונה מהליך שנועד לבודד את תאי הגנגליון 22. ישמספר יתרונות לגישה זו. ראשית, תכונות רבות של גנגליון שורש הגבי חומוס פיתוח (DRG) הם גם מתאפיינים כוללים מסגרת הזמן ללידה, הארכת האקסון, וביטוי חלבון פרופילי 2,23-28, ובכך לספק בסיס מאלף שעליו לבנות אינפורמטיבי בניסויי מבחנה. שנית, ניתק תרבויות עצביות מאפשרות לחוקר ללמוד באופן ישיר יותר נוירונים בהשוואה לגישות חלופיות באמצעות explants שלם DRG (המכיל תאי עצב ותאים שאינם עצביים) ו / או תרבויות מעורבות המכיל גם תאי עצב ניתק ותאים שאינם עצביים. שלישית, ההליך המתואר כאן הוא פשוט, זול ונוח לסטודנטים לתואר ראשון. לכן, טכניקה זו יכולה לשמש למחקר, כמו גם למטרות הוראה. יתר על כן, שינויים קלים של פרוטוקול זה צריכים לאפשר טיהור תשואה גבוהה במהירות, של נוירונים ממקורות אחרים מאשר DRGs. לדוגמא, בהליך זה יכול להיות שונה כדי לספק neuronally enrתרבויות iched מרקמות אחרות כגון מוח קדמי עוברי או בחוט השדרה. פרוטוקולי Immunocytochemistry כבר מותאמים לתרבויות עצביות ניתק אלה ומתוארים בפירוט כאן. הליך immunocytochemistry הכפול נגד מולקולה עצבית הידבקות תא (NCAM) וintegrins β1 מסופק. הנתונים המופקים משיטות immunocytochemical אלה היו בשימוש כדי לבחון את הדפוסים מרחביים ועוצמתם של מספר מולקולות בנוירונים בתרבית 8,16.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="694">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sterile small culture dishes (35mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">430165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sterile large culture dishes (100mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sterile large petri dishes (100mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">89000-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glass petri dish (100mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">D108962&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">11251-10&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">standard forceps</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">1100-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">coverslips&#160; (22x22)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">12 518 105K</td>
			<td>0.13-0.17 mm thickness is optimal for microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">porcelin coverslip holder</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Thomas scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">8542E40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">17502-048</td>
			<td>use 50ml aliquots per 500 mls of Ham&#39;s F12 media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HCL</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VW3204-1</td>
			<td>use at 2M, can be used twice before discarding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S9888</td>
			<td>use 5M NaCl solution for laminin-1 stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">laminin-1</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">23017-015</td>
			<td>Add 72ul of sterile 5M NaCl and aliquot into 50ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">cell treat</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">229411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS CMF 10X</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14200</td>
			<td>used at 1X, dilute with sterile millipore filtered water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14080</td>
			<td>used at 1X, dilute with sterile milliporee filtered water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ham&#39;s F12</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">12-615F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">10438</td>
			<td>use in F12HS20 at 10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">H3375</td>
			<td>make sterile 1M solution in distilled water, dilute in F12 media to obtain final concentration of 10mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin streptomyocin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P0781</td>
			<td>use 5mls in 500mls of F12 media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NT3</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">GF031</td>
			<td>Add 1ml of sterile millipore water, aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C, use at final concentration of 10ng/ml in F12H media, keep in -20 C&#160; non-defrosting freezer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">N2</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">17502048</td>
			<td>&#160;aliquot under sterile conditions,stored at -20 0C,&#160; use 100ul per 10ml of F12H media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NGF</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">RnD systems</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">256-GF</td>
			<td>Add 1ml of sterile 1X PBS with 0.1% BSA, aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C, usd at final concentration of 10 ng/ml in F12H media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">l-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G7513</td>
			<td>aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C, use at final concentration of 200mM in F12H media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">T4049</td>
			<td>aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">15260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="231">
			<td height="231" style="height:231px;width:216px;">Other items needed:&#160; general dissection instruments, including&#160; glass pasteur pipettes, fertile white leghorn chicken eggs, check egg incubator (humidified, 37 degrees C), cell incubation chamber (humidified, 37&#160; degrees C), laminar flow hood, binocular stereovision dissecting scope</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Immunocytochemistry Reagents Table</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S9378</td>
			<td>used in fixative solution (4% paraformaldehye, 30% sucrose, 2X PBS)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton-X 100</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P6148</td>
			<td>used in fixative solution (4% paraformaldehye, 30% sucrose, 2X PBS)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fluoromount G</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Southern Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PCN500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">16004-430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primary Antibody Table</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Antibody against NCAM</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AB5032</td>
			<td>polyclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Antibody against activated beta 1 ingegrin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MAB19294</td>
			<td>monoclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Seconday Antibody Table</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Goat anti-mouse IgG Alexa 488</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A11001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa 548</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A11036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of dissociated sensory neurons from chick embryos

הנוירונים הם תאים רב פנים שנושאים מידע חיוני עבור מגוון רחב של פונקציות, כולל תחושה, תנועה מוטורית, למידה, וזיכרון. חקר תאי עצב in vivo יכול להיות מאתגר בשל המורכבות שלהם, הסביבות המגוונות ודינמיות שלהם, ומגבלות טכניות. מסיבות אלה, חקרו תאי עצב במבחנה יכול להוכיח מועיל לפענח את המסתורין המורכב של תאי עצב. הטבע המוגדר היטב של דגמי תרבית תאים מספק שליטה מפורטת על תנאים ומשתנים סביבתיים. כאן אנו מתארים כיצד לבודד, לנתק, ונוירונים עיקרי תרבות מעוברת חומוס. טכניקה זו היא מהירה, זולה, ומייצרת וחסונה גדלה עצב סנסורי. ההליך מייצר באופן עקבי תרבויות שהעשירו מאוד עבור תאי עצב ויש לו מעט מאוד תאים שאינם עצביים (פחות מ -5%). נוירונים עיקרי אינו דבק גם לזכוכית שלא טופלה או מפלסטיק בתרבית רקמה, ולכן נהלים מפורטים ליצירת שתי distinct, מצע המכיל laminin מוגדר היטב לציפוי עצבי מתוארים. נוירונים בתרבית הם נוחים מאוד לטכניקות תאיות ומולקולריות מרובות, כוללים שיתוף immunoprecipitation, דמיון תא חי, RNAi, וimmunocytochemistry. נהלים לimmunocytochemistry כפול על נוירונים בתרבית אלה כבר מותאמים ושתוארו כאן.

הפרוטוקול המתואר כאן מאפשר לחוקרי תרבות אוכלוסייה מועשרת של עצב סנסורי עוברי ניתק עם מעט מאוד תאים (לדוגמא, &lt;5%) שאינם עצביים 7,8,10,16. ניתן להשיג DRGs רב מlumbosacral, בית החזה ואזורי צוואר רחם. בהתאם לצרכים של החוקר, DRGs מאזורים אנטומיים שונים אלה יכולים להיות מבודדי?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

מודלים תרבית תאים מספקים שליטה מפורטת על תנאים סביבתיים ובכך מספקים פלטפורמה רבת עוצמה על מנת להבהיר היבטים רבים של ביולוגיה של תא עצבי. אנו מתארים שיטה מהירה, זולה, ואמינה לבודד, לנתק, ותרבות תאי עצב תחושתי מעובר חומוס. פרטים של הכנת המצע וimmunocytochemistry גם מסופקים.

בידוד והתרבות של ניתק עצב סנסורי מאפרוח עוברים

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.2K Views.  Assumption College.  מודלים תרבית תאים מספקים שליטה מפורטת על תנאים סביבתיים ובכך מספקים פלטפורמה רבת עוצמה על מנת להבהיר היבטים רבים של ביולוגיה של תא עצבי. אנו מתארים שיטה מהירה, זולה, ואמינה לבודד, לנתק, ותרבות תאי עצב תחושתי מעובר חומוס. פרטים של הכנת המצע וi...

Video: Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissection והתרבות של נוירונים Commissural מחוט השדרה עובריים

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

בידוד והתרבות של נוירונים בהיפוקמפוס מעכברים טרום לידתי

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

בידוד של נוירונים חושיים של<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em&gt; להקלטות מהדק תיקון של זרמי glutamatergic

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

בידוד והתרבות של תאי האנדותל מהמוח הקדמי עוברי

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

הפקה ובידוד של אקסונים מסנסורי ביוכימית ניתוח באמצעות מסננים נקבוביים

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

בידוד, תרבות והטווח ארוך תחזוקה של יסודיים mesencephalic דופאמין נוירונים ממוח עוברי מכרסם

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in communication with the epidermal cells they innervate and thus their analysis benefits from in situ visualization of both neuronally and epidermally expressed proteins by immunofluorescence. Traditional methods of preparing larval fillets for immunofluorescence experiments leave intact the muscle tissue that covers most of the body wall, presenting several challenges to imaging neuronal and epidermal proteins. Here we describe a method for removing muscle tissue from Drosophila larval fillets. This protocol enables imaging of proteins that are otherwise obscured by muscle tissue, improves signal to noise ratio, and facilitates the use of super-resolution microscopy to study da neuron development.

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studies of neuronal morphogenesis using Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons benefit from in situ visualization of neuronal and epidermal proteins by immunofluorescence. We describe a procedure that improves immunofluorescence analysis of da neurons and surrounding epidermal cells by removing muscle tissue from the larval body wall.

הסרה של<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; רקמת שריר מן הזחל פילה עבור ניתוח Immunofluorescence של עצב סנסורי ותאי עוריות

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

זברה<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; הכנת בחוט השדרה עבור הקלטות אלקטרו מתוך השדרה חושית הנוירונים המוטוריים

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

נוירונים חוט השדרה בידוד ותרבות מ עכברים ניאונטליים

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Isolation and RNA Extraction of Neurons, Macrophages and Microglia from Larval Zebrafish Brains

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is important to isolate these cells without changing their gene expression profile. The zebrafish model provides a large number of transgenic fish lines in which specific cell types are labelled; for example neurons in the NBT:DsRed line or macrophages/microglia in the mpeg1:eGFP line. Furthermore, antibodies have been developed to stain specific cells, such as microglia with the 4C4 antibody.
Here, we describe the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains. Central to this protocol is the avoidance of an enzymatic tissue digestion at 37 &#176;C, which could modify cellular profiles. Instead a mechanical system of tissue homogenization at 4 &#176;C is used. This protocol entails homogenization of brains into cell suspension, their immuno-staining and the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia by FACS. Afterwards, we extracted RNA from those cells and evaluated their quality/quantity. We managed to obtain RNA of high quality (RNA Integrity Number (RIN) &#62; 7) to perform qPCR on macrophages/microglia and neurons, and transcriptomic analysis on microglia. This approach enables a better characterization of these cells, as well as a clearer understanding about their role in development and pathologies.

We present a protocol to isolate neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains under physiological and pathological conditions. Upon isolation, RNA is extracted from these cells to analyze their gene expression profile. This protocol allows for the collection of high-quality RNA for performing downstream analysis like qPCR and transcriptomics.

בידוד והפקת RNA של נוירונים, מקרופאגים מיקרוגלייה מן המוח זחל דג זברה

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is ...