نود أن نشكر أليسون Philbrook، بليندا Barbagallo ومايكل فرانسيس للتعليقات الثاقبة على هذه الورقة. وأيد البحث عنها في هذا المنشور من قبل جائزة R15 AREA 1R15NS070172-01A1 منحت لMLL.

<ol>
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الكتاب ليس لديهم ما يكشف.

هنا نقدم بروتوكولات مفصلة لعزل وزراعة الخلايا العصبية الحسية فصلها من جنين الفرخ. يولد هذا الإجراء السكان المخصب من الخلايا العصبية المتنامية بقوة في المختبر 7،8،10،16. العديد من التقنيات الخلوية والجزيئية يمكن تطبيقها على هذه الخلايا العصبية مثقف، بما في ?...

الخلايا العصبية هي الخلايا المعقدة التي تحمل المعلومات الأساسية لمجموعة متنوعة من المهام بما في ذلك الإحساس، الرؤية، وحركة السيارات، والتعلم، والذاكرة. فريد من أنواع الخلايا الأخرى، تمتد عمليات الخلايا العصبية تشبه الذراع، ودعا محاور عصبية، لتشكيل العصبية الطرق الأساسية للاتصال. أثناء التطوير المتخصصة المقصورات الموجودة على نصائح من محاور النمو، دعا مخاريط النمو، انتقل من خلال الحفل من العظة خارج الخلية لقيادة محور عصبي إلى وجهتها المناسبة. ليست مفهومة تماما الآليات الجزيئية المعقدة التي تكمن وراء النمو مخروط الملاحة. إلى فهم أفضل لهذه الآليات، استخدمت محققين نماذج زراعة الخلايا لدراسة الخلايا العصبية في بيئة المختبر محددة ومبسطة في. وقد أدى دراسة الخلايا العصبية في الثقافة 1 إلى تقدم كبير في فهمنا لبيولوجيا الخلية العصبية بما في ذلك: تمايز الخلايا العصبية 2، وديناميات هيكل الخلية، الإلتقام والاتجار، التغصناتتنظيم 3،4، تجدد المحاور 5، والحالات السريرية مثل اعتلال الأعصاب 6. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، الخلايا العصبية مثقف قابلة للغاية لمجموعة واسعة من تقنيات البحث بما في ذلك مناعية، خلية السطح المشترك مناعي، لطخة غربية، ترنسفكأيشن، رني، والتصوير الحي مثل تحليل timelapse من مخروط نمو الحركة. وهكذا، زراعة الخلايا العصبية الأولية هو نهج قوي لتوضيح جوانب عديدة من بيولوجيا الخلايا من الخلايا العصبية. ويوفر نموذج خلية ثقافة المحققين مع سيطرة مفصلة على الظروف البيئية والمتغيرات. على سبيل المثال، والطبقات التحتية التي ومطلي الخلايا العصبية (وتنمو عليها) يمكن التلاعب بها بسهولة. هنا، ونحن نقدم تعليمات مفصلة لتوليد اثنين من الطبقات التحتية المتميزة، واحدة مع انخفاض laminin-1 تركيز والآخر مع تشبع تركيزات laminin-1. والمثير للدهشة، أن تركيزات مختلفة من نفس الجزيء لها آثار دراماتيكيةعلى الحالة الداخلية من الخلايا العصبية فضلا عن تكوين سطح الخلية الخاصة بهم. على سبيل المثال، مستويات الخلايا من المخيم ومستويات سطح integrins تختلف اختلافا كبيرا في الخلايا العصبية مطلي على هذين 7،8 الطبقات التحتية. وقد أظهرت دراسات إضافية أن الجزيئات الأخرى، بما في ذلك فبرونيكتين وكبريتات شوندروتن البروتيوغليكان، تأثير التعبير عن جزيئات سطح الخلية والحركة العصبية 7-11. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، جزيئات قابلة للذوبان مثل neurotrophins وneurotropins تؤثر أيضا تكوين غشاء الخلية العصبية والحركة 12-16 ويمكن بسهولة وبدقة التلاعب في نموذج ثقافة الخلية. هنا، نحن تصف طرق لعزل وفصلها الثقافة الخلايا العصبية الحسية من الأجنة الفرخ. وقد استخدم هذا الإجراء لتحقيق اختراقات كبيرة في بيولوجيا الأعصاب، بما في ذلك محور عصبي ثمرة 5،7،8،10،11،16-21 وتم تعديل من إجراء يهدف إلى عزل خلايا العقدة 22. هناكالعديد من المزايا لهذا النهج. أولا، العديد من الميزات من الفرخ عقدة الجذر الظهري (DRG) تطوير تتميز جيدا بما في ذلك الإطار الزمني للولادة، والإرشاد محور عصبي، وملامح تعبير البروتين 2،23-28، وبالتالي توفير أساس المفيد التي تبنى عليها بالمعلومات في تجارب المختبر. الثانية، فصل الثقافات العصبية تسمح المحقق لدراسة الخلايا العصبية أكثر مباشرة مقارنة النهج البديلة باستخدام إإكسبلنتس سليمة DRG (التي تحتوي على الخلايا العصبية والخلايا غير العصبية) و / أو الثقافات المختلطة التي تحتوي على كل من الخلايا العصبية وفصلها الخلايا غير العصبية. ثالثا، الإجراء الموضح هنا واضح ومباشر، وغير مكلفة وقابلة للطلاب الجامعيين. ولذلك، هذه التقنية يمكن استخدامها لأغراض البحث وكذلك لأغراض تعليمية. وعلاوة على ذلك، يجب أن اختلافات طفيفة من هذا البروتوكول يسمح تنقية سريع، عالية الغلة من الخلايا العصبية من مصادر أخرى غير DRGs. على سبيل المثال، يمكن تعديل هذا الإجراء لتوفير neuronally ENRالثقافات iched من الأنسجة الأخرى مثل الدماغ الأمامي الجنينية أو الحبل الشوكي. وقد تم تحسين بروتوكولات مناعية لهذه الثقافات العصبية فصلها ويتم وصفها بالتفصيل هنا. يتم توفير إجراءات مناعية المزدوج ضد جزيء التصاق الخلايا العصبية (NCAM) وintegrins β1. وقد استخدمت البيانات الناتجة من هذه الأساليب immunocytochemical لدراسة الزخرفة المكانية وكثافة عدة الجزيئات في الخلايا العصبية مثقف 8،16.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sterile small culture dishes (35mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">430165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sterile large culture dishes (100mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sterile large petri dishes (100mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">89000-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glass petri dish (100mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">D108962&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">11251-10&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">standard forceps</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">1100-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">coverslips&#160; (22x22)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">12 518 105K</td>
			<td>0.13-0.17 mm thickness is optimal for microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">porcelin coverslip holder</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Thomas scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">8542E40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">17502-048</td>
			<td>use 50ml aliquots per 500 mls of Ham&#39;s F12 media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HCL</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VW3204-1</td>
			<td>use at 2M, can be used twice before discarding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S9888</td>
			<td>use 5M NaCl solution for laminin-1 stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">laminin-1</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">23017-015</td>
			<td>Add 72ul of sterile 5M NaCl and aliquot into 50ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">cell treat</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">229411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS CMF 10X</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14200</td>
			<td>used at 1X, dilute with sterile millipore filtered water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14080</td>
			<td>used at 1X, dilute with sterile milliporee filtered water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ham&#39;s F12</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">12-615F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">10438</td>
			<td>use in F12HS20 at 10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">H3375</td>
			<td>make sterile 1M solution in distilled water, dilute in F12 media to obtain final concentration of 10mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin streptomyocin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P0781</td>
			<td>use 5mls in 500mls of F12 media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NT3</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">GF031</td>
			<td>Add 1ml of sterile millipore water, aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C, use at final concentration of 10ng/ml in F12H media, keep in -20 C&#160; non-defrosting freezer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">N2</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">17502048</td>
			<td>&#160;aliquot under sterile conditions,stored at -20 0C,&#160; use 100ul per 10ml of F12H media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NGF</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">RnD systems</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">256-GF</td>
			<td>Add 1ml of sterile 1X PBS with 0.1% BSA, aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C, usd at final concentration of 10 ng/ml in F12H media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">l-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G7513</td>
			<td>aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C, use at final concentration of 200mM in F12H media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">T4049</td>
			<td>aliquot under sterile conditions, store at -20 0C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">15260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="231">
			<td height="231" style="height:231px;width:216px;">Other items needed:&#160; general dissection instruments, including&#160; glass pasteur pipettes, fertile white leghorn chicken eggs, check egg incubator (humidified, 37 degrees C), cell incubation chamber (humidified, 37&#160; degrees C), laminar flow hood, binocular stereovision dissecting scope</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Immunocytochemistry Reagents Table</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S9378</td>
			<td>used in fixative solution (4% paraformaldehye, 30% sucrose, 2X PBS)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton-X 100</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P6148</td>
			<td>used in fixative solution (4% paraformaldehye, 30% sucrose, 2X PBS)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fluoromount G</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Southern Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PCN500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">16004-430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primary Antibody Table</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Antibody against NCAM</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AB5032</td>
			<td>polyclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Antibody against activated beta 1 ingegrin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MAB19294</td>
			<td>monoclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Seconday Antibody Table</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Goat anti-mouse IgG Alexa 488</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A11001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa 548</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A11036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of dissociated sensory neurons from chick embryos

الخلايا العصبية هي الخلايا متعددة الأوجه التي تحمل المعلومات الأساسية لمجموعة متنوعة من المهام بما في ذلك الإحساس، وحركة السيارات، والتعلم، والذاكرة. يمكن دراسة الخلايا العصبية في الجسم الحي يكون تحديا بسبب تعقيدها، بيئاتها المتنوعة والديناميكية، والقيود الفنية. لهذه الأسباب، ودراسة الخلايا العصبية في المختبر يمكن أن يكون مفيدا لكشف أسرار معقدة من الخلايا العصبية. طبيعة محددة جيدا من نماذج ثقافة الخلية يوفر تحكم مفصلة على الظروف البيئية والمتغيرات. نحن هنا تصف كيفية عزل، فصل، والخلايا العصبية الثقافة الابتدائية من الأجنة الفرخ. هذا الأسلوب هو سريعة وغير مكلفة، ويولد تنمو بقوة الخلايا العصبية الحسية. الإجراء ينتج باستمرار الثقافات التي يتم التخصيب لديها الخلايا العصبية وعدد قليل جدا من الخلايا غير العصبية (أقل من 5٪). الخلايا العصبية الأولية لا تلتزم بشكل جيد للزجاج غير المعالجة أو زراعة الأنسجة البلاستيك، وبالتالي الإجراءات التفصيلية لإنشاء اثنين ديستانط، موصوفة محددة جيدا الطبقات التحتية التي تحتوي على laminin لطلاء الخلايا العصبية. الخلايا العصبية مثقف قابلة للغاية لتقنيات الخلوية والجزيئية متعددة، بما في ذلك التعاون مناعي، تخيل خلية الحية، رني، ومناعية. وقد تم تحسين إجراءات مناعية المزدوج على هذه الخلايا العصبية مثقف وصفها هنا.

بروتوكول الموصوفة هنا تمكن المحققون إلى ثقافة السكان المخصب من فصلها الخلايا العصبية الحسية الجنينية مع عدد قليل جدا من الخلايا (على سبيل المثال، &lt;5٪) غير العصبية 7،8،10،16. ويمكن الحصول على العديد من DRGs القطنية العجزية، الصدر ومناطق عنق الرحم. تبعا للاحتيا?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

نماذج ثقافة الخلية توفر تحكم مفصلة على الظروف البيئية وبالتالي توفر منصة قوية لتوضيح جوانب عديدة من بيولوجيا الخلايا العصبية. نحن تصف طريقة سريعة وغير مكلفة، وموثوق بها لعزل وفصل، والثقافة الخلايا العصبية الحسية من الأجنة الفرخ. كما تقدم تفاصيل إعداد الطبقات التحتية ومناعية.

العزلة وثقافة فصل الخلايا العصبية الحسية من الفرخ الأجنة

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

isolation-culture-dissociated-sensory-neurons-from-chick

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.2K Views.  Assumption College.  نماذج ثقافة الخلية توفر تحكم مفصلة على الظروف البيئية وبالتالي توفر منصة قوية لتوضيح جوانب عديدة من بيولوجيا الخلايا العصبية. نحن تصف طريقة سريعة وغير مكلفة، وموثوق بها لعزل وفصل، والثقافة الخلايا العصبية الحسية من الأجنة الفرخ. كما تقدم ...

Video: Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

تشريح والثقافة من الخلايا العصبية من النخاع الشوكي صواري الجنينية

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

The Culture of Primary Motor and Sensory Neurons in Defined Media on Electrospun Poly-L-lactide Nanofiber Scaffolds

Electrospinning is a technique for producing micro- to nano-scale fibers. Fibers can be electrospun with varying degrees of alignment, from highly aligned to completely random. In addition, fibers can be spun from a variety of materials, including biodegradable polymers such as poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). These characteristics make electrospun fibers suitable for a variety of scaffolding applications in tissue engineering. Our focus is on the use of aligned electrospun fibers for nerve regeneration. We have previously shown that aligned electrospun PLLA fibers direct the outgrowth of both primary sensory and motor neurons in vitro. We maintain that the use of a primary cell culture system is essential when evaluating biomaterials to model real neurons found in vivo as closely as possible. Here, we describe techniques used in our laboratory to electrospin fibrous scaffolds and culture dorsal root ganglia explants, as well as dissociated sensory and motor neurons, on electrospun scaffolds. However, the electrospinning and/or culture techniques presented here are easily adapted for use in other applications.

Aligned electrospun fibers direct the growth of neurons in vitro and are a potential component of nerve regeneration scaffolds. We describe a procedure for preparing electrospun fiber substrates and the serum-free culture of primary rat E15 sensory (DRG) and motor neurons. Visualization of neurons by immunocytochemistry is also included.

ثقافة موتور الابتدائية والخلايا العصبية الحسية في وسائل الإعلام على معرفة السقالات Electrospun Nanofiber بولي - L - lactide

Electrospinning is a technique for producing micro- to nano-scale fibers. Fibers can be electrospun with varying degrees of alignment, from highly aligned ...

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the olfactory bulb (OB). The molecular mechanisms of OSN axon growth and targeting are not well understood. Manipulating gene expression and subsequent 
visualizing of single OSN axons and their terminal arbor morphology have thus far been challenging. To study gene function at the single cell level within a specified 
time frame, we developed a lentiviral based technique to manipulate gene expression in OSNs in vivo. Lentiviral particles are delivered to OSNs by microinjection 
into the olfactory epithelium (OE). Expression cassettes are then permanently integrated into the genome of transduced OSNs. Green fluorescent protein expression 
identifies infected OSNs and outlines their entire morphology, including the axon terminal arbor. Due to the short turnaround time between microinjection and 
reporter detection, gene function studies can be focused within a very narrow period of development. With this method, we have detected GFP expression within as 
few as three days and as long as three months following injection. We have achieved both over-expression and shRNA mediated knock-down by lentiviral microinjection. 
This method provides detailed morphologies of OSN cell bodies and axons at the single cell level in vivo, and thus allows characterization of candidate gene function 
during olfactory development.

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

We present a lentiviral technique for genetic manipulation and visualization of single olfactory sensory neuron axon and its terminal arborization in vivo.

الفيروسة البطيئة بوساطة التلاعب الجيني والتخيل من العصبونات الحسية الشمية في الجسم الحي</em

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

العزلة والثقافة من الخلايا العصبية قرن آمون من الفئران قبل الولادة

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

عزل الخلايا العصبية الحسية من<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em&gt; للحصول على التسجيلات المشبك التصحيح من التيارات الجلوتاميرجي

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

إنتاج وعزل محاور عصبية من الخلايا العصبية الحسية لتحليل الكيمياء الحيوية باستخدام مرشحات المسامية

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

العزلة والثقافة وطويل الأجل صيانة الابتدائية الدماغ المتوسط ​​الدوبامين العصبية من المخ الجنينية القوارض

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in communication with the epidermal cells they innervate and thus their analysis benefits from in situ visualization of both neuronally and epidermally expressed proteins by immunofluorescence. Traditional methods of preparing larval fillets for immunofluorescence experiments leave intact the muscle tissue that covers most of the body wall, presenting several challenges to imaging neuronal and epidermal proteins. Here we describe a method for removing muscle tissue from Drosophila larval fillets. This protocol enables imaging of proteins that are otherwise obscured by muscle tissue, improves signal to noise ratio, and facilitates the use of super-resolution microscopy to study da neuron development.

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studies of neuronal morphogenesis using Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons benefit from in situ visualization of neuronal and epidermal proteins by immunofluorescence. We describe a procedure that improves immunofluorescence analysis of da neurons and surrounding epidermal cells by removing muscle tissue from the larval body wall.

إزالة<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; الأنسجة العضلية من اليرقات شرائح التحليل المناعي من العصبونات الحسية وخلايا البشرة

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

الزرد<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; الحبل الشوكي التحضير للتسجيلات الكهربية من العمود الفقري الحسية والحركية العصبية

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

الحبل الشوكي العصبونات العزلة والثقافة من الفئران حديثي الولادة

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...