מקור המימון להפגנת המעבדה היה מענק NIGMS: GM077119. אנו מודים לד&quot;ר יוסף ר &#39;הייווד וד&quot;ר פיטר קובט על תמיכתם של couse הקצר באינטגרטיבית ואיברי מערכות פרמקולוגיה. כמו כן, אנו מודים לגב &#39;חנה Garver לתמיכה הטכנית שלה הפגנת המעבדה.

לפני כל הליך בעלי חיים, טיפול בבעלי החיים הוועדה המוסדית ושימוש (IACUC) חייבת לאשר את הפרוטוקול. פרוטוקול זה אושר על ידי IACUC אוניברסיטת מדינת מישיגן. 1. הכנת מעבדה-טרום של פתרון FITC-אינולין <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 20 מיליליטר של תמיסת מלח חם עד 70 מעלות צלזיוס ולאט לאט מוסיפים של FITC-אינולין (5 מ&quot;ג / מיליליטר FITC-אינולין) 100 מ&quot;ג עד שכל אינולין נמס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתרון מגניב RT ולהוסיף 800 מ&quot;ג של אלבומין בסרום השור (40 מ&quot;ג / מיליליטר BSA, אבקת lyophilized, בעצם גלובולין רעלן פנימי ללא תשלום, נמוך, טוהר ≥98% על ידי ג&#39;ל אלקטרופורזה agarose). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סנן את פתרון אינולין-BSA עם נייר סינון (כיתה 1). מניחים את הפתרון המסונן במזרק 20 מיליליטר עם מסנן מזרק-קצה (0.2 מיקרומטר) ומכסה בנייר כסף כדי להגן מפני אור. </li></ol> 2. הרדמה וניתוח <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את החולדה בתא אינדוקציה מלא isoflurane 5% כדי לגרום להרדמה. שיא דירקטוריוןמשקל y (250-350 ז) ומניח את החולדה על פלטפורמת ניתוח מחוממת נועדה לשמור על 37 מעלות צלזיוס טמפרטורת גוף לאורך כל הניסוי. בעדינות לאבטח את החולדה לפלטפורמה עם קלטת מעבדה על כפות. לשמור על הרדמה עם isoflurane 1-2% עם הכיתה רפואית O 100% 2 בקצב זרימת אוויר של .8-1.0 L / min. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכנס קטטר מחודד (OD תוך-הקצה, 2.7F) לתוך עורק הירך ללחץ דם וניטור קצב לב, ודגימת דם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכנס קטטר (PE-50) לוריד הירך לעירוי אינולין. אבטח את הצנתר לרקמות עם תפר כירורגי משי קלוע 5-O 6. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צרף את צנתר העורקים למתמר לחץ מד לחץ. לחץ שיא דם וקצב לב באמצעות תוכנת רכישת נתונים ותצוגה על מסך מחשב בזמן אמת. טכניקה זו באה לידי ביטוי בפירוט על וידאו 6. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשוף את שלפוחית ​​השתן דרך חתך suprapubic. חותך קטןחור בקצה של שלפוחית ​​השתן ולהכניס צינורית (PE-190) עם חום התלקח קצה בתוך שלפוחית ​​השתן לאיסוף שתן. אבטח את הצינורית לשלפוחית ​​השתן עם תפרים טבעתיים. </li></ol> 3. תנו ודם אוסף <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את המזרק של FITC-אינולין במשאבת מזרק עם שיעור זרימת סט של 1 מיליליטר / שעה למשקל גוף 100 גרם (3 מיליליטר / שעה לעכברוש במשקל 300 גרם). צרף את המזרק לקטטר וריד הירך. התחל עירוי אינולין ולאפשר תקופת איזון 1-2 שעות. שמור מזרק מכוסה בנייר כסף כדי להגן מפני אור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לקבוע אם זרימת שתן השיעור יציב ומתאים לניתוח מדגם (20 μl / min) על ידי איסוף דגימת שתן בבקבוקון אוסף-שקל מראש לתקופה של 10 דקות. לקבוע נפח שתן gravimetrically עם סולם דיגיטלי. נפח שתן נאות לתקופה אוסף 10 דקות הוא 0.2 מיליליטר. תמשיך לאסוף דגימות שתן עד שני אוספים רצופים מצביעים זרימת שתן שיעור של 20 μl / מ &#39;באו יותר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דוגמאות טרום תרופות <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאסוף דגימת שתן במהלך תקופה של 20 דקות. לאסוף דגימת דם (0.5 מיליליטר) מצנתר העורקים בנקודת האמצע של תקופת האיסוף שתן. היזהר ברור לחלוטין צנתר העורקים של תמיסת מלח לפני איסוף דגימת דם בבקבוקון המכיל אוסף 1 הפרין U. השתמש בקבוקוני אוסף עם סימוני נפח כדי להקל על האוסף של 0.5 מיליליטר של דם עורקים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> רוקן את הקטטר עורקים עם הפרין-מלוח (20 U / ml) כדי לנקות את הקטטר של דם (כ. 0.1 מיליליטר). אורכו של צנתר העורקים צריך להיות קצר ככל האפשר כדי להגביל את הנפח של הפרין-מלוח הדרוש כדי לשטוף. הערה: דגימות דם מדולל לייצר חישובים מדויקים של GFR והפרשה חלקית של Na וק </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חכה 10 דקות, וחזור על האוסף של שתן טרום תרופה שנייה ודגימת דם. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעקבות האוסף של שתי דגימות טרום תרופה, לנהל DRU משתן<html> g, פורוסמיד (10 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם), דרך צנתר העורקים. רוקן את הקטטר עורקים עם מלוחים heparinized כדי לנקות את הקטטר של תרופה. לטפל כדי למנוע את הזריקה של אוויר דרך צנתר העורקים. רשום את הזמן של הזרקת פורוסמיד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דוגמאות פוסט-סמים: בכל אחת מנקודות הזמן 3 להלן, לאסוף דגימת שתן בתקופה אוסף 10 דקות, ודגימת דם (0.5 מיליליטר) בנקודת האמצע של תקופת האיסוף שתן. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדוגמא הודעה בסמים 1 - לאסוף חמש דקות לאחר פורוסמיד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> על הודעה בסמים לדוגמא 2 - לאסוף עשר דקות לאחר פורוסמיד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> על הודעה בסמים לדוגמא 3 - לאסוף חמישה עשר דקות לאחר פורוסמיד. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר כל הדגימות נאספו, להרדים את העכברוש בהתאם לנהלים מוסדיים על ידי פתיחת בית החזה וההסרה של הלב. הסר את שני הכליות. Decapsulate (להסיר את הקרום המקיף) ולמחוק את הכליות כדי להסיר דם עודף. לשקול את הכליות. </li></ol>התחת = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 4. ניתוח מדגם <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למדוד את כל כרכי דגימת שתן gravimetrically עם סולם דיגיטלי, ומשקלי שיא. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגימות דם כל צנטריפוגה עם צנטריפוגה בטבלה העליונה (1,800 XG) להפריד פלזמה. העבר את דגימות פלזמה לבקבוקונים קטנים שכותרתו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנתח ריכוזי Na ו- K בדגימות שתן ופלזמה עם מנתח נתרן / אשלגן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדידה של FITC-אינולין בפלזמה ובשתן <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדלל את שתן מראש סמים (מ1: 200 עד 1: 400), ושתנו לאחר סמים (01:10) עם חיץ HEPES (500 מ&quot;מ, pH 7.4). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 40 μl של μl הסטנדרטי או מדגם ו -60 של חיץ HEPES בצלחת גם 96 (מדגם אחד לכל היטב) ולאפשר לערבב למשך 10 דקות בזמן מכוסה ברדיד אלומיניום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ליצור עקומה סטנדרטית עבור FITC-אינולין לריכוזים של 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר (איור 1). לקבוע הקרינה FITC-אינולין בדגימות וסטנדרטים באמצעות קורא microplate עם האקסאורכי גל ציטוט ופליטה של ​​485 ו538 ננומטר, בהתאמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התאם את ערכי ניאון לסטנדרטים לניתוח רגרסיה פונקציה לוגיסטית 4 paramter. הפרמטרים פונקצית רגרסיה משמשים לחישוב ריכוז FITC-אינולין בדגימות פלזמה ובשתן (טבלה 1). </li></ol></li></ol> ניתוח מעבדה ההודעה 5. תוצאות: חישובים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב את שיעור זרימת שתן (UV; מיליליטר / דקה): [נפח השתן שנאסף (מיליליטר)] ÷ [זמן של אוסף (דקות)] </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב גלומרולרי סינון שיעור (GFR; מיליליטר / דקה): [ריכוז שתן אינולין (מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר) x UV (מיליליטר / דקה)] ÷ [קונצרט כלשהו אינולין פלזמה. (מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר)] </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב טען נתרן מסונן (μmol / min): ריכוז נתרן פלזמה GFR (μmol / מיליליטר) x (מיליליטר / דקה) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב נתרן הפרשה שיעור (U Na V; μmol / min): ריכוז נתרן שתן (μmol / מיליליטר) x UV (מיליליטר / דקה) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב שברי הפרשה של נתרן (Na FE;%): [U Na V (μmol / min)] ÷ [טען נתרן מסונן (μmol / min)] x 100 </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב טען מסונן אשלגן (μmol / min): ריכוז אשלגן פלזמה (μmol / מיליליטר) x GFR (מיליליטר / דקה) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב אשלגן הפרשה שיעור (U K V; μmol / min): ריכוז אשלגן שתן (μmol / מיליליטר) x UV (מיליליטר / דקה) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב שברי הפרשה של אשלגן (FE K;%): [U K V (μmol / min)] ÷ [טען אשלגן מסונן (μmol / min)] x 100 </li></ol>

<ol>
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N., Gruenstein, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple,+nonradioactive+method+for+evaluating+single-nephron+filtration+rate+using+FITC-inulin.">A simple, nonradioactive method for evaluating single-nephron filtration rate using FITC-inulin.</a> Americam Journal of Physiology. 276 (1 Pt 2), F172-F177 (1999).</li><li>Qi, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+determination+of+glomerular+filtration+rate+in+conscious+mice+using+FITC-inulin+clearance.">Serial determination of glomerular filtration rate in conscious mice using FITC-inulin clearance.</a> Americam Journal of Physiology. 286 (3), F590-F596 (2004).</li><li>Bivona, B. J., Park, S., Harrison-Bernard, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glomerular+filtration+rate+determinations+in+conscious+type+II+diabetic+mice.">Glomerular filtration rate determinations in conscious type II diabetic mice.</a> Americam Journal of Physiology. 300 (3), F618-F625 (2011).</li><li>Rosen, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+anaesthesia+and+surgery+on+renal+hemodynamics.">Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on renal hemodynamics.</a> British Journal of Anesthesiology. 44, 252-258 (1972).</li><li>Cousins, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anesthesia+and+the+kidney.">Anesthesia and the kidney.</a> Anaesthesia and intensive care. 11 (4), 292-320 (1983).</li><li>Walter, S. J., Zewde, T., Shirley, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+anaesthesia+and+standard+clearance+procedures+on+renal+function+in+the+rat.">The effect of anaesthesia and standard clearance procedures on renal function in the rat.</a> Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 74, 805-812 (1989).</li><li>Rieg, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+method+for+measurement+of+glomerular+filtration+rate+in+conscious+mice.">A high-throughput method for measurement of glomerular filtration rate in conscious mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (75), (2013).</li></ol>

המחברים מצהירים שאין להם אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים. הדעות או הטענות הכלולות במסמך זה הן את הדעות פרטיות של המחבר ואינם להתפרש רשמי או כמשקפים את הדעות של המחלקה לצבא או משרד ביטחון.

סמן מתאים למדידת GFR לעמוד בארבעה קריטריונים: להיות מסונן באופן חופשי בglomerulus, להיות מאוגד לחלבוני פלזמה, ולא ייקלט ולא מופרש בנפרון. אינולין הוא פולימר פרוקטוז אשר עונה על קריטריונים אלה. כתוצאה מכך, הפינוי כלייתי של אינולין נחשב תקן הזהב למדידת GFR 7. הטכניקה הפגי?...

The most important function of the kidney is the homeostatic regulation of extracellular water and electrolyte content. The kidneys closely regulate extracellular water, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) to maintain normal physiological levels. Disturbances in renal function can result in serious metabolic disorders which can be fatal. The basic renal process occurs in the nephron and begins with the filtration of plasma at the glomerulus and ends with the excretion of urine. Other processes that determine the final concentration of water, Na and K in the urine are secretion and reabsorption within the nephron. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the fractional excretion of Na and K are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. The reader is referred to previously published review articles and textbooks for a more thorough discussion of kidney function1-4. 
GFR can be measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron5. While this technique requires anesthesia, surgical preparation, and a terminal experiment, it is considered the gold standard of GFR measurement. Using inulin that is tagged with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC), plasma and urine concentration of FITC-inulin can be easily measured in small volumes and used to calculate GFR during multiple time points of an experiment. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. 
The conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function can easily be demonstrated in a short lab designed to allow students to actively participate in some aspects of the experiment. This video depicts the pre-lab preparation, the renal function demonstration, and the post-lab evaluation of results. The surgical techniques necessary for making measurements of GFR are demonstrated in an anesthetized rat. In addition, example calculations for GFR, and the fractional excretion of Na and K are shown before and after administration of a diuretic drug.

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			<td>Biomedical Research Instruments Inc.</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
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5-0 Braided Silk Surgical Suture Surgical Specialties Corp SP1033 Assay Plate, 96-Well Costar&#160; 3922 Bovine Serum Albumin Sigma Chemical Co A2934-25G Centrifuge Beckman Coulter MicroFuge 18, 357160 Conical Sample Tubes Dot Scientific Inc.&#160; #711-FTG Cotton Tipped Applicators Solon Manufacturing Co 56200 Data Acquisition Software ADInstruments LabChart Pro 7.0 Digital Scale&#160; Denver Instrument APX-4001 FITC-Inulin Sigma Chemical Co F3272-1G Gauze Sponges Covidien 2146 Heated Surgical Bed EZ-Anesthesia EZ-212 Heparin Sagnet NDC 25021-402-10 HEPES Sigma Chemical Co H3375 Isoflurane Abbott Animal Health IsoFlo, 5260-04-05 Isoflurane Vaporizer EZ-Anesthesia EZ-190F Micro Dissecting Forceps Biomedical Research Instruments Inc. 70-1020 Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan ThermoScientific Ascent FL, 5210460 NOVA 5+ Sodium/Potassium Analyzer NOVA BioMedical 14156 Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors Fine Science Tools 12002-12 PE-190 (for bladder catheter) BD Medical 427435 Pressure Transducer&#160; ADInstruments MLT1199 Pyrex Culture Tubes Corning Inc. 99445-12 Rat Femoral Tapered Artery Catheter Strategic Applications Inc. RFA-01 Salix Furosemide 5% Intervet #34-478 Strabismus Scissors Fine Science Tools 14075-11 Student Surgical Scissors Fine Science Tools 91402-12 Surgical Gloves Kimberly-Clark Sterling Nitrile Gloves Syringe pump Razel Scientific R99-E Tissue Forceps Fine Science Tools 91121-12 Tissue Scissors George Tiemann&#160; Co 105-420

physiology lab demonstration: glomerular filtration rate in a rat

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. GFR is measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. The renal clearance of inulin can be demonstrated in an anesthetized animal which has catheters in the femoral artery, femoral vein and bladder. The equipment and supplies used for this procedure are those commonly available in a research core facility, and thus makes this procedure a practical means for measuring renal function. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the procedures required to perform a lab demonstration in which renal function is assessed before and after a diuretic drug. The presented technique can be utilized to assess renal function in rat models of renal disease.

משתן משמש בהפגנת המעבדה היה פורוסמיד אשר מעכב את הספיגה של של Na ו- K המסוננת על ידי הכליות וכתוצאה מכך גדל Na, K, והפרשת מים בתוך דקות של מתן תרופה מהר מאוד. על ידי המנגנון העיקרי שלה, פורוסמיד צריך להיות השפעות מינימליות על GFR והעומס המסונן של Na ו- K, אבל יגביר את זרימת שתן, ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat at JoVE.com

הדגמת מעבדת פיזיולוגיה: קצב סינון גלומרולרי בחולדה | ביולוגיה | וִידֵאוֹ

Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function.

הפגנת מעבדה לפיזיולוגיה: גלומרולרי סינון שיעור בחולדה

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function ...

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17.1K Views.  U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function. 

Video: Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

Large Volume (20L+) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column. Two 20L samples can be filtered simultaneously using a single pump unit equipped with four rotating heads. Filtration is done in the field on extended trips, or immediately upon return for day trips. It is important to record the amount of water passing through each sterivex filter unit. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use. This procedure will take approximately 5 hours plus an additional hour for clean up.

Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column.

נפח גדול (20L +) סינון של דגימות מי ים החוף

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, ...

Small Volume (1-3L) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column. The protocol is an extension of the large volume sampling protocol described earlier, with one major difference: here, there is no pre-filtration step, so all size classes of biomass are collected down to the 0.22 &mu;m filter cut-off. Samples collected this way are ideal for nucleic acid analysis. The set-up, filtration, and clean-up steps each take about 20-30 minutes. If using two peristaltic pumps simultaneously, up to 8 samples may be filtered at the same time. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use.

Small Volume 1-3L Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column.

נפח קטן (1-3L) סינון של דגימות מי ים החוף

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s ...

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt, 1980; Landeau et al., 1984; Etienne, 1987; Gallistel, 1990;
Maurer and S&#233;guinot, 1995). Piloting requires the use of the relationships between relatively stable external (visual, olfactory, auditory) cues, whereas dead reckoning requires the integration of cues generated by self-movement. Animals obtain self-movement information from vestibular receptors, and possibly muscle and joint receptors, and efference copy of commands that generate movement. An animal may also use the flows of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli caused by its movements. Using a piloting strategy an animal can use geometrical calculations to determine directions and distances to places in its environment, whereas using an dead reckoning strategy it can integrate cues generated by its previous movements to return to a just left location. Dead reckoning is colloquially called "sense of direction" and "sense of distance."

Although there is considerable evidence that the hippocampus is involved in piloting (O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O&#x2019;Keefe and Speakman, 1987), there is also evidence from behavioral (Whishaw et al., 1997; Whishaw and Maaswinkel, 1998; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999), modeling (Samsonovich and McNaughton, 1997), and electrophysiological (O&#x2019;Mare et al., 1994; Sharp et al., 1995; Taube and Burton, 1995; Blair and Sharp, 1996; McNaughton et al., 1996; Wiener, 1996; Golob and Taube, 1997) studies that the hippocampal formation is involved in dead reckoning. The relative contribution of the hippocampus to the two forms of navigation is still uncertain, however. Ordinarily, it is difficult to be certain that an animal is using a piloting versus a dead reckoning strategy because animals are very flexible in their use of strategies and cues (Etienne et al., 1996; Dudchenko et al., 1997; Martin et al., 1997; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999). The objective of the present video demonstrations was to solve the problem of cue specification in order to examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus in the use of these strategies. The rats were trained in a new task in which they followed linear or polygon scented trails to obtain a large food pellet hidden on an open field. Because rats have a proclivity to carry the food back to the refuge, accuracy and the cues used to return to the home base were dependent variables (Whishaw and Tomie, 1997). To force an animal to use a a dead reckoning strategy to reach its refuge with the food, the rats were tested when blindfolded or under infrared light, a spectral wavelength in which they cannot see, and in some experiments the scent trail was additionally removed once an animal reached the food. To examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus, fimbria&#x2013;fornix (FF) lesions, which disrupt information flow in the hippocampal formation (Bland, 1986), impair memory (Gaffan and Gaffan, 1991), and produce spatial deficits (Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995), were used.

In a piloting scent tracking task, the ability of the rats to return to a refuge with food using visual an odor trail or using dead reckoning in infrared light, the integrated record of previous movements, demonstrates that the hippocampus is necessary for dead reckoning.

הפגנה וידאו של משומר הטסת על ידי מעקב בניחוח אבל Reckoning המלח לקויי לאחר Fimbria-Fornix נגעים עכברוש

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is still much to learn from this model preparation. In understanding the history one can appreciate why even today this NMJ still offers a rich playground to address questions regarding pre- and post-synaptic function and plasticity. The viability and ease of access to the terminal for intracellular as well as extracellular electrophysiology and imaging are significant advantages. The mechanisms behind the modulation of vesicular kinetics and fusion within the high- and low-output terminals are begging for investigation. The preparation also offers a testable model system for computational assessments and manipulations to examine key variables in theoretical models of synaptic function, for example calcium dynamics during short-term facilitation. The synaptic complexity of active zone and statistical nature of quantal release is also an open area for future investigation both experimentally and computationally.

The opener muscle of the crayfish leg is presented for its historical importance and experimental versatility in muscle phenotype, synaptic physiology and plasticity.

צפה היסטורי הפגנה לפיזיולוגיה NMJ של השריר פותחן סרטן הנהרות

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is ...

Ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are commonly ovariectomized in order to ablate the rapidly cycling hormone production, replacing the 17&beta;-estradiol exogenously. There is, however, lack of consensus regarding how the hormone should be administered to obtain physiological serum concentrations. This is crucial since the 17&beta;-estradiol level/administration method profoundly influences the experimental results1-3. We have in a series of studies characterized the different modes of 17&beta;-estradiol administration, finding that subcutaneous silastic capsules and per-oral nut-cream Nutella are superior to commercially available slow-release pellets (produced by the company Innovative Research of America) and daily injections in terms of producing physiological serum concentrations of 17&beta;-estradiol4-6. Amongst the advantages of the nut-cream method, that previously has been used for buprenorphine administration7, is that when used for estrogen administration it resembles peroral hormone replacement therapy and is non-invasive. The subcutaneous silastic capsules are convenient and produce the most stable serum concentrations. This video article contains step-by-step demonstrations of ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol hormone replacement by silastic capsules and peroral Nutella in rats and mice, followed by a discussion of important aspects of the administration procedures.

Ovariectomy and 17&amp;#946;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Ovariectomy and subsequent replacement of 17&beta;-estradiol by means of silastic capsules and peroral Nutella are demonstrated in rats and mice.

Ovariectomy ו-17β אסטרדיול החלפת בחולדות ועכברים: הפגנה חזותית

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

שיטת תפוקה גבוהה למדידה של קצב סינון הגלומרולרי בעכברים בהכרה

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

בידוד מהיר וטיהור של מיטוכונדריה להשתלה על ידי דיסוציאציה רקמות ודיפרנציאל סינון

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. Global gene expression profiling via RNA-Seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, easily induced diapause, and the genomic resources available. This manuscript presents a general experimental workflow for identifying diapause-induced transcriptional differences in A. albopictus. Rearing techniques, conditions necessary to induce diapause and non-diapause development, methods to estimate percent diapause in a population, and RNA extraction and integrity assessment for mosquitoes are documented. A workflow to process RNA-Seq data from Illumina sequencers culminates in a list of differentially expressed genes. The representative results demonstrate that this protocol can be used to effectively identify genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in A. albopictus due to photoperiodic differences. With modest adjustments, this workflow can be readily adapted to study the transcriptional bases of diapause or other important life history traits in other mosquitoes.

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

RNA-Seq analyses are becoming increasingly important for identifying the molecular underpinnings of adaptive traits in non-model organisms. Here, a protocol to identify differentially expressed genes between diapause and non-diapause Aedes albopictus mosquitoes is described, from mosquito rearing, to RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of RNA-Seq data.

ניסיוני וביואינפורמטיקה פרוטוקול לניתוח RNA-seq של Photoperiodic דיאפאוזה באסיה טייגר נגד יתושים,<em&gt; אדס המפוספס</em

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, ...

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular permeability in cultured endothelial cell monolayers and the functional exchange properties of whole microvascular beds. A method to cannulate and perfuse venular microvessels of rat mesentery and measure the hydraulic conductivity of the microvessel wall is described. The main equipment needed includes an intravital microscope with a large modified stage that supports micromanipulators to position three different microtools: (1) a beveled glass micropipette to cannulate and perfuse the microvessel; (2) a glass micro-occluder to transiently block perfusion and enable measurement of transvascular water flow movement at a measured hydrostatic pressure, and (3) a blunt glass rod to stabilize the mesenteric tissue at the site of cannulation. The modified Landis micro-occlusion technique uses red cells suspended in the artificial perfusate as markers of transvascular fluid movement, and also enables repeated measurements of these flows as experimental conditions are changed and hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure difference across the microvessels are carefully controlled. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity first using a control perfusate, then after re-cannulation of the same microvessel with the test perfusates enable paired comparisons of the microvessel response under these well-controlled conditions. Attempts to extend the method to microvessels in the mesentery of mice with genetic modifications expected to modify vascular permeability were severely limited because of the absence of long straight and unbranched microvessels in the mouse mesentery, but the recent availability of the rats with similar genetic modifications using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology is expected to open new areas of investigation where the methods described herein can be applied.

The modified Landis technique enables paired measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of individual microvessels in the mesentery of normal and genetically modified rats under control and test conditions using microperfusion techniques. It provides a convenient method to evaluate mechanisms that regulate microvessel permeability and transvascular exchange under physiological conditions.

Microperfusion טכניקה לחקירת הסדרת כלי דם קטן חדירות בחולדה לפדר

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

בידוד סינון של חומצות גרעין: שיטת הפקת DNA פשוטה ומהירה

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...