وكان مصدر التمويل للمظاهرة مختبر منحة NIGMS: GM077119. نشكر الدكتور جوزيف R. هايوود والدكتور بيتر كوبيت على دعمهم للتتسبب قصيرة في التكاملية ونظم الجهاز الصيدلة. كما نشكر السيدة هانا جارفر لها الدعم الفني للمظاهرة المختبر.

قبل الشروع في أي إجراء الحيوان، لجنة رعاية الحيوان واستخدام المؤسسية (IACUC) يجب الموافقة على البروتوكول. وقد وافق هذا البروتوكول من قبل جامعة IACUC ولاية ميشيغان. 1. إعداد قبل مختبر FITC-حبوب الحل <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الدافئة 20 مل من المياه المالحة إلى 70 درجة مئوية، وببطء ضجة في 100 ملغ من FITC-حبوب (5 ملغ / مل FITC-حبوب) حتى يذوب كل حبوب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حل بارد لRT وإضافة 800 ملغ من ألبومين المصل البقري (40 ملغ / مل BSA، مسحوق مجفف بالتجميد، الجلوبيولين أساسا الحرة، الذيفان الداخلي منخفضة، ≥98٪ نقاء بواسطة agarose هلام الكهربائي). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تصفية الحل حبوب-BSA مع ورق الترشيح (الصف 1). وضع حل تصفيتها في حقنة 20 مل مع فلتر حقنة طرف (0.2 ميكرون)، ويغطى بورق للحماية من الضوء. </li></ol> 2. التخدير وجراحة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع فأر في غرفة تحريض مليئة 5٪ الأيزوفلورين للحث على التخدير. سجل بودالوزن ص (250-350 ز) ووضع فأر على منصة الجراحية ساخنة تهدف إلى الحفاظ على 37 درجة مئوية درجة حرارة الجسم في كافة مراحل التجربة. تأمين بلطف الفئران على منصة مع الشريط المختبر على الكفوف. الحفاظ على التخدير مع 1-2٪ الأيزوفلورين مع الصف الطبية 100٪ O 2 في معدل تدفق الهواء من 0،8-1،0 لتر / دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ادخال قسطرة مدبب (داخل الأوعية OD طرف، 2.7F) في الشريان الفخذي لضغط الدم ورصد معدل ضربات القلب، وأخذ عينات الدم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ادخال قسطرة (PE-50) في الوريد الفخذي للحبوب الحقن في الوريد. تأمين القسطرة إلى الأنسجة المحيطة مع 5-O مضفر الحرير خياطة جراحية 6. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إرفاق القسطرة الشريانية لمحول الضغط قياس الضغط. سجل ضغط الدم ومعدل ضربات القلب باستخدام برنامج الحصول على البيانات وعرضها على شاشة الكمبيوتر في الوقت الحقيقي. ويتجلى هذا الأسلوب في التفاصيل على شريط فيديو 6. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فضح المثانة عن طريق شق فوق العانة. قطع صغيرةثقب في طرف المثانة وإدراج قنية (PE-190) مع حرارة اندلع طرف داخل المثانة لجمع البول. تأمين قنية إلى المثانة مع خياطة محفظة سلسلة. </li></ol> 3. البول وجمع الدم <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع حقنة من FITC-حبوب في ضخ حقنة مع معدل تدفق مجموعة من 1 مل / ساعة لكل 100 غرام من وزن الجسم (3 مل / ساعة لفأر وزنها 300 غرام). نعلق حقنة لقسطرة الوريد الفخذي. بدء ضخ حبوب والسماح لفترة موازنة 2/1 ساعة. الحفاظ على حقنة مغطاة بورق للحماية من الضوء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد ما إذا كان معدل تدفق البول هو ثابت وكاف لتحليل العينة (20 ميكرولتر / دقيقة) عن طريق جمع عينة البول في وزنه قبل القارورة جمع لمدة 10 دقيقة. تحديد حجم البول gravimetrically مع مقياس رقمي. وحدة تخزين البول الكافي لفترة التحصيل 10 دقيقة 0.2 مل. مواصلة جمع عينات البول حتى تشير إلى مجموعتين متتاليتين معدل تدفق البول من 20 ميكرولتر / مأو أكثر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عينات ما قبل الدواء <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جمع عينة البول خلال فترة 20 دقيقة. جمع عينة الدم (0.5 مل) من القسطرة الشريانية في منتصف فترة جمع البول. كن حذرا لواضحة تماما القسطرة الشريانية من المياه المالحة قبل جمع عينة الدم في قارورة جمع تحتوي على 1 U الهيبارين. استخدام قارورة جمع مع علامات حجم لتسهيل جمع 0.5 مل من الدم الشرياني. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> طرد القسطرة الشريانية مع الهيبارين المالحة (20 U / مل) لمسح القسطرة من الدم (حوالي 0.1 مل). يجب أن يكون طول القسطرة الشريانية قصيرة قدر الإمكان للحد من حجم الهيبارين المالحة المطلوبة للقضاء. ملاحظة: عينات الدم المخفض تنتج حسابات غير دقيقة من GFR وإفراز كسور من نا وK. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انتظر 10 دقيقة، وتكرار مجموعة من ثانية البول قبل المخدرات وعينة من الدم. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد جمع عينتين قبل المخدرات وإدارة ودرو مدر للبول<html> ز، فوروسيميد (10 ملغ / كلغ)، عن طريق القسطرة في الشرايين. طرد القسطرة الشريانية مع المياه المالحة heparinized لمسح القسطرة من المخدرات. الحرص على منع ضخ الهواء عن طريق القسطرة في الشرايين. تسجيل الوقت من حقن فوروسيميد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عينات بعد المخدرات: في كل نقطة من النقاط الزمنية 3 أدناه، وجمع عينة من البول خلال فترة جمع 10 دقيقة، وعينة الدم (0.5 مل) في منتصف فترة جمع البول. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> العينة بعد المخدرات 1 - جمع خمسة دقيقة بعد فوروسيميد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> العينة بعد المخدرات 2 - جمع عشرة دقيقة بعد فوروسيميد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> العينة بعد المخدرات 3 - جمع خمسة عشر دقيقة بعد فوروسيميد. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد الانتهاء من جمع كل العينات، الموت ببطء الفئران وفقا للإجراءات المؤسسية بضع الصدر وإزالة القلب. إزالة كل من الكليتين. Decapsulate (إزالة الغشاء المحيط) وصمة عار الكلى لإزالة الدم الزائد. وزن الكلى. </li></ol>الحمار = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 4. تحليل عينة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس كافة وحدات التخزين عينة البول gravimetrically مع مقياس رقمي، وأوزان قياسية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الطرد المركزي عينات الدم الكامل مع جهاز للطرد المركزي فوق المنضدة (1800 x ج) لفصل البلازما. نقل عينات البلازما إلى قارورة صغيرة المسمى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحليل تركيزات البوتاسيوم والصوديوم في عينات البول والبلازما مع محلل الصوديوم / البوتاسيوم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس FITC-حبوب في البلازما والبول <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمييع البول قبل المخدرات (من 1: 200-1: 400)، وبول بعد المخدرات (1:10) مع HEPES العازلة (500 ملي، ودرجة الحموضة 7.4). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 40 ميكرولتر من ميكرولتر القياسية أو عينة و 60 العازلة HEPES في 96 لوحة جيدا (عينة واحدة لكل بئر) والسماح لخلط لمدة 10 دقيقة في حين مغطاة بورق الألمنيوم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> توليد منحنى القياسية لFITC-حبوب لتركيزات 6.25، 12.5، 25، 50، 100، 200، 400 ميكروغرام / مل (الشكل 1). تحديد مضان FITC-حبوب في العينات والمعايير باستخدام قارئ صفيحة ميكروسكوبية مع السابقينالاقتباس وانبعاث موجات من 485 و 538 نانومتر، على التوالي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تناسب القيم الفلورسنت لمعايير ل4-paramter ظيفة اللوجستية تحليل الانحدار. وتستخدم المعلمات وظيفة الانحدار لحساب تركيز FITC-حبوب في البلازما والبول عينات (الجدول 1). </li></ol></li></ol> 5. تحليل ما بعد المختبر من النتائج: الحسابات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب معدل تدفق البول (UV، مل / دقيقة): [حجم البول جمع (مل)] ÷ [وقت جمع (دقيقة)] </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب معدل الترشيح الكبيبي (GFR، مل / دقيقة): [البول تركيز حبوب (ميكروغرام / مل) × الأشعة فوق البنفسجية (مل / دقيقة)] ÷ [البلازما حبوب اضرب. (ميكروغرام / مل)] </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب المصفاة تحميل الصوديوم (ميكرومول / دقيقة): البلازما تركيز الصوديوم (ميكرومول / لتر) س GFR (مل / دقيقة) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب الصوديوم إفراز معدل (U V نا؛ ميكرومول / دقيقة): البول تركيز الصوديوم (ميكرومول / لتر) × الأشعة فوق البنفسجية (مل / دقيقة) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب كسور إفراز الصوديوم (FE نا؛٪): [U V نا (ميكرومول / دقيقة)] ÷ [تصفيتها تحميل الصوديوم (ميكرومول / دقيقة)] × 100 </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب تحميل المصفاة البوتاسيوم (ميكرومول / دقيقة): البلازما تركيز البوتاسيوم (ميكرومول / لتر) × GFR (مل / دقيقة) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب البوتاسيوم إفراز معدل (U K V؛ ميكرومول / دقيقة): البول تركيز البوتاسيوم (ميكرومول / لتر) × الأشعة فوق البنفسجية (مل / دقيقة) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب كسور إفراز البوتاسيوم (K FE؛٪): [U K V (ميكرومول / دقيقة)] ÷ [تصفيتها البوتاسيوم تحميل (ميكرومول / دقيقة)] × 100 </li></ol>

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تعلن الكتاب أنه ليس لديهم المصالح المالية المتنافسة. آراء أو التأكيدات الواردة في هذه الوثيقة هي آراء خاصة للمؤلف، وليس يمكن تفسيره بأنه مسؤول أو يعكس وجهات نظر قسم من الجيش أو وزارة الدفاع.

علامة المناسبة لقياس GFR يجب أن تفي أربعة معايير هي: أن تتم تصفيته بحرية في الكبيبة، تكون غير منضم إلى بروتينات البلازما، ولا يمكن استيعابها ولا يفرز في كليون. حبوب هو بوليمر الفركتوز الذي يرضي هذه المعايير. ونتيجة لذلك، يعتبر التصفية الكلوية للحبوب المعيار الذهبي لقي...

The most important function of the kidney is the homeostatic regulation of extracellular water and electrolyte content. The kidneys closely regulate extracellular water, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) to maintain normal physiological levels. Disturbances in renal function can result in serious metabolic disorders which can be fatal. The basic renal process occurs in the nephron and begins with the filtration of plasma at the glomerulus and ends with the excretion of urine. Other processes that determine the final concentration of water, Na and K in the urine are secretion and reabsorption within the nephron. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the fractional excretion of Na and K are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. The reader is referred to previously published review articles and textbooks for a more thorough discussion of kidney function1-4. 
GFR can be measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron5. While this technique requires anesthesia, surgical preparation, and a terminal experiment, it is considered the gold standard of GFR measurement. Using inulin that is tagged with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC), plasma and urine concentration of FITC-inulin can be easily measured in small volumes and used to calculate GFR during multiple time points of an experiment. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. 
The conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function can easily be demonstrated in a short lab designed to allow students to actively participate in some aspects of the experiment. This video depicts the pre-lab preparation, the renal function demonstration, and the post-lab evaluation of results. The surgical techniques necessary for making measurements of GFR are demonstrated in an anesthetized rat. In addition, example calculations for GFR, and the fractional excretion of Na and K are shown before and after administration of a diuretic drug.

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			<td>3922</td>
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			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>A2934-25G</td>
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			<td>MicroFuge 18, 357160</td>
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			<td>#711-FTG</td>
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			<td>Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
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			<td>56200</td>
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			<td>Denver Instrument</td>
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			<td>F3272-1G</td>
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			<td>NDC 25021-402-10</td>
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			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
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			<td>Abbott Animal Health</td>
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			<td>Micro Dissecting Forceps</td>
			<td>Biomedical Research Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>70-1020</td>
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			<td>Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>Ascent FL, 5210460</td>
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			<td>NOVA BioMedical</td>
			<td>14156</td>
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			<td>Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors</td>
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			<td>Corning Inc.</td>
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			<td>Rat Femoral Tapered Artery Catheter</td>
			<td>Strategic Applications Inc.</td>
			<td>RFA-01</td>
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			<td>Salix Furosemide 5%</td>
			<td>Intervet</td>
			<td>#34-478</td>
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			<td>Strabismus Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14075-11</td>
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			<td>Student Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
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			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
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			<td>Razel Scientific</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91121-12</td>
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			<td>Tissue Scissors</td>
			<td>George Tiemann&#160; Co</td>
			<td>105-420</td>
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5-0 Braided Silk Surgical Suture Surgical Specialties Corp SP1033 Assay Plate, 96-Well Costar&#160; 3922 Bovine Serum Albumin Sigma Chemical Co A2934-25G Centrifuge Beckman Coulter MicroFuge 18, 357160 Conical Sample Tubes Dot Scientific Inc.&#160; #711-FTG Cotton Tipped Applicators Solon Manufacturing Co 56200 Data Acquisition Software ADInstruments LabChart Pro 7.0 Digital Scale&#160; Denver Instrument APX-4001 FITC-Inulin Sigma Chemical Co F3272-1G Gauze Sponges Covidien 2146 Heated Surgical Bed EZ-Anesthesia EZ-212 Heparin Sagnet NDC 25021-402-10 HEPES Sigma Chemical Co H3375 Isoflurane Abbott Animal Health IsoFlo, 5260-04-05 Isoflurane Vaporizer EZ-Anesthesia EZ-190F Micro Dissecting Forceps Biomedical Research Instruments Inc. 70-1020 Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan ThermoScientific Ascent FL, 5210460 NOVA 5+ Sodium/Potassium Analyzer NOVA BioMedical 14156 Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors Fine Science Tools 12002-12 PE-190 (for bladder catheter) BD Medical 427435 Pressure Transducer&#160; ADInstruments MLT1199 Pyrex Culture Tubes Corning Inc. 99445-12 Rat Femoral Tapered Artery Catheter Strategic Applications Inc. RFA-01 Salix Furosemide 5% Intervet #34-478 Strabismus Scissors Fine Science Tools 14075-11 Student Surgical Scissors Fine Science Tools 91402-12 Surgical Gloves Kimberly-Clark Sterling Nitrile Gloves Syringe pump Razel Scientific R99-E Tissue Forceps Fine Science Tools 91121-12 Tissue Scissors George Tiemann&#160; Co 105-420

physiology lab demonstration: glomerular filtration rate in a rat

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. GFR is measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. The renal clearance of inulin can be demonstrated in an anesthetized animal which has catheters in the femoral artery, femoral vein and bladder. The equipment and supplies used for this procedure are those commonly available in a research core facility, and thus makes this procedure a practical means for measuring renal function. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the procedures required to perform a lab demonstration in which renal function is assessed before and after a diuretic drug. The presented technique can be utilized to assess renal function in rat models of renal disease.

كان مدر للبول يستخدم في المظاهرة مختبر فوروسيميد الذي يثبط بشكل سريع جدا استيعاب من البوتاسيوم والصوديوم تصفيتها عن طريق الكلى مما أدى إلى زيادة الصوديوم، البوتاسيوم، وإفراز المياه في غضون دقائق من الدواء. بواسطة آلية الأساسية، يجب أن يكون فوروسيميد الحد الأدنى من ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat at JoVE.com

عرض مختبر علم وظائف الأعضاء: معدل الترشيح الكبيبي في الجرذ | الأحياء | فيديو

Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function.

علم وظائف الأعضاء مختبر مظاهرة: معدل الترشيح الكبيبي في الجرذ

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function ...

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17.1K Views.  U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function. 

Video: Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

Large Volume (20L+) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column. Two 20L samples can be filtered simultaneously using a single pump unit equipped with four rotating heads. Filtration is done in the field on extended trips, or immediately upon return for day trips. It is important to record the amount of water passing through each sterivex filter unit. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use. This procedure will take approximately 5 hours plus an additional hour for clean up.

Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column.

كبيرة الحجم (20L +) الترشيح لعينة من ماء البحر الساحلية

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, ...

Small Volume (1-3L) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column. The protocol is an extension of the large volume sampling protocol described earlier, with one major difference: here, there is no pre-filtration step, so all size classes of biomass are collected down to the 0.22 &mu;m filter cut-off. Samples collected this way are ideal for nucleic acid analysis. The set-up, filtration, and clean-up steps each take about 20-30 minutes. If using two peristaltic pumps simultaneously, up to 8 samples may be filtered at the same time. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use.

Small Volume 1-3L Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column.

حجم صغير (1 - 3L) الترشيح للعينات مياه البحر الساحلية

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s ...

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt, 1980; Landeau et al., 1984; Etienne, 1987; Gallistel, 1990;
Maurer and S&#233;guinot, 1995). Piloting requires the use of the relationships between relatively stable external (visual, olfactory, auditory) cues, whereas dead reckoning requires the integration of cues generated by self-movement. Animals obtain self-movement information from vestibular receptors, and possibly muscle and joint receptors, and efference copy of commands that generate movement. An animal may also use the flows of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli caused by its movements. Using a piloting strategy an animal can use geometrical calculations to determine directions and distances to places in its environment, whereas using an dead reckoning strategy it can integrate cues generated by its previous movements to return to a just left location. Dead reckoning is colloquially called "sense of direction" and "sense of distance."

Although there is considerable evidence that the hippocampus is involved in piloting (O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O&#x2019;Keefe and Speakman, 1987), there is also evidence from behavioral (Whishaw et al., 1997; Whishaw and Maaswinkel, 1998; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999), modeling (Samsonovich and McNaughton, 1997), and electrophysiological (O&#x2019;Mare et al., 1994; Sharp et al., 1995; Taube and Burton, 1995; Blair and Sharp, 1996; McNaughton et al., 1996; Wiener, 1996; Golob and Taube, 1997) studies that the hippocampal formation is involved in dead reckoning. The relative contribution of the hippocampus to the two forms of navigation is still uncertain, however. Ordinarily, it is difficult to be certain that an animal is using a piloting versus a dead reckoning strategy because animals are very flexible in their use of strategies and cues (Etienne et al., 1996; Dudchenko et al., 1997; Martin et al., 1997; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999). The objective of the present video demonstrations was to solve the problem of cue specification in order to examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus in the use of these strategies. The rats were trained in a new task in which they followed linear or polygon scented trails to obtain a large food pellet hidden on an open field. Because rats have a proclivity to carry the food back to the refuge, accuracy and the cues used to return to the home base were dependent variables (Whishaw and Tomie, 1997). To force an animal to use a a dead reckoning strategy to reach its refuge with the food, the rats were tested when blindfolded or under infrared light, a spectral wavelength in which they cannot see, and in some experiments the scent trail was additionally removed once an animal reached the food. To examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus, fimbria&#x2013;fornix (FF) lesions, which disrupt information flow in the hippocampal formation (Bland, 1986), impair memory (Gaffan and Gaffan, 1991), and produce spatial deficits (Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995), were used.

In a piloting scent tracking task, the ability of the rats to return to a refuge with food using visual an odor trail or using dead reckoning in infrared light, the integrated record of previous movements, demonstrates that the hippocampus is necessary for dead reckoning.

حافظ على تظاهرة الفيديو التي تتبع للتجريب ولكن الحساب رائحة الميت بعد ضعاف الخمل - القبو الآفات في الجرذ

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is still much to learn from this model preparation. In understanding the history one can appreciate why even today this NMJ still offers a rich playground to address questions regarding pre- and post-synaptic function and plasticity. The viability and ease of access to the terminal for intracellular as well as extracellular electrophysiology and imaging are significant advantages. The mechanisms behind the modulation of vesicular kinetics and fusion within the high- and low-output terminals are begging for investigation. The preparation also offers a testable model system for computational assessments and manipulations to examine key variables in theoretical models of synaptic function, for example calcium dynamics during short-term facilitation. The synaptic complexity of active zone and statistical nature of quantal release is also an open area for future investigation both experimentally and computationally.

The opener muscle of the crayfish leg is presented for its historical importance and experimental versatility in muscle phenotype, synaptic physiology and plasticity.

عرض تاريخي والتظاهر في فسيولوجيا NMJ من جراد البحر العضلات فتاحة

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is ...

Ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are commonly ovariectomized in order to ablate the rapidly cycling hormone production, replacing the 17&beta;-estradiol exogenously. There is, however, lack of consensus regarding how the hormone should be administered to obtain physiological serum concentrations. This is crucial since the 17&beta;-estradiol level/administration method profoundly influences the experimental results1-3. We have in a series of studies characterized the different modes of 17&beta;-estradiol administration, finding that subcutaneous silastic capsules and per-oral nut-cream Nutella are superior to commercially available slow-release pellets (produced by the company Innovative Research of America) and daily injections in terms of producing physiological serum concentrations of 17&beta;-estradiol4-6. Amongst the advantages of the nut-cream method, that previously has been used for buprenorphine administration7, is that when used for estrogen administration it resembles peroral hormone replacement therapy and is non-invasive. The subcutaneous silastic capsules are convenient and produce the most stable serum concentrations. This video article contains step-by-step demonstrations of ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol hormone replacement by silastic capsules and peroral Nutella in rats and mice, followed by a discussion of important aspects of the administration procedures.

Ovariectomy and 17&amp;#946;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Ovariectomy and subsequent replacement of 17&beta;-estradiol by means of silastic capsules and peroral Nutella are demonstrated in rats and mice.

استئصال المبيض و17β استراديول، مع تبديل في الجرذان والفئران: تظاهرة البصرية

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

وهناك طريقة عالية الإنتاجية لقياس معدل الترشيح الكبيبي في الفئران وإدراكا

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

عزل السريع وتنقية الميتوكوندريا لزرع الأنسجة بواسطة التفكك والتفضيلية الترشيح

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. Global gene expression profiling via RNA-Seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, easily induced diapause, and the genomic resources available. This manuscript presents a general experimental workflow for identifying diapause-induced transcriptional differences in A. albopictus. Rearing techniques, conditions necessary to induce diapause and non-diapause development, methods to estimate percent diapause in a population, and RNA extraction and integrity assessment for mosquitoes are documented. A workflow to process RNA-Seq data from Illumina sequencers culminates in a list of differentially expressed genes. The representative results demonstrate that this protocol can be used to effectively identify genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in A. albopictus due to photoperiodic differences. With modest adjustments, this workflow can be readily adapted to study the transcriptional bases of diapause or other important life history traits in other mosquitoes.

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

RNA-Seq analyses are becoming increasingly important for identifying the molecular underpinnings of adaptive traits in non-model organisms. Here, a protocol to identify differentially expressed genes between diapause and non-diapause Aedes albopictus mosquitoes is described, from mosquito rearing, to RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of RNA-Seq data.

والتجريبية وبروتوكول المعلوماتية الحيوية لتحليل-RNA وما يليها من دور التعرض للضوء الكمون في النمر الآسيوي البعوض،<em&gt; بحمى الضنك</em

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, ...

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular permeability in cultured endothelial cell monolayers and the functional exchange properties of whole microvascular beds. A method to cannulate and perfuse venular microvessels of rat mesentery and measure the hydraulic conductivity of the microvessel wall is described. The main equipment needed includes an intravital microscope with a large modified stage that supports micromanipulators to position three different microtools: (1) a beveled glass micropipette to cannulate and perfuse the microvessel; (2) a glass micro-occluder to transiently block perfusion and enable measurement of transvascular water flow movement at a measured hydrostatic pressure, and (3) a blunt glass rod to stabilize the mesenteric tissue at the site of cannulation. The modified Landis micro-occlusion technique uses red cells suspended in the artificial perfusate as markers of transvascular fluid movement, and also enables repeated measurements of these flows as experimental conditions are changed and hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure difference across the microvessels are carefully controlled. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity first using a control perfusate, then after re-cannulation of the same microvessel with the test perfusates enable paired comparisons of the microvessel response under these well-controlled conditions. Attempts to extend the method to microvessels in the mesentery of mice with genetic modifications expected to modify vascular permeability were severely limited because of the absence of long straight and unbranched microvessels in the mouse mesentery, but the recent availability of the rats with similar genetic modifications using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology is expected to open new areas of investigation where the methods described herein can be applied.

The modified Landis technique enables paired measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of individual microvessels in the mesentery of normal and genetically modified rats under control and test conditions using microperfusion techniques. It provides a convenient method to evaluate mechanisms that regulate microvessel permeability and transvascular exchange under physiological conditions.

تروية دقيقة التقنية المعنية بالتحقيق في تنظيم Microvessel النفاذية في الفئران مساريق

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

عزل الترشيح من الأحماض النووية: وبسيطة وسريعة استخراج الحمض النووي الطريقة

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...