실험실 시연을위한 자금 조달 원은 NIGMS 부여했다 : GM077119. 우리는 통합적인 장기 및 시스템 약리학의 짧은 나오긴의지지 박사 조셉 R. 헤이 우드 박사 피터 Cobbett 감사합니다. 우리는 또한 실험실 데모 그녀의 기술 지원 양 한나 가버 감사합니다.

전에 어떤 동물 절차, 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 프로토콜을 승인해야합니다. 이 프로토콜은 미시간 주립 대학 IACUC 승인을 받았다. FITC - 이눌린 솔루션 1. 사전 실험 준비 <ol><li> 모든 이눌린이 용해 될 때까지 천천히 따뜻한 20 ~ 70 ° C의 식염수 용액 및 FITC - 이눌린 (5 ㎎ / ㎖ FITC - 이눌린) 100 mg을 안으로 약동. </li><li> 차가운 용액을 RT 및 소 혈청 알부민의 800 mg을 추가 (40 ㎎ / ㎖ BSA, 동결 건조 분말, 본질적으로 아가 로스 겔 전기 영동에 의해 무료, 낮은 내 독소, ≥98 % 순도 글로불린). </li><li> 여과지 (1 등급)과 이눌린-BSA 솔루션을 필터링합니다. 주사기 팁 필터 (0.2 μm의)와 20 ML의 주사기에서 여과 된 용액을 넣고 빛으로부터 보호하기 위해 호일로 커버한다. </li></ol> 2. 마취 및 수술 <ol><li> 마취를 유도하기 위해 5 %의 이소 플루 란 가득 유도 챔버에서 쥐를 놓습니다. 기록 죽인다Y 중량 (250~350g)와 실험을하는 동안 37 ° C의 체온을 유지하기위한 가열 외과 플랫폼 쥐 놓는다. 조심스럽게 발을 통해 실험실 테이프로 플랫폼에 쥐를 고정합니다. 0.8-1.0 L / 분의 공기 흐름 속도로 의료 학년 100 % O 2와 1 ~ 2 %의 이소 플루 란으로 마취를 유지한다. </li><li> 혈압과 심장 박동 모니터링, 혈액 샘플링에 대한 대퇴 동맥에 테이퍼 카테터 (혈관 팁 외경, 2.7F)를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 이눌린 주입에 대한 대퇴 정맥에 카테터 (PE-50)를 삽입합니다. 5-O 꼰 실크 수술 봉합사 (6)와 주변 조직에 카테터를 고정합니다. </li><li> 스트레인 게이지 압력 변환기에 동맥 카테터를 연결. 녹음 혈압 실시간으로 컴퓨터 스크린상에서의 데이터 수집 소프트웨어를 이용하여 디스플레이 및 심박수. 이 기술은 비디오 6에 상세하게 설명된다. </li><li> 치골 상부 절개를 통해 방광을 노출. 작은 컷방광의 끝 부분에 구멍 열을 캐 뉼러 (PE-190)를 삽입 소변 수집 방광 내부의 팁 플레어. 지갑 문자열 봉합과 방광에 캐 뉼러를 고정합니다. </li></ol> 3. 소변 및 혈액 수집 <ol><li> (300g 무게 쥐에 대한 3 ㎖ / 시간)를 체중 100g 당 1 ㎖ / hr의 유량 설정 주사기 펌프에 FITC - 이눌린의 주사기를 놓습니다. 대퇴 정맥 카테터에 주사기를 연결합니다. 이눌린의 주입을 시작하고 1 ~ 2 시간의 평균 기간을 허용합니다. 빛으로부터 보호하기 위해 호일로 덮여 주사기를 유지합니다. </li><li> 소변 유량이 안정하고 10 분 동안 예비 칭량 수집 바이알에 소변 시료를 수집하여 분석 샘플 (20 μL / 분)에 적합한 지 여부를 결정. 디지털 규모 중량 측정 소변의 양을 결정합니다. 10 분 동안 수거 적절한 소변 부피는 0.2 ml 인 것을. 두 개의 연속 콜렉션 20 μL / m의 소변 유량을 나타낼 때까지 소변을 채취 계속또는 더. </li><li> 사전 의약품 샘플 <ol><li> 20 분 기간 동안 소변 시료를 수집. 소변 수집 기간의 중간 지점에서 동맥 카테터로부터 혈액 시료 (0.5 ml)에 수집. 1 U 헤파린를 포함한 컬렉션 유리 병에 혈액 샘플을 수집하기 전에 식염수 완전히 명확 동맥 카테터에주의해야합니다. 동맥혈 0.5ml의 수집을 용이하게하기 위해 볼륨 표시와 수집 튜브를 사용한다. </li><li> 피 (약. 0.1 ㎖)의 카테터을 취소 헤파린 식염수 (20 U / mL)로 동맥 카테터를 플래시합니다. 플러시 할 필요 헤파린 식염수의 부피를 제한하기 위해 가능한 동맥 카테터의 길이가 짧아야한다. 참고 : 희석 된 혈액 샘플은 사구체 여과율과 나 그리고 케이의 분수 배설의 부정확 한 계산을 생산 </li><li> 10 분을 기다린 두 번째 사전 약물 소변과 혈액 샘플의 수집을 반복합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 두 사전 약물 샘플의 수집을 따르면, 이뇨제 DRU 관리g, 푸로 세 미드 (10 ㎎ / ㎏), 동맥 카테터를 통해. 약물의 카테터을 취소 헤파린 식염수 동맥 카테터를 플래시합니다. 동맥 카테터를 통해 공기의 주입을 방지하기 위해주의해야합니다. 푸로 세 미드 주입의 시간을 기록한다. </li><li> 포스트 - 약물 샘플 아래 3 시점들 각각에서, 10 분간 수거 기간 소변 샘플 및 뇨 수집 기간의 중간 지점에서 혈액 샘플 (0.5 ㎖)에 모은다. <ol><li> 후 약물 샘플 1 - 후 푸로 세 미드 다섯 분을 수집합니다. </li><li> 후 약 샘플 2의 - 후 푸로 세 미드 십 분을 수집합니다. </li><li> 후 약물 샘플 3의 - 후 푸로 세 미드 십오 분을 수집합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 모든 샘플을 수집 한 후, 개흉하고 심장을 제거함으로써 제도적 절차에 따라 래트를 안락사. 모두 신장을 제거합니다. 디 캡슐은 (주변 막 제거) 및 초과 혈액을 제거하는 신장시킨다. 신장의 무게를. </li></ol><ol><li> 모든 중량 측정 디지털 스케일과 소변 샘플 볼륨, 기록의 무게를 측정한다. </li><li> 테이블 탑 원심 분리기 (1800 XG)와 원심 전혈 시료는 혈장을 분리한다. 작은 유리 병 라벨에 플라즈마 샘플을 전송합니다. </li><li> 나트륨 / 칼륨 분석기 소변과 혈장 시료에서 나와 K 농도를 분석합니다. </li><li> 혈장과 소변에서 FITC - 이눌린의 측정 <ol><li> 전 소변 약물을 희석하고 HEPES 완충액 (500 mM의, pH 7.4의)와 후 약물 소변 (1시 10분) (1 : 400 : 200-1). </li><li> 96 웰 플레이트 (물론 당 하나의 샘플)에 HEPES 버퍼의 표준 또는 샘플 60 μL의 40 μl를 추가하고 알루미늄 호일로 덮여 동안 10 분 동안 혼합 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 농도에 대한 FITC - 이눌린에 대한 표준 곡선을 생성 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg의 / ㎖ (도 1). EX와 마이크로 플레이트 리더를 사용하여 시료와 표준에 FITC - 이눌린 형광을 결정각각 485과 538 나노 미터의 인용 및 방출 파장. </li><li> 4 있었던 파라미터 물류 기능 회귀 분석 표준에 대한 형광 값을 맞 춥니 다. 회귀 함수 파라미터는 플라즈마 및 소변 샘플 (표 1)에 FITC-이눌린 농도를 계산하는데 사용된다. </li></ol></li></ol> 결과 5. 후 실험실 분석 : 계산 <ol><li> (UV를; ㎖ / 분) 소변 유량을 계산한다 [소변 수집 부피 (㎖)] ÷ [콜렉션의 시간 (분)] </li><li> 사구체 여과 속도 계산 (GFR을, ml / 분) ÷ [플라즈마 이눌린 진한 [소변 이눌린 농도 (μg의 / ㎖) UV (ml / 분) X]를. (μg의 / ㎖)] </li><li> 혈장 나트륨 농도 (μmol / ㎖) × GFR (㎖ / 분) : 필터링 나트륨로드 (μmol / 분)을 계산 </li><li> 나트륨 배설 속도 (U 나 V를; μmol / 분) 계산 : 소변 나트륨 농도 (μmol / ㎖) (㎖ / 분)을 X UV </li><li> 계산 나트륨의 소수 배설 (FE 나, %)[U 나 V (μmol / 분)] ÷ [필터링 나트륨로드 (μmol / 분)] × 100 </li><li> 필터링 칼륨로드 (μmol / 분)를 계산 : 혈장 칼륨 농도 (μmol / ㎖ 것은) GFR을 X (ml / 분) </li><li> 칼륨 배설 속도 (U V를 K; μmol / 분) 계산 : 소변 칼륨 농도 (μmol / ㎖) (㎖ / 분)을 X UV </li><li> 계산 칼륨의 배출율 (FE K; %) : [U V K (μmol / 분)] ÷ [필터링 칼륨로드 (μmol / 분)] × 100 </li></ol>

<ol>
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J., Zewde, T., Shirley, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+anaesthesia+and+standard+clearance+procedures+on+renal+function+in+the+rat.">The effect of anaesthesia and standard clearance procedures on renal function in the rat.</a> Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 74, 805-812 (1989).</li><li>Rieg, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+method+for+measurement+of+glomerular+filtration+rate+in+conscious+mice.">A high-throughput method for measurement of glomerular filtration rate in conscious mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (75), (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다. 의견 또는 여기에 포함 된 주장은 저자의 개인 의견이며, 공식 또는 육군의 부 또는 국방부의 의견을 반영하는 것으로 해석되어서는 안된다.

4 가지 기준을 충족시켜야 GFR 측정 적절한 마커 : 자유롭게 사구체에서 여과 될, 혈장 단백질에 결합되지 않은, 그리고 둘 흡수하지도 네프론으로 분비 될 수있다. 이눌린은 이러한 기준을 만족 과당 중합체이다. 그 결과, 신장 이눌린 클리어런스 GFR 7 측정 금 표준 여겨진다. 입증 기술은 이눌린 8,9의 지속적인 주입하는 동안 시간 제한 소변 컬렉션을 사용하여 이눌린의 신장 클리?...

The most important function of the kidney is the homeostatic regulation of extracellular water and electrolyte content. The kidneys closely regulate extracellular water, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) to maintain normal physiological levels. Disturbances in renal function can result in serious metabolic disorders which can be fatal. The basic renal process occurs in the nephron and begins with the filtration of plasma at the glomerulus and ends with the excretion of urine. Other processes that determine the final concentration of water, Na and K in the urine are secretion and reabsorption within the nephron. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the fractional excretion of Na and K are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. The reader is referred to previously published review articles and textbooks for a more thorough discussion of kidney function1-4. 
GFR can be measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron5. While this technique requires anesthesia, surgical preparation, and a terminal experiment, it is considered the gold standard of GFR measurement. Using inulin that is tagged with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC), plasma and urine concentration of FITC-inulin can be easily measured in small volumes and used to calculate GFR during multiple time points of an experiment. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. 
The conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function can easily be demonstrated in a short lab designed to allow students to actively participate in some aspects of the experiment. This video depicts the pre-lab preparation, the renal function demonstration, and the post-lab evaluation of results. The surgical techniques necessary for making measurements of GFR are demonstrated in an anesthetized rat. In addition, example calculations for GFR, and the fractional excretion of Na and K are shown before and after administration of a diuretic drug.

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			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
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			<td>Abbott Animal Health</td>
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			<td>Micro Dissecting Forceps</td>
			<td>Biomedical Research Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>70-1020</td>
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			<td>Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>Ascent FL, 5210460</td>
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			<td>Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors</td>
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			<td>Corning Inc.</td>
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			<td>Strategic Applications Inc.</td>
			<td>RFA-01</td>
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			<td>Salix Furosemide 5%</td>
			<td>Intervet</td>
			<td>#34-478</td>
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			<td>Strabismus Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14075-11</td>
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			<td>Student Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91402-12</td>
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			<td>Surgical Gloves</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>Sterling Nitrile Gloves</td>
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			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>Razel Scientific</td>
			<td>R99-E</td>
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			<td>Tissue Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91121-12</td>
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			<td>Tissue Scissors</td>
			<td>George Tiemann&#160; Co</td>
			<td>105-420</td>
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5-0 Braided Silk Surgical Suture Surgical Specialties Corp SP1033 Assay Plate, 96-Well Costar&#160; 3922 Bovine Serum Albumin Sigma Chemical Co A2934-25G Centrifuge Beckman Coulter MicroFuge 18, 357160 Conical Sample Tubes Dot Scientific Inc.&#160; #711-FTG Cotton Tipped Applicators Solon Manufacturing Co 56200 Data Acquisition Software ADInstruments LabChart Pro 7.0 Digital Scale&#160; Denver Instrument APX-4001 FITC-Inulin Sigma Chemical Co F3272-1G Gauze Sponges Covidien 2146 Heated Surgical Bed EZ-Anesthesia EZ-212 Heparin Sagnet NDC 25021-402-10 HEPES Sigma Chemical Co H3375 Isoflurane Abbott Animal Health IsoFlo, 5260-04-05 Isoflurane Vaporizer EZ-Anesthesia EZ-190F Micro Dissecting Forceps Biomedical Research Instruments Inc. 70-1020 Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan ThermoScientific Ascent FL, 5210460 NOVA 5+ Sodium/Potassium Analyzer NOVA BioMedical 14156 Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors Fine Science Tools 12002-12 PE-190 (for bladder catheter) BD Medical 427435 Pressure Transducer&#160; ADInstruments MLT1199 Pyrex Culture Tubes Corning Inc. 99445-12 Rat Femoral Tapered Artery Catheter Strategic Applications Inc. RFA-01 Salix Furosemide 5% Intervet #34-478 Strabismus Scissors Fine Science Tools 14075-11 Student Surgical Scissors Fine Science Tools 91402-12 Surgical Gloves Kimberly-Clark Sterling Nitrile Gloves Syringe pump Razel Scientific R99-E Tissue Forceps Fine Science Tools 91121-12 Tissue Scissors George Tiemann&#160; Co 105-420

physiology lab demonstration: glomerular filtration rate in a rat

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. GFR is measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. The renal clearance of inulin can be demonstrated in an anesthetized animal which has catheters in the femoral artery, femoral vein and bladder. The equipment and supplies used for this procedure are those commonly available in a research core facility, and thus makes this procedure a practical means for measuring renal function. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the procedures required to perform a lab demonstration in which renal function is assessed before and after a diuretic drug. The presented technique can be utilized to assess renal function in rat models of renal disease.

실험실 데모에 사용되는 이뇨제는 매우 신속하게 약물 투여의 분 이내에 증가 나, K의 결과 신장, 물 배설에 의해 필터링 나와 K의 재 흡수를 억제 푸로 세 미드이었다. 그것의 기본 메커니즘에 의해, 푸로 세 미드는 사구체 여과율과 나 그리고 K의 필터링 된 부하에 최소한의 영향을해야하지만, 나 그리고 케이의 소변 흐름과 분수 배설을 증가 마취 된 래트에서, GFR위한 예비 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat at JoVE.com

Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function.

생리학 실험실 데모 : 쥐의 사구체 여과 속도

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function ...

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17.2K 조회수.  U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function. 

비디오: Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

Large Volume (20L+) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column. Two 20L samples can be filtered simultaneously using a single pump unit equipped with four rotating heads. Filtration is done in the field on extended trips, or immediately upon return for day trips. It is important to record the amount of water passing through each sterivex filter unit. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use. This procedure will take approximately 5 hours plus an additional hour for clean up.

Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column.

대량 연안 해수 샘플 (20L +) 여과

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, ...

연구

생물학

Small Volume (1-3L) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column. The protocol is an extension of the large volume sampling protocol described earlier, with one major difference: here, there is no pre-filtration step, so all size classes of biomass are collected down to the 0.22 &mu;m filter cut-off. Samples collected this way are ideal for nucleic acid analysis. The set-up, filtration, and clean-up steps each take about 20-30 minutes. If using two peristaltic pumps simultaneously, up to 8 samples may be filtered at the same time. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use.

Small Volume 1-3L Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column.

연안 해수 샘플을 소량 (1 - 3L)은 여과

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s ...

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt, 1980; Landeau et al., 1984; Etienne, 1987; Gallistel, 1990;
Maurer and S&#233;guinot, 1995). Piloting requires the use of the relationships between relatively stable external (visual, olfactory, auditory) cues, whereas dead reckoning requires the integration of cues generated by self-movement. Animals obtain self-movement information from vestibular receptors, and possibly muscle and joint receptors, and efference copy of commands that generate movement. An animal may also use the flows of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli caused by its movements. Using a piloting strategy an animal can use geometrical calculations to determine directions and distances to places in its environment, whereas using an dead reckoning strategy it can integrate cues generated by its previous movements to return to a just left location. Dead reckoning is colloquially called "sense of direction" and "sense of distance."

Although there is considerable evidence that the hippocampus is involved in piloting (O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O&#x2019;Keefe and Speakman, 1987), there is also evidence from behavioral (Whishaw et al., 1997; Whishaw and Maaswinkel, 1998; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999), modeling (Samsonovich and McNaughton, 1997), and electrophysiological (O&#x2019;Mare et al., 1994; Sharp et al., 1995; Taube and Burton, 1995; Blair and Sharp, 1996; McNaughton et al., 1996; Wiener, 1996; Golob and Taube, 1997) studies that the hippocampal formation is involved in dead reckoning. The relative contribution of the hippocampus to the two forms of navigation is still uncertain, however. Ordinarily, it is difficult to be certain that an animal is using a piloting versus a dead reckoning strategy because animals are very flexible in their use of strategies and cues (Etienne et al., 1996; Dudchenko et al., 1997; Martin et al., 1997; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999). The objective of the present video demonstrations was to solve the problem of cue specification in order to examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus in the use of these strategies. The rats were trained in a new task in which they followed linear or polygon scented trails to obtain a large food pellet hidden on an open field. Because rats have a proclivity to carry the food back to the refuge, accuracy and the cues used to return to the home base were dependent variables (Whishaw and Tomie, 1997). To force an animal to use a a dead reckoning strategy to reach its refuge with the food, the rats were tested when blindfolded or under infrared light, a spectral wavelength in which they cannot see, and in some experiments the scent trail was additionally removed once an animal reached the food. To examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus, fimbria&#x2013;fornix (FF) lesions, which disrupt information flow in the hippocampal formation (Bland, 1986), impair memory (Gaffan and Gaffan, 1991), and produce spatial deficits (Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995), were used.

In a piloting scent tracking task, the ability of the rats to return to a refuge with food using visual an odor trail or using dead reckoning in infrared light, the integrated record of previous movements, demonstrates that the hippocampus is necessary for dead reckoning.

의 비디오 데모 랫에 Fimbria - Fornix의 조직 손상 후 향기 추적하지만 장애 데드 레크 닝에 의해 조종 보존

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is still much to learn from this model preparation. In understanding the history one can appreciate why even today this NMJ still offers a rich playground to address questions regarding pre- and post-synaptic function and plasticity. The viability and ease of access to the terminal for intracellular as well as extracellular electrophysiology and imaging are significant advantages. The mechanisms behind the modulation of vesicular kinetics and fusion within the high- and low-output terminals are begging for investigation. The preparation also offers a testable model system for computational assessments and manipulations to examine key variables in theoretical models of synaptic function, for example calcium dynamics during short-term facilitation. The synaptic complexity of active zone and statistical nature of quantal release is also an open area for future investigation both experimentally and computationally.

The opener muscle of the crayfish leg is presented for its historical importance and experimental versatility in muscle phenotype, synaptic physiology and plasticity.

크레이 피쉬 오프너 근육의 NMJ에서 역사보기 및 생리학 시범

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is ...

Ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are commonly ovariectomized in order to ablate the rapidly cycling hormone production, replacing the 17&beta;-estradiol exogenously. There is, however, lack of consensus regarding how the hormone should be administered to obtain physiological serum concentrations. This is crucial since the 17&beta;-estradiol level/administration method profoundly influences the experimental results1-3. We have in a series of studies characterized the different modes of 17&beta;-estradiol administration, finding that subcutaneous silastic capsules and per-oral nut-cream Nutella are superior to commercially available slow-release pellets (produced by the company Innovative Research of America) and daily injections in terms of producing physiological serum concentrations of 17&beta;-estradiol4-6. Amongst the advantages of the nut-cream method, that previously has been used for buprenorphine administration7, is that when used for estrogen administration it resembles peroral hormone replacement therapy and is non-invasive. The subcutaneous silastic capsules are convenient and produce the most stable serum concentrations. This video article contains step-by-step demonstrations of ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol hormone replacement by silastic capsules and peroral Nutella in rats and mice, followed by a discussion of important aspects of the administration procedures.

Ovariectomy and 17&#946;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Ovariectomy and subsequent replacement of 17&beta;-estradiol by means of silastic capsules and peroral Nutella are demonstrated in rats and mice.

고양이와 쥐의 Ovariectomy 및 17β-estradiol 대체 : 비주얼 데모

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

의식 쥐의 사구체 여과율의 측정을위한 높은 처리량 방법

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

조직 해리 차동 여과 이식 미토콘드리아의 신속한 분리 및 정제

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. Global gene expression profiling via RNA-Seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, easily induced diapause, and the genomic resources available. This manuscript presents a general experimental workflow for identifying diapause-induced transcriptional differences in A. albopictus. Rearing techniques, conditions necessary to induce diapause and non-diapause development, methods to estimate percent diapause in a population, and RNA extraction and integrity assessment for mosquitoes are documented. A workflow to process RNA-Seq data from Illumina sequencers culminates in a list of differentially expressed genes. The representative results demonstrate that this protocol can be used to effectively identify genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in A. albopictus due to photoperiodic differences. With modest adjustments, this workflow can be readily adapted to study the transcriptional bases of diapause or other important life history traits in other mosquitoes.

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

RNA-Seq analyses are becoming increasingly important for identifying the molecular underpinnings of adaptive traits in non-model organisms. Here, a protocol to identify differentially expressed genes between diapause and non-diapause Aedes albopictus mosquitoes is described, from mosquito rearing, to RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of RNA-Seq data.

아시아 타이거 모기에 Photoperiodic 휴면의 RNA-서열 분석을위한 실험 및 생물 정보학 프로토콜,<em&gt; Aedes albopictus</em

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, ...

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular permeability in cultured endothelial cell monolayers and the functional exchange properties of whole microvascular beds. A method to cannulate and perfuse venular microvessels of rat mesentery and measure the hydraulic conductivity of the microvessel wall is described. The main equipment needed includes an intravital microscope with a large modified stage that supports micromanipulators to position three different microtools: (1) a beveled glass micropipette to cannulate and perfuse the microvessel; (2) a glass micro-occluder to transiently block perfusion and enable measurement of transvascular water flow movement at a measured hydrostatic pressure, and (3) a blunt glass rod to stabilize the mesenteric tissue at the site of cannulation. The modified Landis micro-occlusion technique uses red cells suspended in the artificial perfusate as markers of transvascular fluid movement, and also enables repeated measurements of these flows as experimental conditions are changed and hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure difference across the microvessels are carefully controlled. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity first using a control perfusate, then after re-cannulation of the same microvessel with the test perfusates enable paired comparisons of the microvessel response under these well-controlled conditions. Attempts to extend the method to microvessels in the mesentery of mice with genetic modifications expected to modify vascular permeability were severely limited because of the absence of long straight and unbranched microvessels in the mouse mesentery, but the recent availability of the rats with similar genetic modifications using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology is expected to open new areas of investigation where the methods described herein can be applied.

The modified Landis technique enables paired measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of individual microvessels in the mesentery of normal and genetically modified rats under control and test conditions using microperfusion techniques. It provides a convenient method to evaluate mechanisms that regulate microvessel permeability and transvascular exchange under physiological conditions.

Microperfusion 기술은 쥐 장간막에서 미세 혈관 투과성의 규정을 조사하기 위해

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

핵산의 여과 분리 : 간단하고 신속한 DNA 추출 방법

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...