Name: th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice
Uploaded: 2015-02-18T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 2 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

הערה: הניסויים באמצעות עכברים בוצעו בהתאם לועדת רווחת בעלי החיים המוסדיים (IACUC) הנחיות. 1. לשחזר את סמרטוט-1 - / - העכברים עם תאים אני n חוץ הגופייה בתרבית TH17 (שלושה ימים לפני זיהום) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקמת תאי TH17, תרבות תאי T מסוג CD4 + הנאיבי CD44low CD62Lhigh CD25- (3 x 104) ב 96 צלחות U-תחתונה גם לבד, או שיתוף תרבותם יחד עם 3 x 104 CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs בנוכחות מסיסה α-CD3, α-CD28 (2 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר) נוגדנים ותאי הצגת אנטיגן, בתנאי TH17 (מקוטב באמצעות IL-6 (25 ng / ml), β TGF- (2 ng / ml) (1 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר) , Α-IFN-γ (2 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר) ו-IL-4 α (2 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר)) לשלוש עד ארבעה ימים. הערה: תאים נאיביים ובתקנות T מוינו באמצעות תא קרינה המופעל מיון (FACS)ד נהלי בידוד תא מגנטי ותרבותי כפי שתואר לעיל 19-22. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ביום 4, לאחר resuspending תאי TH17 באמצעות פיפטה, לאסוף אותם מתרבויות, וצנטריפוגות בתנאים סטריליים. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קח aliquot קטן של תאים אלה לבחינת הכדאיות שלהם ועבור phenotyping. Resuspend אותם 500 μl של מדיום RPMI, להוסיף יודיד propidium (200 ng / ml) ולהעריך את הכדאיות שלהם באופן מיידי על ידי cytometry זרימה. בצע phenotyping ידי cytometry זרימת ההערכה של ייצור IL-17 א לאחר restimulation (ראה סעיף 6.3). </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צנטריפוגה ולשטוף את הנפח העיקרי של התאים בPBS סטרילי ב 480 XG במשך 6 דקות ב 4 ° C בכל השלבים, אלא אם כן צוין אחרת. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להשתמש בתאים אלה להעברת מאמצת לCD45.2 Rag1 6-8 שבוע ישן - / - עכברי immunodeficient. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend התאים בצפיפות תאי 1 x 10 7 תאים / מיליליטר באמצעות PBS סטרילי הקר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הזרק של התאים 100 μl ידי intrapהזרקת eritoneal, באמצעות 25 מחטים G על 1 מיליליטר מזרקים טוברקולין, כך שעכבר אחד מקבל 1 x 10 6 תאים. עכברים מסוימים יקבלו תאי PBS או TH17 בלבד, ועכברים אחרים יקבלו תאי TH17 שהיו שיתוף תרבותי עם תאי Treg. הערה: בצע את כל שלבי סביבה נקיה מחיידקים. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. גידול C. אלביקנס לזיהום (יום אחד לפני זיהום) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני החיסון, לפזר חמש מושבות של ג CAF2-1 זן אלביקנס מעבדה בהשעית PBS סטרילי 100 μl, ומוסיף את ההשעיה למרק סטרילי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחסן 5 מושבות של ג אלביקנס ב 50 מיליליטר של בסיס חנקן שמרים (YNB ללא חומצות אמינו) / Peptone / בינוני דקסטרוז מרק ודגירה בחממה שייקר ב 30 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 15-18 שעות ב 130 סל&quot;ד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפקח על המרק לעננות, כפי שהיא אינדיקציה לצמיחה של הפטרייה. </li></ol> 3. קנדידהקציר וסדר ספירה (ביום של זיהום) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאסוף 10 מיליליטר של מרק קנדידה ב 15 מיליליטר צינורות. לנפחים גדולים יותר, לאסוף קנדידה בצינורות 50 מיליליטר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צנטריפוגה blastospores ב1,900 XG במשך 5 דקות בRT בכל השלבים, אלא אם כן צוין אחרת. גלולה blastospores ידי צנטריפוגה, ואחריו הסרת supernatant. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם יש צינור אחד או יותר, בריכת blastospores קנדידה מצינורות מרובים, הוספת PBS סטרילי לכדורים וresuspend אותם 10 מיליליטר של PBS לספירה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קח 20 μl של blastospores בצינורות 1.5 מיליליטר microcentrifuge, להוסיף 20 μl של paraformaldehyde 2X ולדגור על RT במשך 15-20 דקות. רוזן blastospores הקבוע באמצעות hemocytometer מתחת למיקרוסקופ. הערה: Paraformaldehyde הוא מסרטנת. פתח את הפתרון חי רק במנדף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בינתיים, לחזור על שטיפת blastospores לפחות פעמיים, על ידי צנטריפוגה tמכפלת בPBS, וpelleting blastospores. שמור את כדורים ב 15 מיליליטר צינורות ב RT, בשכונה ABSL1, מוכן לזיהום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להשאיר כמה PBS סטרילי בRT לresuspending blastospores לזיהום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר ספירה, להוסיף PBS סטרילי לגלולת blastospore להתאים את מספרי תא השמרים blastospore עד 2 x10 8 תאים / מיליליטר שמרים. זה ההשעיה blastospore שישמש להדביק עכברים. הערה: בצע את כל שלבי סביבה נקיה מחיידקים. </li></ol> 4. זיהום עכברים (3-5 ימים לאחר העברת Cell) הערה: הליך הזיהום הבסיסי מבוצע כפי שתואר לעיל 19,23-25. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשקול את סמרטוט-1 - / - העכברים שקיבלו PBS או תאי שלושה ימים קודם לכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב את המינון של חומרי הרדמה באמצעות משקל גופם. להרדים את העכברים על ידי מתן קטמין / תערובת xylazine (16.1 מ&quot;ג / מיליליטר ו -1.6 מ&quot;ג / מיליליטר), באמצעות 25 מחטים G על 1 מיליליטר מזרקים טוברקולין, על ידי מילת קריאההזרקת aperitoneal. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנהל 50 μl לכל 10 גרם של משקל גוף. (כלומר, 0.8 מ&quot;ג של קטמין ו0.08 מ&quot;ג של xylazine / 10 גרם של משקל גוף או 80 מ&quot;ג של קטמין ו -8 מ&quot;ג xylazine לכל קילוגרם של משקל גוף בהתאמה). שים לב לתגובת קמצוץ הבוהן כל 15 דקות לאחר הרדמה. הערה: מינון זה יגרום 60-90 דקות של הרדמה, וזה מספיק להליך הזיהום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החל המשחה הסיכה עיניים בעיניים של העכברים כדי למנוע את הקרניות מהתייבשות. כחומר הסיכה העין עלולה להתייבש, לחזור על שימון עיניים כל 45 דקות. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הזרק 1 מיליליטר של תמיסת מלח (0.9% NaCl) תת עורי בגב הצמוד לforelimb, כדי לסייע להחזרת נוזלים של העכברים במהלך הרדמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להשיג כלוב חדש, נקי. בצע את עכבר הליך אחד זיהום בזמן, הצבת כל עכבר לכלוב החדש הנגוע פעם. בצע את PBS / זיהום הדמה ראשון, ולאחר מכן להמשיך לGro זיהום קנדידהעליות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להרים את העכבר הרדים ולפתוח את הפה הרחב כדי לחשוף את בסיס הלשון. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח כותנה קוטר כדור 3 מ&quot;מ רווי עם 50 μl של PBS או blastospore השעיה, sublingually בחלל הפה למשך 90 דקות. הפוך את העכברים כל חזית 15 דקות וחזרתי למניעת גודש ריאה, על מנת להבטיח שכדורי צמר גפן לא זזו. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרת טיימר לכל עכבר כדי להבטיח 90 דקות של חיסון שאם או קנדידה בחלל הפה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שמור אותם בכלוב תחת מנורת החום (4 מטרים), וכל עכבר על כריות ג&#39;ל חום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ודא כי הלשון תבוטל בתוך ומחוץ לשיניים, כדי למנוע את השיניים ופצעו את הלשון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בתום 90 דקות, להסיר את כדור צמר גפן מפיו של העכבר. Watch עבור כל עכבר שעשוי להתאושש מהרדמה מוקדם מ -75 דקות. במקרה כזה, להרדים אותם שוב עם קטמין (40 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם) בלבד. </li></ol> 5. ההודעה Procedurדואר ניטור (בהרדמת 90 דקות) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש ברפידות ג&#39;ל החום במהלך ההרדמה 90 דקות. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לשמור על טמפרטורת הגוף ולמנוע חנק, אל תאפשר עכברים להתאושש על מצעי עכבר התירס של הרגילים. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר ההתאוששות מהרדמה, לנהל 1 מיליליטר נוסף של 0.9% מתחת לעור NaCl סטרילי בשני מקומות על הגב. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שמור עד חמש PBS (דמה) עכברים מחוסן בכל כלוב. בית עכברים נגועים רק 1-2 בכל כלוב. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מלא את כרטיס ההליך בראשי תיבות בכל יום לאחר ההליך כדי לרשום את השינויים במשקל הגוף, טיפוח הרגלים ועל בריאות כללית. </li></ol> 6. הערכת הדלקת משקל 6.1) הפסד <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשקול את העכברים בכל יום במהלך הזיהום, החל מהיום לפני הליך זיהום. הערה: בדרך כלל, עכברי immunodeficient הוזרקו תאי TH17 וללא את תקנות T להיכנע עד 2030% ירידה במשקל עקב העלייה פטרייתי נטל 19 והחריפה את דלקת. </li></ol> 6.2) ניקוד היסטולוגיה של הלשון <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקריב את העכברים על ידי CO 2 מחנק ואחריו נקע בצוואר הרחם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתח את הלסתות ולנתח את הלשון עם מספריים ומלקחיים. שימוש במלקחיים בוטים להחזיק את הלשון, ובאמצעות המספריים להגיע לחלק האחורי של הפה כדי לחתוך את הקצה האחורי של הלשון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לhematoxylin immunocytochemical וeosin מכתים (H &amp; E) של רקמות הלשון, לשטוף את רקמות לשון עם קרח הקר PBS. הוסף 5 מיליליטר של פורמלין 10% במשך 2-3 לשונות ולתקן אותם O / N ב 15 מיליליטר צינורות. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למחרת, להסיר את פורמלין ולטבול את הרקמות ב 5 מיליליטר של אתנול 70% כדי למנוע היפר-קיבעון. שלח אותם לשירות מסחרי להמשיך עם הטבעת פרפין, חתך וצביעת חלקי פרפין. הערה: שירות היסטולוגיה מסחרי משמשת כדי לבצע שלבים אלה. </li&gt; </ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ברגע השקופיות חזרו משירות היסטולוגיה המסחרי, הכיתה הדלקת על ידי התבוננות בסעיפי הרקמות תחת מיקרוסקופ אור. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ציון 0-5, עם 0 להיות לא דלקת, ו -5 להיות הדלקת החמורה ביותר. ציון הדלקת באמצעות טבלה 1. </li></ol></li></ol> 6.3) ייצור ציטוקינים על ידי תאי TH17 הערה: ייצור TNF-α מופרז היא אחד מהקריאות לimmunopathology מוגזם. כאשר עכברים מועברים adoptively עם תאי TH17 רק, זה גורם immunopathology המשויך לייצור TNF-α מוגזם בתאי TH17. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאסוף השעיה תא בודדת מטחול, בלוטות לימפה בצוואר הרחם, lymphnodes בבית השחי, ולשון, תוך שימוש בשיטות שתוארו קודם לכן 19.26. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Restimulate התאים עם אצטט myristate phorbol (PMA) (50 ng / ml) וionomycin (500 ng / ml) במשך שעה 4 עם Brefeldin (10 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר) הוסיף בlAST שעה 2. לשטוף את התאים עם PBS ולתקן אותם באמצעות ערכת הקיבוע / permeabilization מסחרית בהתאם להוראות יצרן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבצע מכתים ציטוקינים סלולריים תוך שימוש באנטי TNF-α fluorochrome מצומדות, אנטי-IL-17 א ונוגדני ROR-γt כפי שתואר לעיל 19. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בקצרה, resuspend תאי חיץ permeabilization 1X עם הקוקטייל של אנטי TNF-α, אנטי-IL-17 א ונוגדני ROR-γt, כל נוגדן ל 2 - 3 מיקרוגרם / מיליליטר ריכוז סופי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה התאים עבור שעה 1 ב RT. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר הדגירה, לשטוף את התאים עם חיץ permeabilization 1X. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend התא גלולה ב 500 μl של PBS עם 0.5% אלבומין בסרום שור לניתוח cytometry זרימה. </li></ol>

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Critical Reviews In.</a> Oral Biology And Medicine : An Official Publication Of The American Association Of Oral Biologists. 14 (4), 253-267 (2003).</li><li>Canabarro, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+subgingival+colonization+of+Candida+albicans+and+other+yeasts+with+severity+of+chronic+periodontitis.">Association of subgingival colonization of Candida albicans and other yeasts with severity of chronic periodontitis.</a> Journal Of Periodontal Research. 48 (4), 428-432 (2013).</li><li>Urzua, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yeast+diversity+in+the+oral+microbiota+of+subjects+with+periodontitis:+Candida+albicans+and+Candida+dubliniensis+colonize+the+periodontal+pockets.">Yeast diversity in the oral microbiota of subjects with periodontitis: Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis colonize the periodontal pockets.</a> Medical Mycology. 46 (8), 783-793 (2008).</li><li>Ergun, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+status+and+Candida+colonization+in+patients+with+Sjogren's+Syndrome.">Oral status and Candida colonization in patients with Sjogren's Syndrome.</a> Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal. 15 (2), e310-e315 (2010).</li><li>Hernandez, Y. L., Daniels, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+candidiasis+in+Sjogren's+syndrome:+prevalence,+clinical+correlations,+and+treatment.">Oral candidiasis in Sjogren's syndrome: prevalence, clinical correlations, and treatment.</a> Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, And Oral Pathology. 68 (3), 324-329 (1989).</li><li>Gall, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+spp.+in+oral+cancer+and+oral+precancerous+lesions.">Candida spp. in oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions.</a> The New Microbiologica. 36 (3), 283-288 (2013).</li><li>Grady, J. F., Reade, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+as+a+promoter+of+oral+mucosal+neoplasia.">Candida albicans as a promoter of oral mucosal neoplasia.</a> Carcinogenesis. 13 (5), 783-786 (1992).</li><li>Dwivedi, P. P., Mallya, S., Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+immunocompetent+murine+model+for+Candida+albicans-promoted+oral+epithelial+dysplasia.">A novel immunocompetent murine model for Candida albicans-promoted oral epithelial dysplasia.</a> Medical Mycology. 47 (2), 157-167 (2009).</li><li>Cheng, S. C., Joosten, L. A., Kullberg, B. J., Netea, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+Candida+albicans+and+the+mammalian+innate+host+defense.">Interplay between Candida albicans and the mammalian innate host defense.</a> Infection and Immunity. 80 (4), 1304-1313 (2012).</li><li>Marodi, L., Johnston, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+Candida+species+disease+in+infants+and+children:+occurrence,+risk+factors,+management,+and+innate+host+defense+mechanisms.">Invasive Candida species disease in infants and children: occurrence, risk factors, management, and innate host defense mechanisms.</a> Current Opinion In Pediatrics. 19 (6), 693-697 (2007).</li><li>Kumamoto, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+gastrointestinal+Candida+colonization.+Current+Opinion+In.">Inflammation and gastrointestinal Candida colonization. Current Opinion In.</a> Microbiology. 14 (4), 386-391 (2011).</li><li>Kraneveld, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relation+between+oral+Candida+load+and+bacterial+microbiome+profiles+in+Dutch+older+adults.">The relation between oral Candida load and bacterial microbiome profiles in Dutch older adults.</a> PloS One. 7 (8), e42770 (2012).</li><li>Hernandez-Santos, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th17+cells+confer+long-term+adaptive+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">Th17 cells confer long-term adaptive immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Mucosal Immunology. 6 (5), 900-910 (2013).</li><li>Hasina, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ABT-510+is+an+effective+chemopreventive+agent+in+the+mouse+4-nitroquinoline+1-oxide+model+of+oral+carcinogenesis.">ABT-510 is an effective chemopreventive agent in the mouse 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide model of oral carcinogenesis.</a> Cancer Prevention Research. 2 (4), 385-393 (2009).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)+regulatory+T+cells+promote+Th17+cells+in+vitro+and+enhance+host+resistance+in+mouse+Candida+albicans+Th17+cell+infection+model.">CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells promote Th17 cells in vitro and enhance host resistance in mouse Candida albicans Th17 cell infection model.</a> Immunity. 34 (3), 422-434 (2011).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+IL-15+in+activating+STAT5+and+fine-tuning+IL-17A+production+in+CD4+T+lymphocytes.">The role of IL-15 in activating STAT5 and fine-tuning IL-17A production in CD4 T lymphocytes.</a> J Immunol. 189 (9), 4237-4246 (2012).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Lenardo, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+control+of+CD4+CD25+Foxp3++regulatory+T+cell+survival.">The control of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell survival.</a> Biology Direct. 3 (6), (2008).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Zheng, L., Ishihara, S., Reed, J., Lenardo, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)+regulatory+T+cells+induce+cytokine+deprivation-mediated+apoptosis+of+effector+CD4(+)+T+cells.">CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation-mediated apoptosis of effector CD4(+) T cells.</a> Nat Immunol. 8 (12), 1353-1362 (2007).</li><li>Conti, H. R., Huppler, A. R., Whibley, N., Gaffen, S. L., Coligan, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+candidiasis.">Animal models for candidiasis.</a> Current Protocols In Immunology. 105, 11-19 (2014).</li><li>Conti, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th17+cells+and+IL-17+receptor+signaling+are+essential+for+mucosal+host+defense+against+oral+candidiasis.">Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis.</a> J Exp Med. 206 (2), 299-311 (2009).</li><li>Kamai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+model+of+oropharyngeal+candidiasis+in+mice.">New model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice.</a> Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy. 45 (11), 3195-3197 (2001).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Bhaskaran, N., Zhang, Y., Weinberg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+T+cells+from+mouse+oral+tissues.">Isolation of T cells from mouse oral tissues.</a> Biological Procedures Online. 16 (1), 4 (2014).</li><li>Gladiator, A., Wangler, N., Trautwein-Weidner, K., LeibundGut-Landmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+IL-17-secreting+innate+lymphoid+cells+are+essential+for+host+defense+against+fungal+infection.">Cutting edge: IL-17-secreting innate lymphoid cells are essential for host defense against fungal infection.</a> J Immunol. 190 (2), 521-525 (2013).</li><li>Leppkes, M., Roulis, M., Neurath, M. F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

מודל זה מבוסס על גרימת ג האוראלי זיהום אלביקנס דלקת TH17 תלויה. בגלל העדר את תקנות T, דלקת תא TH17 המושרית היא חסרת מעצורים ומובילה לimmunopathology גרוע נפתר. במבחנה נגזרת תאי CD4 נאיביים מקוטבים כמו תאי TH17 שמשו להעברת המאמצת. 40 - 50% מCD4 + תאים בתרבית להראות ביטוי...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

<table><tbody><tr><td>CAF-2</td><td>University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td><td>-</td><td>Candida culture</td></tr><tr><td>U-bottom 96 well plates&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>055588</td><td>Used for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>a-CD3&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>16-0031-85</td><td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td></tr><tr><td>a-CD28&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>16-0281-85</td><td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td></tr><tr><td>m-IL-6</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>RC232</td><td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td></tr><tr><td>h-TGF-b&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R&amp;amp;D</td><td>240-B</td><td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td></tr><tr><td>a-IFN-g&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>16-7311-85</td><td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td></tr><tr><td>a-IL-4&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>16-7041-85</td><td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-IL17A ef660</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>50-7177-82</td><td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-TNFa-PE-Cy7</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>25-7423-41</td><td>Used for cell culture - 1:100</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-RORgt PE&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>12-6981-82</td><td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td></tr><tr><td>YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>S507.SIZE</td><td>Mediium for candida growth</td></tr><tr><td>Shaker incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>New Brunswick Scientific</td><td>Innova 4300</td><td>Incubation growth for candida</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml tubes</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>BT888-SY</td><td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml tubes</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>CT 788-YS</td><td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td></tr><tr><td>Table top Centrifuge</td><td>VWR International LLC</td><td>82017-654</td><td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td></tr><tr><td>Allegra Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>392302</td><td>Cell culture - 480 g</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>BT620-NS</td><td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td></tr><tr><td>2x paraformaldehyde</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td>Fixing candida for count</td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>VWR International LLC</td><td>15170-172</td><td>Counting cells</td></tr><tr><td>PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>PD8117</td><td>Preparation of buffers</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine/xylazine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td><td>-</td><td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Allergan</td><td>-</td><td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td></tr><tr><td>Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td><td>G Biosciences</td><td>786-561</td><td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td></tr><tr><td>3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR International LLC</td><td>BP7603</td><td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td></tr><tr><td>Heat gel pads</td><td>Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td><td>-</td><td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td><td>Histoserv - MD</td><td>-</td><td>Tissue histology</td></tr><tr><td>10% formalin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>JC1111/MC</td><td>Tissue histology</td></tr><tr><td>70% ethanol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR International LLC</td><td>97064-490</td><td>Sterilization purpose</td></tr><tr><td>PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P1585-1MG</td><td>Restimulation of cells</td></tr><tr><td>Ionomycin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>124222 1mg</td><td>Restimulation of cells</td></tr><tr><td>Fixation permeabilization kit</td><td>eBiosciences</td><td>E16913-106</td><td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td></tr><tr><td>Tuberculin syringes</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>309659</td><td>Mice injection</td></tr><tr><td>25 G x 3/8 needles</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>309626</td><td>Mice injection</td></tr><tr><td>Rag1 -/- mice</td><td>Jackson laboratories</td><td>Stock no: 002216</td><td>Recipient mice</td></tr><tr><td>CD45.1 congenic mice</td><td>Jackson laboratories</td><td>Stock no:002014&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Donor Th17 cells</td></tr><tr><td>CB17-SCID mice</td><td>Jackson laboratories</td><td>Stock no: 001303</td><td>Recipient mice</td></tr><tr><td>Balb/c mice</td><td>Jackson laboratories</td><td>Stock no: 000651</td><td>Donor Th17 cells</td></tr></tbody></table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

במודל זה, שני עכברי קנדידה -infected ועכברים נגוע בסמרטוט-1 - / - רקע immunodeficient הועבר adoptively עם תאי TH17 3-5 ימים לפני הזיהום. בסך הכל 10-12 עכברים שימש לניסויים, עם 2 עכברים בכל קבוצות שאם נגוע, ו4-5 בכל אחת מהקבוצות נגועות קנדידה. תאים נאיביים נגזרו מעכברי Thy1.1 או CD45.1 conge...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

TH17 דגם דלקת של לוע תחתון פטרת בעכברים immunodeficient

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

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9.9K Views.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 

Video: Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida species, is a fungal infection of the lower female genital tract that affects approximately 75% of otherwise healthy women during their reproductive years18,32-34. Predisposing factors include antibiotic usage, uncontrolled diabetes and disturbance in reproductive hormone levels due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies33,34. Recurrent VVC (RVVC), defined as three or more episodes per year, affects a separate 5 to 8% of women with no predisposing factors33.
An experimental mouse model of VVC has been established and used to study the pathogenesis and mucosal host response to Candida3,4,11,16,17,19,21,25,37. This model has also been employed to test potential antifungal therapies in vivo13,24. The model requires that the animals be maintained in a state of pseudoestrus for optimal Candida colonization/infection6,14,23. Under such conditions, inoculated animals will have detectable vaginal fungal burden for weeks to months. Past studies show an extremely high parallel between the animal model and human infection relative to immunological and physiological properties3,16,21. Differences, however, include a lack of Candida as normal vaginal flora and a neutral vaginal pH in the mice.
Here, we demonstrate a series of key methods in the mouse vaginitis model that include vaginal inoculation, rapid collection of vaginal specimens, assessment of vaginal fungal burden, and tissue preparations for cellular extraction/isolation. This is followed by representative results for constituents of vaginal lavage fluid, fungal burden, and draining lymph node leukocyte yields. With the use of anesthetics, lavage samples can be collected at multiple time points on the same mice for longitudinal evaluation of infection/colonization. Furthermore, this model requires no immunosuppressive agents to initiate infection, allowing immunological studies under defined host conditions. Finally, the model and each technique introduced here could potentially give rise to use of the methodologies to examine other infectious diseases of the lower female genital tract (bacterial, parasitic, viral) and respective local or systemic host defenses.

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

Key techniques to be used in the evaluation of Candida vaginitis in an experimental animal model are described. The methods will allow rapid collection of vaginal specimens and lymphocytes from draining lumbar lymph nodes. These techniques could give rise to mouse models of other diseases in the female lower genital tract.

הפרוטוקולים עבור הרכבת חיסון וגינלי אוסף דוגמאות במודל ניסיוני של עכבר קנדידה דלקת הנרתיק

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida species, is a fungal infection of the lower female genital tract that affects approximately 75% of ...

Immunology and Infection

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

בידוד ובידול של Th17 הנאיביים T מסוג CD4 לימפוציטים

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

The host immune response to pathogens is a complex biological process. The majority of in vivo studies classically employed to characterize host-pathogen interactions take advantage of intraperitoneal injections of select bacteria or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in mice. While these techniques have yielded tremendous data associated with infectious disease pathobiology, intraperitoneal injection models are not always appropriate for host-pathogen interaction studies in the lung. Utilizing an acute lung inflammation model in mice, it is possible to conduct a high resolution analysis of the host innate immune response utilizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we describe the methods to administer LPS using nonsurgical oropharyngeal intratracheal administration, monitor clinical parameters associated with disease pathogenesis, and utilize bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to evaluate the host immune response. The techniques that are described are widely applicable for studying the host innate immune response to a diverse range of PAMPs and pathogens. Likewise, with minor modifications, these techniques can also be applied in studies evaluating allergic airway inflammation and in pharmacological applications.

The host immune response to pathogen infection is a tightly regulated process. Utilizing a lipopolysaccharide lung exposure model in mice, it is possible to conduct high resolution evaluations of the complex mechanisms associated with disease pathogenesis.

הניצול של לוע התחתון Intratracheal PAMP מנהל ושטיפה ברונכואלוואולרית כדי להעריך את תגובת מארח חיסון של עכברים

The host immune response to pathogens is a complex biological process. The majority of in vivo studies classically employed to characterize host-pathogen ...

Modeling Mucosal Candidiasis in Larval Zebrafish by Swimbladder Injection

Early defense against mucosal pathogens consists of both an epithelial barrier and innate immune cells. The immunocompetency of both, and their intercommunication, are paramount for the protection against infections. The interactions of epithelial and innate immune cells with a pathogen are best investigated in vivo, where complex behavior unfolds over time and space. However, existing models do not allow for easy spatio-temporal imaging of the battle with pathogens at the mucosal level.
The model developed here creates a mucosal infection by direct injection of the fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, into the swimbladder of juvenile zebrafish. The resulting infection enables high-resolution imaging of epithelial and innate immune cell behavior throughout the development of mucosal disease. The versatility of this method allows for interrogation of the host to probe the detailed sequence of immune events leading to phagocyte recruitment and to examine the roles of particular cell types and molecular pathways in protection. In addition, the behavior of the pathogen as a function of immune attack can be imaged simultaneously by using fluorescent protein-expressing C. albicans. Increased spatial resolution of the host-pathogen interaction is also possible using the described rapid swimbladder dissection technique.
The mucosal infection model described here is straightforward and highly reproducible, making it a valuable tool for the study of mucosal candidiasis. This system may also be broadly translatable to other mucosal pathogens such as mycobacterial, bacterial or viral microbes that normally infect through epithelial surfaces.

In vivo spatio-temporal interactions of pathogen and immune defenses at the mucosal level are not easily imaged in existing vertebrate hosts. The method presented here describes a versatile platform to study mucosal candidiasis in live vertebrates using the swimbladder of the juvenile zebrafish as an infection site.

דוגמנות רירית פטרת בזחל דג הזברה על ידי הזרקת Swimbladder

Early defense against mucosal pathogens consists of both an epithelial barrier and innate immune cells. The immunocompetency of both, and their ...

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, Candida can overgrow their natural niches resulting in debilitating mucosal infections as well as life-threatening systemic infections, which are a major focus of investigation due to their associated high mortality rates. Animal models of disseminated infection exist for studying disease progression and dissecting the characteristics of Candida pathogenicity. Of these, the Galleria mellonella waxworm infection model provides a cost-effective experimental tool for high-throughput investigations of systemic virulence. Many other bacterial and eukaryotic infectious agents have been effectively studied in G. mellonella to understand pathogenicity, making it a widely accepted model system. Yet, variation in the method used to infect G. mellonella can alter phenotypic outcomes and complicate interpretation of the results. Here, we outline the benefits and drawbacks of the waxworm model to study systemic Candida pathogenesis and detail an approach to improve reproducibility. Our results highlight the range of mortality kinetics in G. mellonella and describe the variables which can modulate these kinetics. Ultimately, this method stands as an ethical, rapid, and cost-effective approach to study virulence in a model of disseminated candidiasis.

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Galleria mellonella serves as an invertebrate model for disseminated candidiasis. Here, we detail the infection protocol and provide supporting data for the model&#39;s effectiveness.

לדוגמא Galleria mellonella Waxworm זיהום קנדידה המופץ

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, ...

In vivo Function of Differential Subsets of Cutaneous Dendritic Cells to Induce Th17 Immunity in Intradermal Candida albicans Infection

The skin is the outermost barrier organ in the body, which contains several types of dendritic cells (DCs), a group of professional antigen-presenting cells. When the skin encounters invading pathogens, different cutaneous DCs initiate a distinct T cell immune response to protect the body. Among the invading pathogens, fungal infection specifically drives a protective interleukin-17-producing Th17 immune response. A protocol was developed to efficiently differentiate Th17 cells by intradermal Candida albicans infection to investigate a subset of cutaneous DCs responsible for inducing Th17 immunity. Flow cytometry and gene expression analyses revealed a prominent induction of Th17 immune response in skin-draining lymph nodes and infected skin. Using diphtheria toxin-induced DC subset-depleting mouse strains, CD301b+ dermal DCs were found to be responsible for mounting optimal Th17 differentiation in this model. Thus, this protocol provides a valuable method to study in vivo function of differential subsets of cutaneous DCs to determine Th17 immunity against deep skin fungal infection.

In vivo Function of Differential Subsets of Cutaneous Dendritic Cells to Induce Th17 Immunity in Intradermal Candida albicans Infection

Here, we demonstrate the in vivo function of cutaneous dendritic cell subsets in Th17 immunity of deep dermal Candida albicans infection.

The skin is the outermost barrier organ in the body, which contains several types of dendritic cells (DCs), a group of professional antigen-presenting ...

aPDT יעיל באמצעות כורכומינואידים לקנדידאזיס פומי בעכברים

Curcuminoid-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has been extensively investigated in vitro, and preclinical animal models of infections are suitable for evaluating alternative treatments prior to clinical trials. This study describes the efficacy of aPDT in a murine model of oral candidiasis. Forty mice were immunosuppressed with subcutaneous injections of prednisolone, and their tongues were inoculated using an oral swab previously soaked in a C. albicans cell suspension. Tetracycline was administered via drinking water during the course of the experiment. Five days after fungal inoculation, mice were randomly distributed into eight groups; a ninth group of untreated uninfected mice was included as a negative control (n = 5). Three concentrations (20 &#181;M, 40 &#181;M, and 80 &#181;M) of a mixture of curcuminoids were tested with a blue LED light (89.2 mW/cm2; ~455 nm) and without light (C+L+ and C+L- groups, respectively). Light alone (C-L+), no treatment (C-L-), and animals without infection were evaluated as controls. Data were analyzed using Welch&#39;s ANOVA and Games-Howell tests (&#945; = 0.05). Oral candidiasis was established in all infected animals and visualized macroscopically through the presence of characteristic white patches or pseudomembranes on the dorsum of the tongues. Histopathological sections confirmed a large presence of yeast and filaments limited to the keratinized layer of the epithelium in the C-L- group, and the presence of fungal cells was visually decreased in the images obtained from mice subjected to aPDT with either 40 &#181;M or 80 &#181;M curcuminoids. aPDT mediated by 80 &#181;M curcuminoids promoted a 2.47 log10 reduction in colony counts in comparison to those in the C-L- group (p = 0.008). All other groups showed no statistically significant reduction in the number of colonies, including photosensitizer (C+L-) or light alone (C-L+) groups. Curcuminoid-mediated aPDT reduced the fungal load from the tongues of mice.

מחבר זרקור: חקר טיפול פוטודינמי עם כורכומין במודל מורין לקנדידה אוראלית

This protocol describes the application of antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) in a murine model of oral candidiasis. aPDT was performed using a water-soluble mixture of curcuminoids and blue LED light.

טיפול פוטודינמי אנטי-מיקרוביאלי בתיווך כורכומינואיד על מודל מורין של קנדידאזיס פומי

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has been extensively investigated in vitro, and preclinical animal models of infections are suitable for ...

הקמת מודל עכבר עבור קנדידה אלביקנס PJI הקשור לביופילם

A Periprosthetic Joint Candida albicans Infection Model in Mouse

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the common infections caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans), which increasingly concerns surgeons and scientists. Generally, biofilms that can shield C. albicans from antibiotics and immune clearance are formed at the infection site. Surgery involving the removal of the infected implant, debridement, antimicrobial treatment, and reimplantation is the gold standard for the treatment of PJI. Thus, establishing animal PJI models is of great significance for the research and development of new drugs or therapeutics for PJI. In this study, a smooth nickel-titanium alloy wire, a widely used implant in orthopedic clinics, was inserted into the femoral joint of a C57BL/6 mouse before the C. albicans were inoculated into the articular cavity along the wire. After 14 days, mature and thick biofilms were observed on the surface of implants under a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). A significantly reduced bone trabecula was found in the H&amp;E staining of the infected joint specimens. To sum up, a mouse PJI model with the advantages of easy operation, high successful rate, high repeatability, and high clinical correlation was established. This is expected to be an important model for clinical studies of C. albicans biofilm-related PJI prevention.

מחבר זרקור: קידום המחקר על קנדידה אלביקנס זיהומים תותבים הקשורים לביופילם 

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by dangerous pathogens is common in clinical orthopedics. Existing animal models cannot accurately simulate the actual situation of PJI. Here, we established a Candida albicans biofilm-associated PJI mouse model to research and develop new therapeutics for PJI.

מודל זיהום במפרק פריפרוסתי קנדידה אלביקנס בעכבר

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the common infections caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans), which increasingly concerns surgeons and ...

TH17 דגם דלקת של לוע תחתון פטרת בעכברים immunodeficient

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הפרוטוקולים עבור הרכבת חיסון וגינלי אוסף דוגמאות במודל ניסיוני של עכבר קנדידה דלקת הנרתיק

בידוד ובידול של Th17 הנאיביים T מסוג CD4 לימפוציטים

הניצול של לוע התחתון Intratracheal PAMP מנהל ושטיפה ברונכואלוואולרית כדי להעריך את תגובת מארח חיסון של עכברים

דוגמנות רירית פטרת בזחל דג הזברה על ידי הזרקת Swimbladder

לדוגמא Galleria mellonella Waxworm זיהום קנדידה המופץ

In vivo Function of Differential Subsets of Cutaneous Dendritic Cells to Induce Th17 Immunity in Intradermal Candida albicans Infection

טיפול פוטודינמי אנטי-מיקרוביאלי בתיווך כורכומינואיד על מודל מורין של קנדידאזיס פומי

טיפול פוטודינמי אנטי-מיקרוביאלי בתיווך כורכומינואיד על מודל מורין של קנדידאזיס פומי

טיפול פוטודינמי אנטי-מיקרוביאלי בתיווך כורכומינואיד על מודל מורין של קנדידאזיס פומי

מודל זיהום במפרק פריפרוסתי קנדידה אלביקנס בעכבר