We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

NOTA: Os experimentos com ratos foram realizados de acordo com o animal institucional comitê de bem-estar (IACUC) orientações. 1. Reconstituição da Rag-1 - / - Os ratos com células I n Vitro Cultivadas Th17 (três dias antes da infecção) <ol><li> Para o estabelecimento de células Th17, cultura de células CD4 + CD44low CD62Lhigh CD25- células T ingénuas (3 x 104) de fundo em U em placas de 96 poços, sozinho ou co-cultura eles, juntamente com 3 x 104 células T CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs na presença de solúvel α-CD3 (1 ug / ml), α-CD28 (2 ng / ml) de anticorpos e células apresentadoras de antigénio, sob condições Th17 (polarizadas usando IL-6 (25 ng / mL), TGF-β (2 ng / ml) , α-IFN-γ (2 ug / ml) e α -IL-4 (2 ng / ml)) durante três a quatro dias. NOTA: células ingênuo e regs T foram classificados usando fluorescência de células activadas (FACS) umad procedimentos de isolamento de células magnético e cultivadas como descrito anteriormente 19-22. </li><li> No dia 4, depois de re-suspender as células Th17, utilizando a pipeta, recolher-los a partir de culturas, e centrifugar-las em condições estéreis. <ol><li> Tomar uma pequena alíquota destas células para examinar a sua viabilidade e para fenotipagem. Ressuspender-los em 500 ul de meio RPMI, adicionar iodeto de propídio (200 ng / ml) e avaliar a sua viabilidade imediatamente por citometria de fluxo. Execute fenotipagem por citometria de fluxo avaliação da produção de IL-17A após restimulação (ver secção 6.3). </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugar e lavar o grosso das células em PBS estéril a 480 xg durante 6 minutos a 4 ° C em todas as etapas, a menos que especificado de outra forma. </li><li> Use essas células para transferência adotiva em 6-8 semanas de idade CD45.2 RAG1 - / - ratos imunodeficientes. <ol><li> Ressuspender as células a 1 x 10 7 células / ml de densidade celular utilizando PBS estéril frio. </li><li> Injectar 100 ul de células por intraperitoneal injecção, utilizando agulhas 25 G em seringas de 1 ml de tuberculina, de tal modo que um ratinho receber 1 x 10 6 células. Alguns ratos receberão células Th17 PBS ou somente, e outros ratos receberão células Th17 que foram co-cultivados com células Treg. Observação: executar todos os passos de forma asséptica. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Crescer C. albicans para a infecção (um dia antes da infecção) <ol><li> Antes da inoculação, dispersar cinco colônias do CAF2-1 C. albicans estirpe laboratorial em 100 ul de suspensão de PBS estéril e adicionar a suspensão ao caldo estéril. </li><li> Inocular 5 colônias de C. albicans em 50 ml de base de azoto de levedura (YNB sem aminoácidos) / peptona / meio de caldo de dextrose e incubar numa incubadora com agitação a 30 ° C durante 15-18 horas a 130 rpm. </li><li> Monitorar o caldo para a opacidade, uma vez que é uma indicação para o crescimento do fungo. </li></ol> 3. CandidaColheita e Counting Procedimento (No dia da infecção) <ol><li> Recolha de 10 ml de caldo de Candida em tubos de 15 ml. Para volumes maiores, coletar Candida em tubos de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar os blastosporos a 1900 xg durante 5 min à temperatura ambiente em todas as etapas, a menos que especificado de outra forma. Agregar as blastosporos por centrifugação, seguida pela remoção do sobrenadante. </li><li> Se houver mais do que um tubo, reunir os blastosporos Candida a partir de múltiplos tubos, adicionando PBS estéril para os peletes e ressuspender-los em 10 ml de PBS para contagem. </li><li> Tomar 20 ul de blastosporos em tubos de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml, adicionar 20 uL de paraformaldeído a 2X e incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 15-20 min. Contagem blastosporos fixos usando o hemocitômetro sob o microscópio. NOTA: O paraformaldeído é cancerígeno. Abrir a solução não diluída apenas na hotte. </li><li> No entretanto, repetir a lavagem dos blastosporos pelo menos duas vezes, por centrifugação them em PBS, e peletização blastosporos. Manter os peletes em tubos de 15 ml à temperatura ambiente, na capa ABSL1, prontos para a infecção. </li><li> Deixar alguns PBS estéril à temperatura ambiente durante ressuspensão dos blastosporos para a infecção. </li><li> Após a contagem, adicionar PBS estéril para o sedimento blastosporo para ajustar o número de células de levedura blastosporo a 2 x10 8 de levedura células / ml. Esta é a suspensão blastosporo que será utilizado para infectar os ratinhos. Observação: executar todos os passos de forma asséptica. </li></ol> 4. Ratos Infection (3-5 dias após a transferência celular) NOTA: O procedimento básico infecção é realizada como descrito anteriormente 19,23-25. <ol><li> Pesar o Rag-1 - / - ratos que receberam PBS ou as células três dias antes. </li><li> Calcula-se a dose de agentes anestésicos, utilizando o seu peso corporal. Anestesiar os ratos por administração de cetamina / xilazina mistura (16,1 mg / ml e 1,6 mg / ml), utilizando agulhas 25 G em seringas de 1 ml de tuberculina, por intrinjeção aperitoneal. <ol><li> Administrar 50 ul por 10 gramas de peso corporal. (Ou seja, 0,8 mg de cetamina e 0,08 mg de xilazina / 10 g de peso corporal ou 80 mg de cetamina e de xilazina 8 mg por kg de peso corporal, respectivamente). Observar o desenvolvimento de resposta toe pitada a cada 15 minutos após a anestesia. NOTA: Esta dosagem irá induzir 60-90 min da anestesia, o que é suficiente para o procedimento de infecção. </li><li> Aplicar a pomada lubrificante oftálmico aos olhos dos ratinhos para evitar que as córneas de secar. Como o lubrificante ocular pode secar, repita lubrificação oftálmica a cada 45 min. </li></ol></li><li> Injectar 1 mL de solução salina (NaCl a 0,9%) por via subcutânea no lado de trás do membro anterior, para ajudar a re-hidratação dos ratos durante a anestesia. </li><li> Obter uma nova gaiola, limpo. Siga o procedimento de uma infecção do mouse em um momento, colocando cada rato na gaiola nova, uma vez infectado. Realize a infecção PBS / sham em primeiro lugar, e depois prosseguir para as gro infecção por Candidaups. </li><li> Pegue o rato anestesiado e abra a boca para revelar a base da língua. <ol><li> Coloque uma bola de algodão 3 mm de diâmetro saturado com 50 ul de PBS ou blastosporo suspensão, sublingualmente na cavidade oral durante 90 min. Virar os ratos a cada 15 minutos frente e de trás para evitar congestão pulmonar, garantindo que as bolas de algodão não se movem. </li></ol></li><li> Configurar um temporizador para cada rato para garantir 90 min de Sham ou Candida inoculação na cavidade oral. </li><li> Mantê-los em uma gaiola sob a lâmpada de calor (4 metros de distância), e cada mouse sobre almofadas de gel de calor. </li><li> Certifique-se de que a língua é retirado dentro e longe dos dentes, para evitar dentes dilacerante da língua. </li><li> No final de 90 minutos, retire a bola de algodão da boca do mouse. Preste atenção para qualquer rato que pode recuperar da anestesia mais cedo do que 75 minutos. Em tal caso, anestesiar-los novamente com cetamina (40 mg / kg) apenas. </li></ol> 5. Publicar Procedure Monitoramento (durante a anestesia 90 min) <ol><li> Use almofadas de gel de calor durante a anestesia 90 min. <ol><li> Para manter a temperatura do corpo e para evitar sufocamento, não permitem que os ratos se recuperar no mouse cama sabugo de milho regular. </li></ol></li><li> Após a recuperação da anestesia, administrar um adicional de 1 ml de NaCl a 0,9% esterilizado subcutaneamente em dois locais no dorso. </li><li> Mantenha-se cinco PBS (sham) camundongos inoculados por gaiola. Casa apenas 1-2 camundongos infectados por gaiola. </li><li> Preencha o cartão de procedimento com as iniciais todos os dias após o procedimento para anotar as mudanças no peso corporal, higiene hábitos e saúde em geral. </li></ol> 6. Avaliação da Inflamação 6.1) A perda de peso <ol><li> Pesar os ratinhos todos os dias durante a infecção, começando no dia anterior ao processo de infecção. NOTA: Normalmente, os ratos imunodeficientes injetados com células Th17 e sem regs T sucumbir a 20-30% De perda de peso devido ao aumento da carga fúngica 19 e exacerbado inflamação. </li></ol> 6.2) pontuação Histologia da língua <ol><li> Sacrifício dos ratinhos por asfixia com CO 2, seguida por deslocação cervical. </li><li> Abra as mandíbulas e dissecar a língua com tesouras e pinças. Use uma pinça rombo para manter a língua, e usando a tesoura chegar à parte de trás da boca para entalhar a extremidade traseira da língua. </li><li> Para hematoxilina immunocytochemical e eosina (H &amp; E) a coloração dos tecidos da língua, lavar os tecidos língua com PBS gelado. Adicionar 5 ml de formol a 10% por 2-3 línguas e corrigi-los O / N em tubos de 15 ml. <ol><li> No dia seguinte, remover a formalina e mergulhar os tecidos em 5 ml de etanol a 70% para evitar a hiper-fixação. Enviá-los para o serviço comercial para continuar com parafina, corte e coloração de cortes de parafina. NOTA: serviço histologia comercial é usado para executar estes passos. </li&gt; </ol></li><li> Uma vez que as lâminas estão de volta a partir do serviço histologia comercial, grau de inflamação, observando as secções de tecido sob um microscópio de luz. <ol><li> Pontuação de 0 a 5, sendo 0 sem inflamação, e 5 sendo o mais grave inflamação. Pontuação da inflamação usando Tabela 1. </li></ol></li></ol> 6.3) A produção de citocinas pelas células Th17 NOTA: A produção excessiva de TNF-α é uma das leituras de imunopatologia excessiva. Quando os ratos são transferidos adoptivamente com células Th17 só, faz com que a imunopatologia que está associado com a produção excessiva de TNF-α em células Th17. <ol><li> Coletar uma suspensão de células individuais do baço, linfonodos cervicais, linfonodos axilares, e língua, utilizando métodos previamente descritos 19,26. </li><li> Reestimular as células com miristato acetato de forbol (PMA) (50 ng / ml) e ionomicina (500 ng / ml) durante 4 h com Brefeldina A (10 ug / ml) adicionada no last 2 h. Lavam-se as células com PBS e corrigi-los utilizando um kit de fixação / permeabilização comercial de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. </li><li> Realização da coloração de citocinas celular intra utilizando o anti-TNF-α conjugado com fluorocromo, anti-IL-17A e anticorpos ROR-γt como anteriormente descrito 19. </li><li> Resumidamente, ressuspender as células em tampão de permeabilização 1X com o cocktail de anticorpos anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17A e anticorpos ROR-γt, cada anticorpo a 2-3 ug / ml de concentração final. </li><li> Incubam-se as células durante 1 h à TA. </li><li> Após a incubação, lavar as células com tampão de permeabilização 1X. </li><li> Ressuspender o sedimento celular em 500 ul de PBS com 0,5% de albumina de soro bovino para análise de citometria de fluxo. </li></ol>

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F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Este modelo é baseado na indução C. bucal infecção albicans dependente inflamação Th17. Devido à ausência de regs T, a inflamação induzida por células Th17 desprendido e leva a imunopatologia mal resolvidas. In vitro derivados de células T CD4 + naive polarizadas como células Th17 foram utilizados para a transferência adoptiva. 40 - 50% das células CD4 + cultivadas células mostram detectável expressão de IL-17A por volta do dia 3 (células Th17), e por isso foram ...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:380px;">CAF-2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Candida culture</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S507.SIZE</td>
			<td>Mediium for candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Shaker incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 4300</td>
			<td>Incubation growth for candida</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">50 ml tubes</td>
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			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table top Centrifuge</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">82017-654</td>
			<td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Allegra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT620-NS</td>
			<td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">2x paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Fixing candida for count</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-172</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD8117</td>
			<td>Preparation of buffers</td>
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			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ketamine/xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
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			<td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Allergan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">G Biosciences</td>
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			<td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP7603</td>
			<td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Heat gel pads</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Histoserv - MD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10% formalin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JC1111/MC</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">P1585-1MG</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">124222 1mg</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation permeabilization kit</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E16913-106</td>
			<td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">Tuberculin syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309659</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G x 3/8 needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309626</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">Rag1 -/- mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 002216</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CD45.1 congenic mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no:002014&#160;</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">CB17-SCID mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 001303</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">Balb/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 000651</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

Neste modelo, tanto os camundongos infectados por Candida e camundongos não infectados em Rag-1 - / - fundo imunodeficientes foram adotivamente transferidos com células Th17 3-5 dias antes da infecção. Um total de 10-12 ratinhos foram utilizadas para as experiências, com dois ratos em cada Sham grupos infectados e 5/4 em cada um dos grupos infectados Candida. Células naive foram derivadas de Thy1.1 ou CD45.1 ratinhos congénicos, de modo que as células Th17 injectados foram rastreados...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

Th17 Inflamação Modelo de orofaringe Candidíase em imunodeficientes Mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

th17-inflammation-model-oropharyngeal-candidiasis-immunodeficient

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9.9K visualizações.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 