We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

注：マウスを用いた実験は、制度的動物福祉委員会（IACUC）のガイドラインに基づいて実施した。 （感染に3日前に）I N体外培養のTh17細胞とマウス- / - 1 RAG-1を再構成する<ol><li>可溶性の存在下で単独でU底96ウェルプレート、または3×104 CD4 + CD25 +のFoxp3 + Tregのと一緒に共培養してにおけるTh17細胞、培養CD4 + CD44low CD62Lhigh CD25-ナイーブT細胞（×10 3）を確立するためのα-CD3（1μg/ ml）を、α-CD28（2μg/ mlの）Th17分化条件下での抗体と抗原提示細胞（IL-6（25 ng / ml）を、TGF-βを用いて偏光（2 ng / ml）を、α-IFN-γ（2μg/ ml）を、α-IL-4（2μg/ ml）を）三から四日間。 注：ナイーブ細胞とT REGSは、蛍光活性化細胞選別（FACS）ANを使用して分類したD磁気細胞単離手順および培養し、以前に19-22説明したように。 </li><li> 4日目に、ピペットを用いて、Th17細胞を再懸濁した後、培養物からそれらを収集し、滅菌条件下で、それらを遠心分離する。 <ol><li>それらの生存を調べるために、これらの細胞の小アリコートを取り、表現型のために。ヨウ化プロピジウム（200 ngの/ ml）を追加し、フローサイトメトリーにより直ちにそれらの生存率を評価し、RPMI培地500μlに再懸濁します。再刺激後にIL-17Aの生産性の評価フローサイトメトリーによる表現型解析を実行します（6.3節を参照）。 </li></ol></li><li>特に指定のない限り、すべての手順で、4℃で6分間480×gで滅菌PBS中の細胞の主要な大部分を遠心分離し、および洗浄。 </li><li> 6〜8週齢CD45.2 RAG1に養子移入のためにこれらの細胞を使用してください - / - 免疫不全マウス。 <ol><li>冷滅菌PBSを用いて1×10 7細胞/ mlの細胞密度で細胞を再懸濁する。 </li><li> intrapによって細胞100μlを注入eritoneal注射、1マウスは、1×10 6個の細胞を受けるように、1ミリリットルツベルクリン注射器に25 G針を使用して。いくつかのマウスは、PBSのみまたはのTh17細胞を受け取り、他のマウスは、Treg細胞と共培養したTh17細胞を受け取ります。 注：無菌的にすべての手順を実行します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.成長C.感染のアルビカンス （感染前に1日） <ol><li>接種の前に、CAF2-1 Cの 5個のコロニーを分散させる滅菌PBS懸濁液100μlでアルビカンス実験室株、および無菌培養液にサスペンションを追加します。 </li><li> Cの 5個のコロニーを接種するアルビカンス酵母窒素ベース（アミノ酸を含まないYNB）を50ml /ペプトン/デキストロースのブロス培地中で130 rpmで15-18時間、30℃で振とう培養器でインキュベートする。 </li><li>それが真菌の成長のための指標であるように、曇りのための培養液を監視します。 </li></ol> 3. カンジダ収穫と（感染の日に）カウント手順<ol><li> 15ミリリットルのチューブにカンジダブロスの10ミリリットルを収集します。大きなボリュームの場合、50ミリリットルのチューブにカンジダを集める。 </li><li>特に指定のない限り、すべての手順で、室温で5分間1900×gで芽胞子を遠心。上清を除去し、遠心分離によって出芽胞子をペレット。 </li><li>複数のチューブが存在する場合、ペレットを滅菌PBSを添加すること、複数のチューブからのカンジダ出芽をプールし、計数のために10mlのPBSで再懸濁します。 </li><li> 1.5 mlマイクロチューブに芽胞子20μlのを取る2Xパラホルムアルデヒドの20μlを添加し、15〜20分間、室温でインキュベートする。顕微鏡下で血球計数器を用いて固定芽胞子を数える。 注：パラホルムアルデヒドは発がん性がある。唯一のヒュームフードで原液を開きます。 </li><li>一方で、tは遠心分離することによって、少なくとも二回出芽胞子を洗浄することを繰り返すPBSで裾、および芽胞子をペレット。感染の準備ができて、ABSL1フード中で、室温で15 mlチューブ中のペレットにしてください。 </li><li>感染芽胞子を再懸濁するために、RTでいくつかの滅菌PBSのままにしておきます。 </li><li>カウントした後、酵母細胞/ mlの2×10 8、酵母blastospore細胞数を調整するblastosporeペレットを滅菌PBSを加える。これは、マウスを感染させるために使用されるblastosporeの懸濁液である。 注：無菌的にすべての手順を実行します。 </li></ol> 4.マウスの感染（セル転送後の3-5日） 注：以前に19,23-25 ​​説明したように、基本的な感染手順が実行される。 <ol><li> - / - 3日前にPBSまたは細胞を投与されたマウスRAG-1を計量。 </li><li>自分の体重を使用して麻酔薬の投与量を計算します。のintrにより1mlのツベルクリン注射器に25 G針を使用して、ケタミン/キシラジン混合物（16.1 mg / mlの1.6 mg / mlで）を投与することによってマウスを麻酔aperitoneal注入。 <ol><li>体重10グラムあたり50μlを管理します。 （ すなわち、ケタミン0.8mgの体重のキシラジン/ 10gを0.08 mgまたはケタミン80mgの体重kg当たりキシラジン8mgのそれぞれ）。 15分毎に麻酔後つま先のピンチの応答を観察します。 注：この投与量は、感染の手続きのために十分である麻酔の60〜90分を誘導します。 </li><li>乾燥から角膜を防ぐために、マウスの眼に眼科潤滑軟膏を適用します。目の潤滑剤が完全に乾くこととして、眼科潤滑ごとに45分を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li><li>麻酔中のマウスの水分補給を助けるために、前肢に隣接した背中に皮下に生理食塩水の1ミリリットル（0.9％のNaCl）を注入します。 </li><li>新しい、きれいなケージを取得します。一度感染した新しいケージに各マウスを置く、一度感染手順1マウスに従ってください。最初のPBS /偽感染を実行してから、 カンジダ感染GROに進むups。 </li><li>麻酔をかけたマウスをピックアップし、舌根を明らかにするために広い口を開きます。 <ol><li>舌下で90分間口腔内に、PBSまたはblastospore懸濁液50μlで飽和3ミリメートルの直径のコットンボールを置きます。コットンボールが移動しないようにすること、肺の混雑を防ぐために、マウスを15分毎にフロントとバックフリップ。 </li></ol></li><li>口腔内のシャムまたはカンジダ接種の90分を確保するために、すべてのマウスのためのタイマーを設定します。 </li><li>加熱ランプ（4フィート離れて）下のケージ、および熱ゲルパッド上各マウスに保管してください。 </li><li>舌が舌をlacerating歯を避けるために、歯から内側と離れて引き出されていることを確認してください。 </li><li> 90分の終わりに、マウスの口からコットンボールを削除します。 75分よりも早く麻酔から回復することができる任意のマウスを監視します。このような場合には、唯一のケタミン（40mg / kg）で再度麻酔。 </li></ol> 5.ポスト​​ProcedurE（90分麻酔中）の監視<ol><li> 90分麻酔時の熱ゲルパッドを使用してください。 <ol><li>体温を維持し、窒息を防ぐために、マウスは、通常のトウモロコシの穂軸、マウスの寝具に回復することはできません。 </li></ol></li><li>麻酔から回復した後、背面の2箇所に滅菌0.9％のNaCl皮下の追加の1ミリリットルを管理する。 </li><li> 5 PBS（偽）ケージ当たり接種したマウスに追いつく。ハウスケージあたりわずか1〜2感染したマウス。 </li><li>習慣と全体的な健康をグルーミング、体重の変化を下に注意することは手順の後に毎日のイニシャルと手順カードを記入します。 </li></ol> 6.炎症を評価 6.1）減量<ol><li>感染手順の前の日に開始し、感染時に毎日、マウスを計量。 注：一般的に、Th17細胞となしのT REGSを注射された免疫不全マウスを20に屈するによる-30％の重量損失は、真菌負荷19が増加し、炎症を悪化させた。 </li></ol>舌の6.2）組織学スコアリング<ol><li>頸椎脱臼に続いてCO 2窒息によりマウスを生け贄に捧げる。 </li><li>顎を開いて、ハサミやピンセットで舌を解剖する。舌を保持するために鈍い鉗子を使用し、ハサミを使用すると、舌のバックエンドを切開する口の奥に手を差し伸べる。 </li><li>免疫細胞化学的ヘマトキシリン​​と舌組織のエオシン（H＆E）染色のために、氷冷PBSで舌組織をすすぐ。 2-3舌のための10％ホルマリンの5ミリリットルを加え、O / N 15ミリリットルチューブ内でそれらを修正。 <ol><li>翌日、ホルマリンを除去し、超固着を防止するために、70％エタノール5mlの組織を浸す。パラフィン包埋、切片とパラフィン切片の染色を続行するには商用サービスにそれらを送信します。 注：商業組織学サービスは、これらのステップを実行するために使用される。 </LI&gt; </ol></li><li>スライドをバック商業組織学サービスからたら、グレード、光学顕微鏡下で組織切片を観察することにより炎症。 <ol><li> 0は炎症いるないと、0〜5のスコア、および5は最も重度の炎症である。表1を使用して炎症をスコア。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.3）Th17細胞によるサイトカイン産生を注：過剰なTNF-α産生が過剰な免疫病理のための読み出しの一つです。マウスに養子Th17細胞で転写される場合にのみ、それは、Th17細胞の過剰なTNF-αの産生と関連している免疫病理を引き起こす。 <ol><li>以前に記載された方法19,26を用いて、脾臓からの単一細胞懸濁液を、頸部リンパ節、腋窩リンパ節、および舌を集める。 </li><li>ブレフェルジンA（10μg/ ml）で4時間、ホルボールミリステートアセテート（PMA）（50ng / ml）およびイオノマイシン（500 ng / ml）を有する細胞を再刺激がlで添加AST 2時間。 PBSで細胞を洗浄し、製造業者の説明書に従って商業固定/透過処理キットを使用してそれらを修正する。 </li><li>以前に19説明したように、蛍光色素結合抗TNF-α、抗IL-17AおよびROR-γtと抗体を用いて、イントラセルラーサイトカイン染色を行います。 </li><li> 3 / mlの最終濃度 - 簡単に言えば、2の抗IL-17AおよびROR-γT抗体、各抗体、抗TNF-αのカクテルで1Xの透過化バッファーで細胞を懸濁します。 </li><li>室温で1時間、細胞をインキュベートする。 </li><li>インキュベーション後、1Xの透過化緩衝液で細胞を洗浄。 </li><li>フローサイトメトリー分析のために0.5％ウシ血清アルブミンを含む500μlのPBSで細胞ペレットを再懸濁する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th17+cells+and+IL-17+receptor+signaling+are+essential+for+mucosal+host+defense+against+oral+candidiasis.">Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis.</a> J Exp Med. 206 (2), 299-311 (2009).</li><li>Kamai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+model+of+oropharyngeal+candidiasis+in+mice.">New model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice.</a> Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy. 45 (11), 3195-3197 (2001).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Bhaskaran, N., Zhang, Y., Weinberg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+T+cells+from+mouse+oral+tissues.">Isolation of T cells from mouse oral tissues.</a> Biological Procedures Online. 16 (1), 4 (2014).</li><li>Gladiator, A., Wangler, N., Trautwein-Weidner, K., LeibundGut-Landmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+IL-17-secreting+innate+lymphoid+cells+are+essential+for+host+defense+against+fungal+infection.">Cutting edge: IL-17-secreting innate lymphoid cells are essential for host defense against fungal infection.</a> J Immunol. 190 (2), 521-525 (2013).</li><li>Leppkes, M., Roulis, M., Neurath, M. F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

このモデルは、経口での誘導に基づいているアルビカンス感染依存性Th17炎症。なぜならT regsはが存在しない、のTh17細胞の誘導された炎症は無拘束であり、不十分な解決免疫病理をもたらす。Th17細胞として偏光のインビトロ由来のナイーブCD4細胞を養子移入のために使用した。 40 - 培養CD4 +細胞の50％が3日目の周りに検出可能なIL-17Aの発現（Th17細胞）を示し、し?...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:380px;">CAF-2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Candida culture</td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">U-bottom 96 well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">055588</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-CD3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0031-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-CD28&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0281-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">m-IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RC232</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">h-TGF-b&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">240-B</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-IFN-g&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-7311-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-IL-4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-7041-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-IL17A ef660</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td>50-7177-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-TNFa-PE-Cy7</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>25-7423-41</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-RORgt PE&#160;</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-6981-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S507.SIZE</td>
			<td>Mediium for candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Shaker incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 4300</td>
			<td>Incubation growth for candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT888-SY</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CT 788-YS</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table top Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82017-654</td>
			<td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Allegra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">392302</td>
			<td>Cell culture - 480 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT620-NS</td>
			<td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">2x paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Fixing candida for count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-172</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD8117</td>
			<td>Preparation of buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ketamine/xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Allergan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">G Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">786-561</td>
			<td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP7603</td>
			<td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Heat gel pads</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Histoserv - MD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10% formalin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JC1111/MC</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">97064-490</td>
			<td>Sterilization purpose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1585-1MG</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">124222 1mg</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation permeabilization kit</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E16913-106</td>
			<td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">Tuberculin syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309659</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G x 3/8 needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309626</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">Rag1 -/- mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 002216</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CD45.1 congenic mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no:002014&#160;</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">CB17-SCID mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 001303</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">Balb/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 000651</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

このモデルでは、RAG-1におけるカンジダ感染したマウスと非感染マウスの両方- / -免疫不全背景が養子感染に3-5日前に、Th17細胞を移した。 10-12匹のマウスの合計は2それぞれ偽感染させた群のマウス、およびカンジダ感染群の各々 4-5で、実験に使用した。注入されたTh17細胞は、それぞれ、Thy1.1陽性またはCD45.1染色（ 図1A）を用いてインビボで追跡した?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

免疫不全マウスにおける口腔咽頭カンジダ症のTh17細胞炎症モデル

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

th17-inflammation-model-oropharyngeal-candidiasis-immunodeficient

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K ビュー.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 

ビデオ: Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the complex cellular and molecular of intestinal pathology. Although the tunica mucosa is often the organ of interest in many inflammatory diseases, recent works demonstrated that the muscularis externa (ME) is also a highly immunocompetent organ that harbours a dense network of resident immunocytes.1,2 These works were performed within the standardized model of intestinal manipulation (IM) that leads to inflammation of the bowel wall, mainly limited to the ME. Clinically this inflammation leads to prolonged intestinal dysmotility, known as postoperative ileus (POI) which is a frequent and unavoidable complication after abdominal surgery.3 The inflammation is characterized by liberation of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-64 or IL-1&beta; or inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO).5 Subsequently, tremendous numbers of immunocytes extravasate into the ME, dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes and finally maintain POI.2 Lasting for days, this intestinal paralysis leads to an increased risk of aspiration, bacterial translocation and infectious complications up to sepsis and multi organ failure and causes a high economic burden.6
In this manuscript we demonstrate the standardized model of IM and in vivo assessment of gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and colonic transit. Furthermore we demonstrate a method for separation of the ME from the tunica mucosa followed by immunological analysis, which is crucial to distinguish between the inflammatory responses in these both highly immunoactive bowel wall compartments. All analyses are easily transferable to any other research models, affecting gastrointestinal function.

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a complication of abdominal surgery leading to increased morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. Because prophylactic or therapeutic strategies are lacking intensified research is necessary. Therefore we established a standardized and feasible mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology of POI and to study potential therapeutic options.

げっ歯類における腸運動と腸壁の炎症の機能評価：腸管操作の標準化されたモデルで分析

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the ...

医学

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

免疫不全マウスの皮下および肝内ヒト肝細胞癌異種移植片の生成

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in injured sensory neurons and along the entire nociceptive pathway within the central nervous system. It is usually chronic and challenging to treat. In order to study neuropathic pain and its treatments, different models have been developed in rodents. These models derive from known etiologies, thus reproducing peripheral nerve injuries, central injuries, and metabolic-, infectious- or chemotherapy-related neuropathies. Murine models of peripheral nerve injury often target the sciatic nerve which is easy to access and allows nociceptive tests on the hind paw. These models rely on a compression and/or a section. Here, the detailed surgery procedure for the &#34;cuff model&#34; of neuropathic pain in mice is described. In this model, a cuff of PE-20 polyethylene tubing of standardized length (2 mm) is unilaterally implanted around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. It induces a long-lasting mechanical allodynia, i.e., a nociceptive response to a normally non-nociceptive stimulus that can be evaluated by using von Frey filaments. Besides the detailed surgery and testing procedures, the interest of this model for the study of neuropathic pain mechanism, for the study of neuropathic pain sensory and anxiodepressive aspects, and for the study of neuropathic pain treatments are also discussed.

Neuropathic pain is a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. The &#8220;cuff model&#8221; of neuropathic pain in mice consists of the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Mechanical allodynia is tested using von Frey filaments.

マウスにおける神経因性疼痛の坐骨神経細胞浸潤モデル

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in ...

Combined In vivo Optical and &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in vivo optical and &#956;CT imaging allow the visualization of biological phenomena in an anatomical context. These imaging modalities may be especially useful to study conditions that impact bone. In particular, orthopaedic implant infections are an important problem in clinical orthopaedic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat because bacterial biofilms form on the foreign surgically implanted materials, leading to persistent inflammation, osteomyelitis and eventual osteolysis of the bone surrounding the implant, which ultimately results in implant loosening and failure. Here, a mouse model of an infected orthopaedic prosthetic implant was used that involved the surgical placement of a Kirschner-wire implant into an intramedullary canal in the femur in such a way that the end of the implant extended into the knee joint. In this model, LysEGFP mice, a mouse strain that has EGFP-fluorescent neutrophils, were employed in conjunction with a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain, which naturally emits light. The bacteria were inoculated into the knee joints of the mice prior to closing the surgical site. In vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging was used to quantify the bacterial burden and neutrophil inflammatory response, respectively. In addition, &#956;CT imaging was performed on the same mice so that the 3D location of the bioluminescent and fluorescent optical signals could be co-registered with the anatomical &#956;CT images. To quantify the changes in the bone over time, the outer bone volume of the distal femurs were measured at specific time points using a semi-automated contour based segmentation process. Taken together, the combination of in vivo bioluminescent/fluorescent imaging with &#956;CT imaging may be especially useful for the noninvasive monitoring of the infection, inflammatory response and anatomical changes in bone over time.

Combined In vivo Optical and  &amp;#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Combined optical and &#956;CT imaging in a mouse model of orthopaedic implant infection, utilizing a bioluminescent engineered strain of Staphylococcus aureus, provided the capability to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial infection, as well as the corresponding inflammatory response and anatomical changes in the bone.

合わせた<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;光とμCTイメージングマウスにおける整形外科インプラント感染で感染症、炎症、および骨解剖学を監視する

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

腎臓虚血再灌流障害：障害のマウスモデルおよび再生

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

不可逆とリバーシブル片側尿管閉塞のマウスモデル

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing motor function deficits are basic readouts of the immune-mediated inflammation of the spinal cord. However, scores and body weight do not allow for an in vivo assessment of brain inflammation and optic neuritis. The latter is an early and frequent manifestation in about 2/3 of MS patients. Here, we show methods for bioluminescence and near-infrared live imaging to assess EAE evoked optic neuritis, brain inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in living mice using an in vivo imaging system. A bioluminescent substrate activated by oxidases primarily showed optic neuritis. The signal was specific and allowed the visualization of medication effects and disease time courses, which paralleled the clinical scores. Pegylated fluorescent nanoparticles that remained within the vasculature for extended periods of time were used to assess the BBB integrity. Near-infrared imaging revealed a BBB leak at the peak of the disease. The signal was the strongest around the eyes. A near-infrared substrate for matrix metalloproteinases was used to assess EAE-evoked inflammation. Auto-fluorescence interfered with the signal, requiring spectral unmixing for quantification. Overall, bioluminescence imaging was a reliable method to assess EAE-associated optic neuritis and medication effects and was superior to the near-infrared techniques in terms of signal specificity, robustness, ease of quantification, and cost.

We show a technique for in vivo live bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and encephalitis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis in SJL/J mice.

マウスにおける多発性硬化症のEAEモデルにおける視神経炎と脳炎症の生物発光と近赤外イメージング

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.

The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs; key data enabling clinical inhaled drug development.

乾燥粉末および医薬品の霧状エアロゾルを吸入すると、鼻のみの露光装置を用いてマウスに配信します

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and ...

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative pathogens. Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections presented by patients in the clinic and thus warrants an appropriate in vivo model. Typical pneumonia models use intranasal inoculation, which deposits excessive organisms outside the lung, causing off-target complications and symptoms, such as sinusitis, gastritis, enteritis, physical trauma, or microparticle misting to mimic aerosol spread more typical of viral, tuberculous, or fungal pneumonia. These models do not accurately reflect the pathogenesis of typical community- or healthcare-acquired bacterial pneumonia. In contrast, this murine model of oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia mimics the droplet route in healthcare-acquired pneumonia. Inoculating 50 &#181;L of the bacteria suspension into the oropharynx of anesthetized mice causes reflexive aspiration, which results in pneumonia. With this model, one can examine the pathogenesis of pneumonia-causing pathogens and new treatments to combat these diseases.

Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections in human. An appropriate in vivo model is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics. With this murine oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia model, one can examine the pathogenesis and new treatments against these deadly infections.

人工呼吸器関連および院内の細菌性肺炎のマウスの咽頭吸引モデル

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...