We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

참고 : 마우스를 사용하여 실험 기관 동물 복지위원회 (IACUC) 가이드 라인에 따라 실시 하였다. (감염에 세 가지 일 이전) I N 체외 배양 된 Th17 세포와 마우스 - / - 1. 헝겊-1을 재구성 <ol><li> 수용성의 존재에 혼자 U-바닥 96 웰 플레이트, 또는 3 × 104 CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3의 + Tregs과 함께 공동 문화를에서 Th17 세포, 문화 CD4 + CD44low CD62Lhigh CD25- 나이브 T 세포 (× 104 3) 수립 α-CD3 (1 ㎍ / ㎖) α-CD28 (2 ㎍ / ㎖) Th17 조건 하에서 항체 및 항원 제시 세포 (IL-6 (25 NG / ㎖), TGF-의 β를 이용하여 편광 (이 NG / ㎖) , α-IFN-γ (2 ㎍ / ml) 및 α -IL-4 (2 ㎍ / ㎖)) 3~4일 대. 참고 : 나이브 세포와 T의, 규정 정렬 형광 활성화 된 셀을 사용하여 정렬 된 (FACS)자기 세포 분리 절차 D 배양 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 19-22. </li><li> 4 일에, 피펫을 사용하여 Th17 세포를 재 부유 한 후, 문화에서 그들을 수집하고, 멸균 조건을 원심 분리기. <ol><li> 자신의 생존과 표현형에 대한 검사 이러한 세포의 작은 나누어지는 가져 가라. 요오드화 프로피 듐 (중에는 200ng / ㎖)를 첨가하고, 유세포 분류법으로 즉시 평가 생존, R​​PMI 배지 500 μL에이를 재현 탁. restimulation 후 IL-17A 생산의 평가 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 표현형을 수행합니다 (6.3 절 참조). </li></ol></li><li> 달리 명시하지 않는 한 모든 원심 분리 단계에서 39 ° C에서 6 분 동안 480 XG에 멸균 PBS에서 세포 주 벌크 씻는다. </li><li> 6~8주 된 CD45.2 Rag1에 입양 전송을 위해 이러한 세포를 사용하여 - / - 면역 결핍 쥐. <ol><li> 찬 멸균 PBS를 사용하여 1 × 10 7 세포 / ㎖의 세포 밀도로 세포를 재현 탁. </li><li> intrap에 의한 세포의 100 μl를 주입eritoneal 주사 한 마우스가 1 × 10 6 세포를 수신하도록, 1 ㎖의 투베르쿨린 주사기에 25 G 바늘을 사용. 일부 마우스는 PBS 또는 Th17 세포를 받게됩니다, 다른 마우스는 TREG 세포와 공동 배양 Th17 세포를 받게됩니다. 참고 : 무균 모든 단계를 수행합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. C. 성장 감염 알비 칸스 (일일 감염 이전에) <ol><li> 접종 전에 CAF2-1 C. 다섯 식민지를 분산 알비 칸스 실험실 멸균 PBS 현탁액 100 ㎕의 변형 및 멸균 국물에 서스펜션을 추가합니다. </li><li> C. 5 식민지를 접종 효모 질소 염기의 50 ㎖에 칸디다 알비 칸스 (아미노산없이 YNB) / 펩톤 / 덱 스트로스 브로 쓰 배지 및 130 rpm에서 15 내지 18 시간 동안 30 ℃에서 진탕 배양기에서 배양한다. </li><li> 즉, 균류의 성장을 표시 한, 백탁 국물 용 모니터. </li></ol> 3. 칸디다수확과 (감염의 날) 계수 절차 <ol><li> 15 ml의 튜브에 칸디다 균 배지 10 ㎖를 수집합니다. 큰 볼륨의 경우, 50 ㎖ 튜브에 칸디다를 수집합니다. </li><li> 달리 명시하지 않는 한 모든 단계에서 RT에서 5 분 동안 1,900 XG에 blastospores 원심 분리기. 상등액을 제거하여 원심 분리를 blastospores 펠렛. </li><li> 하나 이상의 튜브가있는 경우, 펠릿 멸균 PBS를 첨가 다중 튜브의 칸디다 blastospores 수영장 카운팅 및 PBS 10 ㎖로 재현 탁 그들을. </li><li> 1.5 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 blastospores의 20 μl를 타고 배 파라 포름 알데히드의 20 μl를 추가하고 15 ~ 20 분 동안 실온에서 품어. 현미경으로 혈구를 사용하여 고정 blastospores를 계산합니다. 참고 : 파라 포름 알데히드는 발암입니다. 만 흄 후드의 원액을 엽니 다. </li><li> 한편, t를 원심 분리하여, 두 번 이상 반복 세척 blastosporesPBS에서 밑단하고 blastospores을 펠렛. 감염에 대한 준비, ABSL1 후드, RT에서 15 ml의 튜브에 펠릿을 유지합니다. </li><li> 감염 blastospores을 재 부유에 대한 RT에서 일부 멸균 PBS를 남겨주세요. </li><li> 카운팅 한 후, 효모 세포 / ml의 X10이 8 blastospore 효모의 세포 수를 조정할 blastospore 펠렛을 멸균 PBS를 추가한다. 이는 쥐를 감염 사용될 blastospore 현탁액이다. 참고 : 무균 모든 단계를 수행합니다. </li></ol> 4. 마우스 감염 (셀 전송 후 3 ~ 5 일) 주 : 앞서 설명 된 바와 같이 19,23-25 ​​기본적인 감염 과정이 수행된다. <ol><li> - / - PBS 3 일 이전에 세포를받은 쥐 헝겊-1의 무게. </li><li> 자신의 체중을 이용하여 마취제의 용량을 계산합니다. INTR에 의해, 1 ㎖의 투베르쿨린 주사기에 25 G 바늘을 사용하여, 케타민 / 자일 라진 (xylazine)의 혼합물 (16.1 ㎎ / ㎖ 및 1.6 ㎎ / ㎖)을 투여하여 쥐를 마취aperitoneal 주입. <ol><li> 체중 10g 당 50 μL를 관리. (즉, 케타민 0.8 mg의 체중의 자일 라진 / 10g 또는 0.08 mg의 케타민과 80 mg의 체중 kg 당 자일 라진 8 mg을 각각). 발가락 핀치 응답을 마취 후 매 15 분을 준수하십시오. 참고 :이 투여 량은 감염 과정에 대한 충분한 마취의 60 ~ 90 분을 유도 할 것이다. </li><li> 건조로부터 각막을 방지하기 위해 마우스의 눈 안과 윤활유 연고를 적용합니다. 눈의 윤활유가 건조 수있는 바와 같이, 안과 윤활마다 45 분을 반복합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 마취 중 마우스의 재수 화를 돕기 위해 앞다리 피하 후면에 인접한 식염수 (0.9 %의 NaCl) 1ml를 주입한다. </li><li> 새로운, 깨끗한 케이지를 얻습니다. 일단 감염 새로운 케이지에 각 마우스를 배치, 한 번에 감염 절차를 하나의 마우스를 따르십시오. 제 PBS / 가짜 감염을 수행 한 다음 칸디다 감염 촉진제로 진행업. </li><li> 마취 마우스를 들고 혀의 기지를 공개하는 넓은 입을 엽니 다. <ol><li> 설하 90 분 동안 구강, PBS 또는 blastospore 현탁액 50 μL로 포화 3mm 직경 목화 공을 놓습니다. 코튼 볼이 움직이지 않는 것을 보장, 폐 울혈을 방지하기 위해 다시 쥐에게 15 분마다 전면 플립합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 구강에 가짜 또는 칸디다 균 접종 90 분을 보장하기 위해 모든 마우스에 대한 타이머를 설정합니다. </li><li> 가열 램프 (4피트 거리)에서 케이지, 열 젤 패드에 각 마우스에 보관하십시오. </li><li> 혀는 혀를 lacerating 치아를 방지하기 위해 치아 내부와 멀리 철회되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 90 분의 끝에서 마우스의 입에서 면봉을 제거한다. 75분보다 빨리 마​​취에서 회복 수있는 마우스 시계. 이러한 경우에, 단지 케타민 (40 ㎎ / kg)으로 다시 마취. </li></ol> 5. 포스트 Procedur전자 (90 분 마취시) 모니터링 <ol><li> 90 분 마취 중 열 젤 패드를 사용합니다. <ol><li> 체온을 유지하고 질식을 방지하기 위하여, 생쥐는 보통 옥수수 냉이 마우스 침구에 복구 할 수 없다. </li></ol></li><li> 마취에서 회복 한 후, 뒷면에 두 개의 위치에 멸균 0.9 % 염화나트륨 피하의 추가 1 ml에 관리 할 수​​ 있습니다. </li><li> 다섯 PBS (가짜) 케이지 당 접종 한 마우스에 계속. 케이지 당 하우스 만 1-2 감염된 쥐. </li><li> 습관과 전반적인 건강을 정리, 체중의 변화를주의하는 것이 시술 후 매일 이니셜 절차 카드를 작성합니다. </li></ol> 6. 염증 평가 6.1) 체중 감소 <ol><li> 감염 절차 이전에 하루에 시작, 감염 동안 매일 마우스의 무게를. 참고 : 일반적으로, Th17 세포없이 T의, 규정에 주입 된 면역 결핍 마우스 (20)에 굴복인해 -30 %의 중량 손실은 19 진균 부담 증가 및 염증을 악화. </li></ol> 혀의 6.2) 조직학 득점 <ol><li> 자궁 경부 전위 다음 CO 2 질식하여 쥐를 희생. </li><li> 턱을 열고 가위와 집게로 혀를 해부하다. 혀를 잡아 무딘 집게를 사용하고, 가위 입의 뒤쪽으로 다가 사용하는 혀의 뒤쪽 끝을 절개. </li><li> 면역 세포 화학 헤 마톡 실린 및 에오신 혀 조직의 (H &amp; E) 염색의 경우, 얼음 차가운 PBS와 혀의 조직을 씻어. 15 ml의 튜브 / N을 2-3 방언을 10 % 포르말린 5 mL를 추가하고 O를 수정. <ol><li> 다음날, 포르말린을 제거하고, 하이퍼 고정을 방지하기 위해 70 % 에탄올 5 ml의 조직 몰입. 단면 및 파라핀 섹션의 염색, 파라핀 삽입을 계속 상용 서비스로 보내십시오. 참고 : 상업 조직학 서비스는 다음 단계를 수행하는 데 사용됩니다. </리&gt; </ol></li><li> 슬라이드 다시 상업 조직학 서비스에서 일단, 학년 광학 현미경 조직 절편을 관찰하여 염증. <ol><li> 0은 염증 되 않으며, 5 가장 심한 염증 인 상태 0-5 점수. 표 1을 사용하여 염증 점수. </li></ol></li></ol> Th17 세포에 의해 6.3) 사이토킨 생성 참고 : 과도한 TNF-α 생산은 과도한 면역 병리의 판독 중 하나입니다. 마우스를 적응 적 Th17 세포 만 전송되면, 그것은 Th17 세포에서 과도한 TNF-α의 생산과 관련된 면역 병리 발생된다. <ol><li> 전술 한 방법을 사용하여 비장 19,26, 경부 림프절, 겨드랑 lymphnodes, 혀에서 단일 세포 현탁액을 수집. </li><li> Brefeldin A (10 ㎍ / ㎖)으로 4 시간 동안 포르 볼 미리 스테이트 아세테이트 (PMA) (50 NG / ml) 및 이오 노마 이신 (500 NG / ㎖)와 함께 세포를 Restimulate는 L 첨가대서양 표준시 2 시간. PBS로 세포를 세척하고 제조업체의 지침에 따라 상용 고정 / 투과성으로 키트를 사용하여 고정한다. </li><li> 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 19를 형광 접합 된 항 TNF-α, IL-항 17a 및 ROR - γt 항체를 이용하여 세포 내 사이토 카인 염색법을 수행한다. </li><li> / ml의 최종 농도 3 μg의 - 간단히, 항 TNF-α, IL-항 17a 및 ROR - γt 항체, 각각의 AT (2) 항체의 칵테일 (1X)의 투과성으로 버퍼에 세포를 재현 탁. </li><li> RT에서 1 시간 동안 세포를 배양한다. </li><li> 배양 후, 1X의 투과성으로 버퍼로 세포를 씻어. </li><li> 유세포 분석을 0.5 % 소 혈청 알부민 500 μl의 PBS에서 세포 펠렛을 재현 탁. </li></ol>

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+Candida+albicans+and+the+mammalian+innate+host+defense.">Interplay between Candida albicans and the mammalian innate host defense.</a> Infection and Immunity. 80 (4), 1304-1313 (2012).</li><li>Marodi, L., Johnston, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+Candida+species+disease+in+infants+and+children:+occurrence,+risk+factors,+management,+and+innate+host+defense+mechanisms.">Invasive Candida species disease in infants and children: occurrence, risk factors, management, and innate host defense mechanisms.</a> Current Opinion In Pediatrics. 19 (6), 693-697 (2007).</li><li>Kumamoto, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+gastrointestinal+Candida+colonization.+Current+Opinion+In.">Inflammation and gastrointestinal Candida colonization. Current Opinion In.</a> Microbiology. 14 (4), 386-391 (2011).</li><li>Kraneveld, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relation+between+oral+Candida+load+and+bacterial+microbiome+profiles+in+Dutch+older+adults.">The relation between oral Candida load and bacterial microbiome profiles in Dutch older adults.</a> PloS One. 7 (8), e42770 (2012).</li><li>Hernandez-Santos, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th17+cells+confer+long-term+adaptive+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">Th17 cells confer long-term adaptive immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Mucosal Immunology. 6 (5), 900-910 (2013).</li><li>Hasina, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ABT-510+is+an+effective+chemopreventive+agent+in+the+mouse+4-nitroquinoline+1-oxide+model+of+oral+carcinogenesis.">ABT-510 is an effective chemopreventive agent in the mouse 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide model of oral carcinogenesis.</a> Cancer Prevention Research. 2 (4), 385-393 (2009).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)+regulatory+T+cells+promote+Th17+cells+in+vitro+and+enhance+host+resistance+in+mouse+Candida+albicans+Th17+cell+infection+model.">CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells promote Th17 cells in vitro and enhance host resistance in mouse Candida albicans Th17 cell infection model.</a> Immunity. 34 (3), 422-434 (2011).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+IL-15+in+activating+STAT5+and+fine-tuning+IL-17A+production+in+CD4+T+lymphocytes.">The role of IL-15 in activating STAT5 and fine-tuning IL-17A production in CD4 T lymphocytes.</a> J Immunol. 189 (9), 4237-4246 (2012).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Lenardo, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+control+of+CD4+CD25+Foxp3++regulatory+T+cell+survival.">The control of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell survival.</a> Biology Direct. 3 (6), (2008).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Zheng, L., Ishihara, S., Reed, J., Lenardo, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)+regulatory+T+cells+induce+cytokine+deprivation-mediated+apoptosis+of+effector+CD4(+)+T+cells.">CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation-mediated apoptosis of effector CD4(+) T cells.</a> Nat Immunol. 8 (12), 1353-1362 (2007).</li><li>Conti, H. R., Huppler, A. R., Whibley, N., Gaffen, S. L., Coligan, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+candidiasis.">Animal models for candidiasis.</a> Current Protocols In Immunology. 105, 11-19 (2014).</li><li>Conti, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th17+cells+and+IL-17+receptor+signaling+are+essential+for+mucosal+host+defense+against+oral+candidiasis.">Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis.</a> J Exp Med. 206 (2), 299-311 (2009).</li><li>Kamai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+model+of+oropharyngeal+candidiasis+in+mice.">New model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice.</a> Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy. 45 (11), 3195-3197 (2001).</li><li>Pandiyan, P., Bhaskaran, N., Zhang, Y., Weinberg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+T+cells+from+mouse+oral+tissues.">Isolation of T cells from mouse oral tissues.</a> Biological Procedures Online. 16 (1), 4 (2014).</li><li>Gladiator, A., Wangler, N., Trautwein-Weidner, K., LeibundGut-Landmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+IL-17-secreting+innate+lymphoid+cells+are+essential+for+host+defense+against+fungal+infection.">Cutting edge: IL-17-secreting innate lymphoid cells are essential for host defense against fungal infection.</a> J Immunol. 190 (2), 521-525 (2013).</li><li>Leppkes, M., Roulis, M., Neurath, M. F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

이 모델은 경구 C. 유도에 기초 알비 칸스 (Candida albicans) 감염 따라 Th17 염증. 때문에 T의, 규정의 부재로, Th17 세포에 의한 염증은 무제한이며 제대로 해결 면역 병리로 연결됩니다. 시험관이 Th17 세포가 입양 전송에 사용했다 편광 순진한 CD4 세포를 유도. 40 - 배양 된 CD4 + 세포의 50 %가 약 3 일 검출 가능한 IL-17A 식 (Th17 세포)를 보여 주며, 따라서 마우스에서 주사에 사용 ...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1289">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:380px;">CAF-2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Candida culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">U-bottom 96 well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">055588</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-CD3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0031-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-CD28&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0281-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">m-IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RC232</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">h-TGF-b&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">240-B</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-IFN-g&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-7311-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-IL-4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-7041-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-IL17A ef660</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td>50-7177-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-TNFa-PE-Cy7</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>25-7423-41</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-RORgt PE&#160;</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-6981-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S507.SIZE</td>
			<td>Mediium for candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Shaker incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 4300</td>
			<td>Incubation growth for candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT888-SY</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CT 788-YS</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table top Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82017-654</td>
			<td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Allegra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">392302</td>
			<td>Cell culture - 480 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT620-NS</td>
			<td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">2x paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Fixing candida for count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-172</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD8117</td>
			<td>Preparation of buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ketamine/xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Allergan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">G Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">786-561</td>
			<td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP7603</td>
			<td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Heat gel pads</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Histoserv - MD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10% formalin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JC1111/MC</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">97064-490</td>
			<td>Sterilization purpose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1585-1MG</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">124222 1mg</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation permeabilization kit</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E16913-106</td>
			<td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">Tuberculin syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309659</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G x 3/8 needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309626</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">Rag1 -/- mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 002216</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CD45.1 congenic mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no:002014&#160;</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">CB17-SCID mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 001303</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">Balb/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 000651</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

이 모델에서, 걸 레-1의 칸디다 -infected 마우스 및 감염되지 않은 쥐 모두 - / - 면역 결핍 배경이 적응 적 감염 3-5 일 전에 Th17 세포를 옮겼다. 10-12 마우스의 총 위장 감염이 각 그룹의 생쥐 및 칸디다 감염, 각 그룹에서 4-5으로, 실험에 사용 하였다. 주입 Th17 세포는 각각 (도 1a)을 Thy1.1 또는 CD45.1 염색법을 사용하여 생체 내에서 추적 된되도록 나이브 세포, CD4...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

면역 결핍 마우스의 구인두 칸디다증의 Th17 염증 모델

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

th17-inflammation-model-oropharyngeal-candidiasis-immunodeficient

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K 조회수.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 

비디오: Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the complex cellular and molecular of intestinal pathology. Although the tunica mucosa is often the organ of interest in many inflammatory diseases, recent works demonstrated that the muscularis externa (ME) is also a highly immunocompetent organ that harbours a dense network of resident immunocytes.1,2 These works were performed within the standardized model of intestinal manipulation (IM) that leads to inflammation of the bowel wall, mainly limited to the ME. Clinically this inflammation leads to prolonged intestinal dysmotility, known as postoperative ileus (POI) which is a frequent and unavoidable complication after abdominal surgery.3 The inflammation is characterized by liberation of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-64 or IL-1&beta; or inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO).5 Subsequently, tremendous numbers of immunocytes extravasate into the ME, dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes and finally maintain POI.2 Lasting for days, this intestinal paralysis leads to an increased risk of aspiration, bacterial translocation and infectious complications up to sepsis and multi organ failure and causes a high economic burden.6
In this manuscript we demonstrate the standardized model of IM and in vivo assessment of gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and colonic transit. Furthermore we demonstrate a method for separation of the ME from the tunica mucosa followed by immunological analysis, which is crucial to distinguish between the inflammatory responses in these both highly immunoactive bowel wall compartments. All analyses are easily transferable to any other research models, affecting gastrointestinal function.

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a complication of abdominal surgery leading to increased morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. Because prophylactic or therapeutic strategies are lacking intensified research is necessary. Therefore we established a standardized and feasible mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology of POI and to study potential therapeutic options.

장 조작의 표준화 된 모델의 분석 : 쥐의 장 운동성 및 내장 벽의 염증의 기능 평가

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the ...

연구

의학

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

면역 결핍 마우스의 피하 및 간내 인간의 간세포 암 이종 이식의 생성

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Combined In vivo Optical and &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in vivo optical and &#956;CT imaging allow the visualization of biological phenomena in an anatomical context. These imaging modalities may be especially useful to study conditions that impact bone. In particular, orthopaedic implant infections are an important problem in clinical orthopaedic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat because bacterial biofilms form on the foreign surgically implanted materials, leading to persistent inflammation, osteomyelitis and eventual osteolysis of the bone surrounding the implant, which ultimately results in implant loosening and failure. Here, a mouse model of an infected orthopaedic prosthetic implant was used that involved the surgical placement of a Kirschner-wire implant into an intramedullary canal in the femur in such a way that the end of the implant extended into the knee joint. In this model, LysEGFP mice, a mouse strain that has EGFP-fluorescent neutrophils, were employed in conjunction with a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain, which naturally emits light. The bacteria were inoculated into the knee joints of the mice prior to closing the surgical site. In vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging was used to quantify the bacterial burden and neutrophil inflammatory response, respectively. In addition, &#956;CT imaging was performed on the same mice so that the 3D location of the bioluminescent and fluorescent optical signals could be co-registered with the anatomical &#956;CT images. To quantify the changes in the bone over time, the outer bone volume of the distal femurs were measured at specific time points using a semi-automated contour based segmentation process. Taken together, the combination of in vivo bioluminescent/fluorescent imaging with &#956;CT imaging may be especially useful for the noninvasive monitoring of the infection, inflammatory response and anatomical changes in bone over time.

Combined In vivo Optical and  &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Combined optical and &#956;CT imaging in a mouse model of orthopaedic implant infection, utilizing a bioluminescent engineered strain of Staphylococcus aureus, provided the capability to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial infection, as well as the corresponding inflammatory response and anatomical changes in the bone.

결합<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 광학 및 μCT 이미징 마우스의 정형 외과 임플란트 감염에 감염, 염증 및 뼈 해부학을 모니터링

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

신장 허혈 재관류 상해 : 상해의 마우스 모델 및 재생

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

돌이킬 수 및 가역 일방적 Ureteric 폐색의 쥐 모델

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

마우스에 반복적 인 충격 포 헤드 손상 모델

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

마우스에서 가속 죽상 경화증의 유도: "와이어 부상" 모델

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing motor function deficits are basic readouts of the immune-mediated inflammation of the spinal cord. However, scores and body weight do not allow for an in vivo assessment of brain inflammation and optic neuritis. The latter is an early and frequent manifestation in about 2/3 of MS patients. Here, we show methods for bioluminescence and near-infrared live imaging to assess EAE evoked optic neuritis, brain inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in living mice using an in vivo imaging system. A bioluminescent substrate activated by oxidases primarily showed optic neuritis. The signal was specific and allowed the visualization of medication effects and disease time courses, which paralleled the clinical scores. Pegylated fluorescent nanoparticles that remained within the vasculature for extended periods of time were used to assess the BBB integrity. Near-infrared imaging revealed a BBB leak at the peak of the disease. The signal was the strongest around the eyes. A near-infrared substrate for matrix metalloproteinases was used to assess EAE-evoked inflammation. Auto-fluorescence interfered with the signal, requiring spectral unmixing for quantification. Overall, bioluminescence imaging was a reliable method to assess EAE-associated optic neuritis and medication effects and was superior to the near-infrared techniques in terms of signal specificity, robustness, ease of quantification, and cost.

We show a technique for in vivo live bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and encephalitis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis in SJL/J mice.

마우스의 다발성 경화증의 EAE 모델에서 시신경염 및 뇌 염증의 생물 발광 및 근적외선 영상

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.

The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs; key data enabling clinical inhaled drug development.

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and ...

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative pathogens. Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections presented by patients in the clinic and thus warrants an appropriate in vivo model. Typical pneumonia models use intranasal inoculation, which deposits excessive organisms outside the lung, causing off-target complications and symptoms, such as sinusitis, gastritis, enteritis, physical trauma, or microparticle misting to mimic aerosol spread more typical of viral, tuberculous, or fungal pneumonia. These models do not accurately reflect the pathogenesis of typical community- or healthcare-acquired bacterial pneumonia. In contrast, this murine model of oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia mimics the droplet route in healthcare-acquired pneumonia. Inoculating 50 &#181;L of the bacteria suspension into the oropharynx of anesthetized mice causes reflexive aspiration, which results in pneumonia. With this model, one can examine the pathogenesis of pneumonia-causing pathogens and new treatments to combat these diseases.

Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections in human. An appropriate in vivo model is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics. With this murine oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia model, one can examine the pathogenesis and new treatments against these deadly infections.

호흡기 관련 및 병원-획득 세균성 폐 렴의 murine Oropharyngeal 포부 모델

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative ...