We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

NOTA: Gli esperimenti con i topi sono stati eseguiti in conformità al comitato benessere degli animali istituzionale (IACUC) le linee guida. 1. Ricostituzione della Rag-1 - / - I topi con cellule I n Vitro Colta Th17 (Tre giorni prima di infezione) <ol><li> Per stabilire le cellule Th17, cultura CD4 + CD44low CD62Lhigh CD25- cellule T naive (3 x 104) in U-bottom 96 pozzetti da soli, o co-coltura con 3 x 104 CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs in presenza di solubile α-CD3 (1 mg / ml), α-CD28 (2 mg / ml) anticorpi e cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene, in condizioni Th17 (polarizzati utilizzando IL-6 (25 ng / ml), β TGF- (2 ng / ml) , α-IFN-γ (2 mg / ml) e α -IL-4 (2 mg / ml)) per tre o quattro giorni. NOTA: le cellule T reg ingenuo e sono stati ordinati con la fluorescenza delle cellule attivate (FACS) unad procedure di isolamento delle cellule magnetiche e coltivate come descritto in precedenza 19-22. </li><li> Il giorno 4, dopo risospendere le cellule Th17 con la pipetta, raccogliendoli da culture, e li centrifugare in condizioni sterili. <ol><li> Prendete una piccola aliquota di queste cellule per esaminare la loro vitalità e per fenotipizzazione. Li Risospendere in 500 ml di RPMI media, aggiungere ioduro di propidio (200 ng / ml) e valutare immediatamente la loro redditività mediante citometria a flusso. Eseguire fenotipizzazione mediante citometria di flusso valutazione della produzione di IL-17A dopo restimolazione (vedere paragrafo 6.3). </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugare e lavare la parte più consistente delle cellule in PBS sterile a 480 xg per 6 minuti a 4 ° C in tutte le fasi se non diversamente specificato. </li><li> Utilizzare queste cellule per il trasferimento adottivo in 6-8 settimane di età CD45.2 Rag1 - / - topi immunodeficienti. <ol><li> Risospendere le cellule a densità cellulare 1 x 10 7 cellule / ml usando freddo sterile PBS. </li><li> Iniettare 100 ml di cellule di intrapiniezione eritoneal, con 25 aghi G su 1 ml siringhe tubercolina, tale che un mouse riceve 1 x 10 6 cellule. Alcuni topi riceveranno cellule Th17 o PBS solo, e altri topi riceveranno cellule Th17 che erano co-coltura con cellule Treg. NOTA: Eseguire tutte le operazioni in modo asettico. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Crescere C. albicans per infezione (un giorno prima infezione) <ol><li> Prima di inoculazione, disperdere cinque colonie della CAF2-1 C. albicans ceppo di laboratorio in 100 ml di sospensione sterile PBS, e aggiungere la sospensione al brodo sterile. </li><li> Seminare 5 colonie di C. albicans in 50 ml della base di azoto di lievito (YNB senza amminoacidi) / Peptone / Destrosio brodo e incubare in un incubatore shaker a 30 ° C per 15-18 ore a 130 rpm. </li><li> Monitorare il brodo per nuvolosità, dato che è un&#39;indicazione per la crescita del fungo. </li></ol> 3. CandidaRaccolta e procedura di conteggio (Nel giorno di infezione) <ol><li> Raccogliere 10 ml di brodo di Candida in provette da 15 ml. Per volumi maggiori, raccogliere Candida in 50 ml provette. </li><li> Centrifugare le blastospores a 1900 xg per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente in tutte le fasi, se non diversamente specificato. Agglomerare le blastospores mediante centrifugazione, seguita dalla rimozione del supernatante. </li><li> Se vi è più di un tubo, in comune i blastospores Candida da più tubi, aggiungendo PBS sterile al pellet e risospendere in 10 ml di PBS per il conteggio. </li><li> Prendere 20 ml di blastospores in provette da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga, aggiungere 20 ml di paraformaldeide 2X e incubare a temperatura ambiente per 15-20 minuti. Contare le blastospores fissi utilizzando il emocitometro sotto il microscopio. NOTA: Paraformaldeide è cancerogeno. Aprire la soluzione diluita solo nella cappa. </li><li> Nel frattempo, ripetere lavare i blastospores almeno due volte, per centrifugazione them in PBS, e pellet le blastospores. Tenere il pellet in 15 ml provette a RT, nella cappa ABSL1, pronto per l&#39;infezione. </li><li> Lascia un po &#39;sterile PBS a temperatura ambiente per risospendere le blastospores di infezione. </li><li> Dopo conteggio, aggiungere PBS sterile al pellet Blastospora per regolare il numero di cellule di lievito Blastospora a 2 x10 8 del lievito cellule / ml. Questa è la sospensione Blastospora che verrà utilizzato per infettare i topi. NOTA: Eseguire tutte le operazioni in modo asettico. </li></ol> 4. Topi Infezione (3-5 giorni dopo il trasferimento Cell) NOTA: La procedura di infezione di base viene eseguita come descritto in precedenza 19,23-25. <ol><li> Pesare il Rag-1 - / - topi che hanno ricevuto PBS o le cellule tre giorni prima. </li><li> Calcolare la dose di agenti anestetici che utilizzano il loro peso corporeo. Anestetizzare topi somministrando ketamina / xilazina miscela (16,1 mg / ml e 1,6 mg / ml), con 25 aghi G su 1 ml siringhe tubercolina, da intriniezione aperitoneal. <ol><li> Somministrare 50 ml per 10 g di peso corporeo. (Cioè, 0,8 mg di ketamina e 0,08 mg di xilazina / 10 g di peso corporeo o 80 mg di ketamina e 8 mg di xilazina per kg di peso corporeo, rispettivamente). Osservare per la risposta pizzico punta ogni 15 minuti dopo l&#39;anestesia. NOTA: Questo dosaggio indurrà 60-90 min di anestesia, che è sufficiente per la procedura di infezione. </li><li> Applicare il lubrificante pomata oftalmica negli occhi dei topi per evitare le cornee si secchi. Come il lubrificante occhio potrebbe seccarsi, ripetere la lubrificazione oftalmica ogni 45 min. </li></ol></li><li> Iniettare 1 ml di soluzione fisiologica (NaCl 0,9%) per via sottocutanea sul dorso adiacente alla zampa anteriore, per aiutare reidratazione dei topi durante l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> Ottenere un nuovo, gabbia pulita. Seguire la procedura di infezione un mouse alla volta, posizionando ciascun topo nella nuova gabbia volta infettati. Eseguire il / infezione farsa PBS prima, e poi passare alle gro infezione da Candidaups. </li><li> Prendete il mouse anestetizzato e aprire la bocca per rivelare la base della lingua. <ol><li> Inserire una sfera di diametro 3 millimetri di cotone saturato con 50 ml di PBS o Blastospora sospensione, sublinguale nella cavità orale per 90 min. Capovolgere il mouse ogni 15 minuti parte anteriore e posteriore per evitare congestione polmonare, assicurando che i batuffoli di cotone non si muovono. </li></ol></li><li> Impostare un timer per ogni topo per garantire 90 min di Sham o Candida inoculazione nella cavità orale. </li><li> Tenerli in una gabbia sotto la lampada di calore (4 metri di distanza), e ogni mouse su cuscinetti di gel di calore. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la lingua è ritirata all&#39;interno e lontano dai denti, per evitare i denti lacerano lingua. </li><li> Alla fine di 90 min, rimuovere il batuffolo di cotone dalla bocca del mouse. Guarda per qualsiasi mouse che può recuperare da anestesia prima di 75 minuti. In tal caso, le anestetizzare nuovo con ketamina (40 mg / kg) soltanto. </li></ol> 5. Posta immissioe Monitoraggio (durante la 90 min Anesthesia) <ol><li> Usare tamponi di gel di calore durante la 90 min anestesia. <ol><li> Per mantenere la temperatura corporea e per prevenire il soffocamento, non permettere topi per recuperare il normale assestamento del mouse corn-cob. </li></ol></li><li> Dopo il recupero dall&#39;anestesia, amministrare un ulteriore 1 ml di sterile 0,9% NaCl per via sottocutanea in due posizioni sul retro. </li><li> Tieniti cinque PBS (sham) topo inoculato per gabbia. Solo 1-2 Casa topi infettati per gabbia. </li><li> Compilare la scheda di procedura con le iniziali ogni giorno dopo la procedura di annotare i cambiamenti nel peso corporeo, governare le abitudini e la salute generale. </li></ol> 6. Valutare l&#39;infiammazione 6.1) La perdita di peso <ol><li> Pesare i topi ogni giorno durante l&#39;infezione, a partire dal giorno precedente procedura di infezione. NOTA: in genere, i topi immunodeficienti iniettati con le cellule Th17 e senza regs T soccombono 20-30% Di perdita di peso a causa di maggiore onere fungina 19 e aggravata infiammazione. </li></ol> 6.2) Istologia punteggio della lingua <ol><li> Sacrifica i topi da CO 2 asfissia seguita da dislocazione cervicale. </li><li> Aprire le ganasce e sezionare fuori la lingua con le forbici e pinze. Utilizzare pinze smussato per tenere la lingua, e utilizzando le forbici protendono verso il retro della bocca di incidere all&#39;estremità posteriore della lingua. </li><li> Per ematossilina immunocitochimica e eosina (H &amp; E) colorazione dei tessuti lingua, lavare i tessuti lingua con ghiaccio freddo PBS. Aggiungere 5 ml di formalina al 10% per 2-3 lingue e fissarli O / N in provette da 15 ml. <ol><li> Il giorno successivo, togliere formalina e immergere i tessuti in 5 ml di etanolo al 70% per evitare iper-fissazione. Send them out al servizio commerciale per continuare con paraffina, sezionamento e colorazione delle sezioni di paraffina. NOTA: istologia servizio commerciale viene utilizzato per eseguire questa procedura. </li&gt; </ol></li><li> Una volta che le diapositive sono tornati dal servizio istologia commerciale, di grado l&#39;infiammazione osservando le sezioni di tessuto al microscopio ottico. <ol><li> Punteggio da 0 a 5, con 0 essendo senza infiammazione, e 5 è l&#39;infiammazione più grave. Nota l&#39;infiammazione utilizzando Tabella 1. </li></ol></li></ol> 6.3) la produzione di citochine da parte delle cellule Th17 NOTA: L&#39;eccessiva produzione di TNF-α è una delle letture per eccessiva immunopatologia. Quando i topi sono adoptively trasferiti con cellule Th17 solo, provoca immunopatologia associato eccessiva produzione di TNF-α nelle cellule Th17. <ol><li> Raccogliere una sospensione singola cellula da milza, linfonodi cervicali, linfonodi ascellari, e la lingua, usando i metodi descritti in precedenza 19,26. </li><li> Restimolare le cellule con acetato di forbolo miristato (PMA) (50 ng / ml) e Ionomicina (500 ng / ml) per 4 ore con Brefeldina A (10 mg / ml) aggiunto nella last 2 hr. Lavare le cellule con PBS e fissare utilizzando un kit di fissaggio / permeabilizzazione commerciale secondo le istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Eseguire intra citochine cellulari colorazione utilizzando il fluorocromo coniugato anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17A e anticorpi ROR-γt come descritto in precedenza 19. </li><li> Brevemente, risospendere le cellule nel buffer permeabilizzazione 1X con il cocktail anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17A e anticorpi ROR-γt, ciascun anticorpo a 2 - 3 g / ml concentrazione finale. </li><li> Incubare le cellule per 1 ora a RT. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, lavare le cellule con tampone permeabilizzazione 1X. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 500 ml di PBS con 0.5% albumina sierica bovina per citometria a flusso. </li></ol>

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F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Questo modello è basato su indurre orale C. infezione albicans dipendente infiammazione Th17. A causa della mancanza di T reg, l&#39;infiammazione delle cellule Th17 indotta è sfrenato e porta a immunopatologia mal risolto. In vitro derivato cellule CD4 naive polarizzate come le cellule Th17 sono stati utilizzati per il trasferimento adottivo. 40 - 50% della coltura CD4 + cellule mostrano rilevabile espressione di IL-17A intorno al giorno 3 (cellule Th17), e quindi sono stati util...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:380px;">CAF-2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Candida culture</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">U-bottom 96 well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">055588</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">m-IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RC232</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">h-TGF-b&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">R&#38;D</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-IL17A ef660</td>
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			<td>25-7423-41</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:100</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-RORgt PE&#160;</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-6981-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S507.SIZE</td>
			<td>Mediium for candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Shaker incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 4300</td>
			<td>Incubation growth for candida</td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT888-SY</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CT 788-YS</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table top Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82017-654</td>
			<td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Allegra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">392302</td>
			<td>Cell culture - 480 g</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT620-NS</td>
			<td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">2x paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Fixing candida for count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-172</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD8117</td>
			<td>Preparation of buffers</td>
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		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ketamine/xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Allergan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">G Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">786-561</td>
			<td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP7603</td>
			<td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Heat gel pads</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Histoserv - MD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10% formalin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JC1111/MC</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">97064-490</td>
			<td>Sterilization purpose</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1585-1MG</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">124222 1mg</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation permeabilization kit</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E16913-106</td>
			<td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">Tuberculin syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309659</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G x 3/8 needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309626</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">Rag1 -/- mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 002216</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CD45.1 congenic mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no:002014&#160;</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">CB17-SCID mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 001303</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">Balb/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 000651</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

In questo modello, sia i topi -infected Candida e topi non infetti in Rag-1 - / - sfondo immunodeficienti sono state adoptively trasferiti con le cellule Th17 3-5 giorni prima l&#39;infezione. Un totale di 10-12 topi sono stati utilizzati per gli esperimenti, con 2 topi in ciascun sham infettati gruppi, e 4-5 in ciascuno dei gruppi infetti Candida. Cellule naive sono stati ottenuti da congenici Thy1.1 o CD45.1 topi, in modo che le cellule Th17 iniettate sono stati monitorati in vivo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

Th17 Infiammazione Modello di orofaringea candidosi in topi immunodeficienti

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

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9.9K Views.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 