We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

NOTA: Gli esperimenti con i topi sono stati eseguiti in conformità al comitato benessere degli animali istituzionale (IACUC) le linee guida. 1. Ricostituzione della Rag-1 - / - I topi con cellule I n Vitro Colta Th17 (Tre giorni prima di infezione) <ol><li> Per stabilire le cellule Th17, cultura CD4 + CD44low CD62Lhigh CD25- cellule T naive (3 x 104) in U-bottom 96 pozzetti da soli, o co-coltura con 3 x 104 CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs in presenza di solubile α-CD3 (1 mg / ml), α-CD28 (2 mg / ml) anticorpi e cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene, in condizioni Th17 (polarizzati utilizzando IL-6 (25 ng / ml), β TGF- (2 ng / ml) , α-IFN-γ (2 mg / ml) e α -IL-4 (2 mg / ml)) per tre o quattro giorni. NOTA: le cellule T reg ingenuo e sono stati ordinati con la fluorescenza delle cellule attivate (FACS) unad procedure di isolamento delle cellule magnetiche e coltivate come descritto in precedenza 19-22. </li><li> Il giorno 4, dopo risospendere le cellule Th17 con la pipetta, raccogliendoli da culture, e li centrifugare in condizioni sterili. <ol><li> Prendete una piccola aliquota di queste cellule per esaminare la loro vitalità e per fenotipizzazione. Li Risospendere in 500 ml di RPMI media, aggiungere ioduro di propidio (200 ng / ml) e valutare immediatamente la loro redditività mediante citometria a flusso. Eseguire fenotipizzazione mediante citometria di flusso valutazione della produzione di IL-17A dopo restimolazione (vedere paragrafo 6.3). </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugare e lavare la parte più consistente delle cellule in PBS sterile a 480 xg per 6 minuti a 4 ° C in tutte le fasi se non diversamente specificato. </li><li> Utilizzare queste cellule per il trasferimento adottivo in 6-8 settimane di età CD45.2 Rag1 - / - topi immunodeficienti. <ol><li> Risospendere le cellule a densità cellulare 1 x 10 7 cellule / ml usando freddo sterile PBS. </li><li> Iniettare 100 ml di cellule di intrapiniezione eritoneal, con 25 aghi G su 1 ml siringhe tubercolina, tale che un mouse riceve 1 x 10 6 cellule. Alcuni topi riceveranno cellule Th17 o PBS solo, e altri topi riceveranno cellule Th17 che erano co-coltura con cellule Treg. NOTA: Eseguire tutte le operazioni in modo asettico. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Crescere C. albicans per infezione (un giorno prima infezione) <ol><li> Prima di inoculazione, disperdere cinque colonie della CAF2-1 C. albicans ceppo di laboratorio in 100 ml di sospensione sterile PBS, e aggiungere la sospensione al brodo sterile. </li><li> Seminare 5 colonie di C. albicans in 50 ml della base di azoto di lievito (YNB senza amminoacidi) / Peptone / Destrosio brodo e incubare in un incubatore shaker a 30 ° C per 15-18 ore a 130 rpm. </li><li> Monitorare il brodo per nuvolosità, dato che è un&#39;indicazione per la crescita del fungo. </li></ol> 3. CandidaRaccolta e procedura di conteggio (Nel giorno di infezione) <ol><li> Raccogliere 10 ml di brodo di Candida in provette da 15 ml. Per volumi maggiori, raccogliere Candida in 50 ml provette. </li><li> Centrifugare le blastospores a 1900 xg per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente in tutte le fasi, se non diversamente specificato. Agglomerare le blastospores mediante centrifugazione, seguita dalla rimozione del supernatante. </li><li> Se vi è più di un tubo, in comune i blastospores Candida da più tubi, aggiungendo PBS sterile al pellet e risospendere in 10 ml di PBS per il conteggio. </li><li> Prendere 20 ml di blastospores in provette da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga, aggiungere 20 ml di paraformaldeide 2X e incubare a temperatura ambiente per 15-20 minuti. Contare le blastospores fissi utilizzando il emocitometro sotto il microscopio. NOTA: Paraformaldeide è cancerogeno. Aprire la soluzione diluita solo nella cappa. </li><li> Nel frattempo, ripetere lavare i blastospores almeno due volte, per centrifugazione them in PBS, e pellet le blastospores. Tenere il pellet in 15 ml provette a RT, nella cappa ABSL1, pronto per l&#39;infezione. </li><li> Lascia un po &#39;sterile PBS a temperatura ambiente per risospendere le blastospores di infezione. </li><li> Dopo conteggio, aggiungere PBS sterile al pellet Blastospora per regolare il numero di cellule di lievito Blastospora a 2 x10 8 del lievito cellule / ml. Questa è la sospensione Blastospora che verrà utilizzato per infettare i topi. NOTA: Eseguire tutte le operazioni in modo asettico. </li></ol> 4. Topi Infezione (3-5 giorni dopo il trasferimento Cell) NOTA: La procedura di infezione di base viene eseguita come descritto in precedenza 19,23-25. <ol><li> Pesare il Rag-1 - / - topi che hanno ricevuto PBS o le cellule tre giorni prima. </li><li> Calcolare la dose di agenti anestetici che utilizzano il loro peso corporeo. Anestetizzare topi somministrando ketamina / xilazina miscela (16,1 mg / ml e 1,6 mg / ml), con 25 aghi G su 1 ml siringhe tubercolina, da intriniezione aperitoneal. <ol><li> Somministrare 50 ml per 10 g di peso corporeo. (Cioè, 0,8 mg di ketamina e 0,08 mg di xilazina / 10 g di peso corporeo o 80 mg di ketamina e 8 mg di xilazina per kg di peso corporeo, rispettivamente). Osservare per la risposta pizzico punta ogni 15 minuti dopo l&#39;anestesia. NOTA: Questo dosaggio indurrà 60-90 min di anestesia, che è sufficiente per la procedura di infezione. </li><li> Applicare il lubrificante pomata oftalmica negli occhi dei topi per evitare le cornee si secchi. Come il lubrificante occhio potrebbe seccarsi, ripetere la lubrificazione oftalmica ogni 45 min. </li></ol></li><li> Iniettare 1 ml di soluzione fisiologica (NaCl 0,9%) per via sottocutanea sul dorso adiacente alla zampa anteriore, per aiutare reidratazione dei topi durante l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> Ottenere un nuovo, gabbia pulita. Seguire la procedura di infezione un mouse alla volta, posizionando ciascun topo nella nuova gabbia volta infettati. Eseguire il / infezione farsa PBS prima, e poi passare alle gro infezione da Candidaups. </li><li> Prendete il mouse anestetizzato e aprire la bocca per rivelare la base della lingua. <ol><li> Inserire una sfera di diametro 3 millimetri di cotone saturato con 50 ml di PBS o Blastospora sospensione, sublinguale nella cavità orale per 90 min. Capovolgere il mouse ogni 15 minuti parte anteriore e posteriore per evitare congestione polmonare, assicurando che i batuffoli di cotone non si muovono. </li></ol></li><li> Impostare un timer per ogni topo per garantire 90 min di Sham o Candida inoculazione nella cavità orale. </li><li> Tenerli in una gabbia sotto la lampada di calore (4 metri di distanza), e ogni mouse su cuscinetti di gel di calore. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la lingua è ritirata all&#39;interno e lontano dai denti, per evitare i denti lacerano lingua. </li><li> Alla fine di 90 min, rimuovere il batuffolo di cotone dalla bocca del mouse. Guarda per qualsiasi mouse che può recuperare da anestesia prima di 75 minuti. In tal caso, le anestetizzare nuovo con ketamina (40 mg / kg) soltanto. </li></ol> 5. Posta immissioe Monitoraggio (durante la 90 min Anesthesia) <ol><li> Usare tamponi di gel di calore durante la 90 min anestesia. <ol><li> Per mantenere la temperatura corporea e per prevenire il soffocamento, non permettere topi per recuperare il normale assestamento del mouse corn-cob. </li></ol></li><li> Dopo il recupero dall&#39;anestesia, amministrare un ulteriore 1 ml di sterile 0,9% NaCl per via sottocutanea in due posizioni sul retro. </li><li> Tieniti cinque PBS (sham) topo inoculato per gabbia. Solo 1-2 Casa topi infettati per gabbia. </li><li> Compilare la scheda di procedura con le iniziali ogni giorno dopo la procedura di annotare i cambiamenti nel peso corporeo, governare le abitudini e la salute generale. </li></ol> 6. Valutare l&#39;infiammazione 6.1) La perdita di peso <ol><li> Pesare i topi ogni giorno durante l&#39;infezione, a partire dal giorno precedente procedura di infezione. NOTA: in genere, i topi immunodeficienti iniettati con le cellule Th17 e senza regs T soccombono 20-30% Di perdita di peso a causa di maggiore onere fungina 19 e aggravata infiammazione. </li></ol> 6.2) Istologia punteggio della lingua <ol><li> Sacrifica i topi da CO 2 asfissia seguita da dislocazione cervicale. </li><li> Aprire le ganasce e sezionare fuori la lingua con le forbici e pinze. Utilizzare pinze smussato per tenere la lingua, e utilizzando le forbici protendono verso il retro della bocca di incidere all&#39;estremità posteriore della lingua. </li><li> Per ematossilina immunocitochimica e eosina (H &amp; E) colorazione dei tessuti lingua, lavare i tessuti lingua con ghiaccio freddo PBS. Aggiungere 5 ml di formalina al 10% per 2-3 lingue e fissarli O / N in provette da 15 ml. <ol><li> Il giorno successivo, togliere formalina e immergere i tessuti in 5 ml di etanolo al 70% per evitare iper-fissazione. Send them out al servizio commerciale per continuare con paraffina, sezionamento e colorazione delle sezioni di paraffina. NOTA: istologia servizio commerciale viene utilizzato per eseguire questa procedura. </li&gt; </ol></li><li> Una volta che le diapositive sono tornati dal servizio istologia commerciale, di grado l&#39;infiammazione osservando le sezioni di tessuto al microscopio ottico. <ol><li> Punteggio da 0 a 5, con 0 essendo senza infiammazione, e 5 è l&#39;infiammazione più grave. Nota l&#39;infiammazione utilizzando Tabella 1. </li></ol></li></ol> 6.3) la produzione di citochine da parte delle cellule Th17 NOTA: L&#39;eccessiva produzione di TNF-α è una delle letture per eccessiva immunopatologia. Quando i topi sono adoptively trasferiti con cellule Th17 solo, provoca immunopatologia associato eccessiva produzione di TNF-α nelle cellule Th17. <ol><li> Raccogliere una sospensione singola cellula da milza, linfonodi cervicali, linfonodi ascellari, e la lingua, usando i metodi descritti in precedenza 19,26. </li><li> Restimolare le cellule con acetato di forbolo miristato (PMA) (50 ng / ml) e Ionomicina (500 ng / ml) per 4 ore con Brefeldina A (10 mg / ml) aggiunto nella last 2 hr. Lavare le cellule con PBS e fissare utilizzando un kit di fissaggio / permeabilizzazione commerciale secondo le istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Eseguire intra citochine cellulari colorazione utilizzando il fluorocromo coniugato anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17A e anticorpi ROR-γt come descritto in precedenza 19. </li><li> Brevemente, risospendere le cellule nel buffer permeabilizzazione 1X con il cocktail anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17A e anticorpi ROR-γt, ciascun anticorpo a 2 - 3 g / ml concentrazione finale. </li><li> Incubare le cellule per 1 ora a RT. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, lavare le cellule con tampone permeabilizzazione 1X. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 500 ml di PBS con 0.5% albumina sierica bovina per citometria a flusso. </li></ol>

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F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Questo modello è basato su indurre orale C. infezione albicans dipendente infiammazione Th17. A causa della mancanza di T reg, l&#39;infiammazione delle cellule Th17 indotta è sfrenato e porta a immunopatologia mal risolto. In vitro derivato cellule CD4 naive polarizzate come le cellule Th17 sono stati utilizzati per il trasferimento adottivo. 40 - 50% della coltura CD4 + cellule mostrano rilevabile espressione di IL-17A intorno al giorno 3 (cellule Th17), e quindi sono stati util...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:380px;">CAF-2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Candida culture</td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">U-bottom 96 well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">055588</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-CD3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0031-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-CD28&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0281-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">m-IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RC232</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">h-TGF-b&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">240-B</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-IFN-g&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-7311-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">a-IL-4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-7041-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-IL17A ef660</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td>50-7177-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-TNFa-PE-Cy7</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>25-7423-41</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:100</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-RORgt PE&#160;</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-6981-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S507.SIZE</td>
			<td>Mediium for candida growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Shaker incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 4300</td>
			<td>Incubation growth for candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT888-SY</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CT 788-YS</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table top Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82017-654</td>
			<td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Allegra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">392302</td>
			<td>Cell culture - 480 g</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT620-NS</td>
			<td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">2x paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Fixing candida for count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-172</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD8117</td>
			<td>Preparation of buffers</td>
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		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ketamine/xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Allergan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">G Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">786-561</td>
			<td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP7603</td>
			<td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Heat gel pads</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Histoserv - MD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10% formalin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JC1111/MC</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">97064-490</td>
			<td>Sterilization purpose</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1585-1MG</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">124222 1mg</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation permeabilization kit</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E16913-106</td>
			<td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">Tuberculin syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309659</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G x 3/8 needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309626</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">Rag1 -/- mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 002216</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CD45.1 congenic mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no:002014&#160;</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">CB17-SCID mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 001303</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">Balb/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 000651</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

In questo modello, sia i topi -infected Candida e topi non infetti in Rag-1 - / - sfondo immunodeficienti sono state adoptively trasferiti con le cellule Th17 3-5 giorni prima l&#39;infezione. Un totale di 10-12 topi sono stati utilizzati per gli esperimenti, con 2 topi in ciascun sham infettati gruppi, e 4-5 in ciascuno dei gruppi infetti Candida. Cellule naive sono stati ottenuti da congenici Thy1.1 o CD45.1 topi, in modo che le cellule Th17 iniettate sono stati monitorati in vivo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

Th17 Infiammazione Modello di orofaringea candidosi in topi immunodeficienti

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

th17-inflammation-model-oropharyngeal-candidiasis-immunodeficient

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K Views.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 

Video: Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the complex cellular and molecular of intestinal pathology. Although the tunica mucosa is often the organ of interest in many inflammatory diseases, recent works demonstrated that the muscularis externa (ME) is also a highly immunocompetent organ that harbours a dense network of resident immunocytes.1,2 These works were performed within the standardized model of intestinal manipulation (IM) that leads to inflammation of the bowel wall, mainly limited to the ME. Clinically this inflammation leads to prolonged intestinal dysmotility, known as postoperative ileus (POI) which is a frequent and unavoidable complication after abdominal surgery.3 The inflammation is characterized by liberation of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-64 or IL-1&beta; or inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO).5 Subsequently, tremendous numbers of immunocytes extravasate into the ME, dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes and finally maintain POI.2 Lasting for days, this intestinal paralysis leads to an increased risk of aspiration, bacterial translocation and infectious complications up to sepsis and multi organ failure and causes a high economic burden.6
In this manuscript we demonstrate the standardized model of IM and in vivo assessment of gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and colonic transit. Furthermore we demonstrate a method for separation of the ME from the tunica mucosa followed by immunological analysis, which is crucial to distinguish between the inflammatory responses in these both highly immunoactive bowel wall compartments. All analyses are easily transferable to any other research models, affecting gastrointestinal function.

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a complication of abdominal surgery leading to increased morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. Because prophylactic or therapeutic strategies are lacking intensified research is necessary. Therefore we established a standardized and feasible mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology of POI and to study potential therapeutic options.

Valutazione funzionale della motilità intestinale e Wall infiammazione intestinale nei roditori: Analisi in un modello standardizzato di manipolazione intestinale

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

Generazione di sottocutaneo e intraepatica umane carcinoma epatocellulare xenotrapianti in topi immunodeficienti

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Combined In vivo Optical and &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in vivo optical and &#956;CT imaging allow the visualization of biological phenomena in an anatomical context. These imaging modalities may be especially useful to study conditions that impact bone. In particular, orthopaedic implant infections are an important problem in clinical orthopaedic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat because bacterial biofilms form on the foreign surgically implanted materials, leading to persistent inflammation, osteomyelitis and eventual osteolysis of the bone surrounding the implant, which ultimately results in implant loosening and failure. Here, a mouse model of an infected orthopaedic prosthetic implant was used that involved the surgical placement of a Kirschner-wire implant into an intramedullary canal in the femur in such a way that the end of the implant extended into the knee joint. In this model, LysEGFP mice, a mouse strain that has EGFP-fluorescent neutrophils, were employed in conjunction with a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain, which naturally emits light. The bacteria were inoculated into the knee joints of the mice prior to closing the surgical site. In vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging was used to quantify the bacterial burden and neutrophil inflammatory response, respectively. In addition, &#956;CT imaging was performed on the same mice so that the 3D location of the bioluminescent and fluorescent optical signals could be co-registered with the anatomical &#956;CT images. To quantify the changes in the bone over time, the outer bone volume of the distal femurs were measured at specific time points using a semi-automated contour based segmentation process. Taken together, the combination of in vivo bioluminescent/fluorescent imaging with &#956;CT imaging may be especially useful for the noninvasive monitoring of the infection, inflammatory response and anatomical changes in bone over time.

Combined In vivo Optical and  &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Combined optical and &#956;CT imaging in a mouse model of orthopaedic implant infection, utilizing a bioluminescent engineered strain of Staphylococcus aureus, provided the capability to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial infection, as well as the corresponding inflammatory response and anatomical changes in the bone.

Combinato<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Optical e μCT Imaging Monitor per infezione, infiammazione, e Bone Anatomy in una infezione ortopedica impianto in topi

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

Renale ischemia riperfusione: un modello murino di infortuni e rigenerazione

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

Un modello murino di irreversibile e reversibile unilaterale Ureteric Ostruzione

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

Un ripetitivo Concussive trauma cranico Modello nei topi

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing motor function deficits are basic readouts of the immune-mediated inflammation of the spinal cord. However, scores and body weight do not allow for an in vivo assessment of brain inflammation and optic neuritis. The latter is an early and frequent manifestation in about 2/3 of MS patients. Here, we show methods for bioluminescence and near-infrared live imaging to assess EAE evoked optic neuritis, brain inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in living mice using an in vivo imaging system. A bioluminescent substrate activated by oxidases primarily showed optic neuritis. The signal was specific and allowed the visualization of medication effects and disease time courses, which paralleled the clinical scores. Pegylated fluorescent nanoparticles that remained within the vasculature for extended periods of time were used to assess the BBB integrity. Near-infrared imaging revealed a BBB leak at the peak of the disease. The signal was the strongest around the eyes. A near-infrared substrate for matrix metalloproteinases was used to assess EAE-evoked inflammation. Auto-fluorescence interfered with the signal, requiring spectral unmixing for quantification. Overall, bioluminescence imaging was a reliable method to assess EAE-associated optic neuritis and medication effects and was superior to the near-infrared techniques in terms of signal specificity, robustness, ease of quantification, and cost.

We show a technique for in vivo live bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and encephalitis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis in SJL/J mice.

Bioluminescenza e vicino infrarosso Imaging di neurite ottica e cervello infiammazione nel modello EAE della sclerosi multipla nei topi

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.

The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs; key data enabling clinical inhaled drug development.

Polvere secca e nebulizzata Aerosol L&#39;inalazione di prodotti farmaceutici distribuito nelle topo, utilizzando un naso-only Sistema di esposizione

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and ...

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative pathogens. Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections presented by patients in the clinic and thus warrants an appropriate in vivo model. Typical pneumonia models use intranasal inoculation, which deposits excessive organisms outside the lung, causing off-target complications and symptoms, such as sinusitis, gastritis, enteritis, physical trauma, or microparticle misting to mimic aerosol spread more typical of viral, tuberculous, or fungal pneumonia. These models do not accurately reflect the pathogenesis of typical community- or healthcare-acquired bacterial pneumonia. In contrast, this murine model of oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia mimics the droplet route in healthcare-acquired pneumonia. Inoculating 50 &#181;L of the bacteria suspension into the oropharynx of anesthetized mice causes reflexive aspiration, which results in pneumonia. With this model, one can examine the pathogenesis of pneumonia-causing pathogens and new treatments to combat these diseases.

Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections in human. An appropriate in vivo model is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics. With this murine oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia model, one can examine the pathogenesis and new treatments against these deadly infections.

Modello murino aspirazione orofaringea di polmonite batterica associata a ventilazione e acquisite in ospedale

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative ...